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In this paper, the notions of an L-sublattice, L-ideal, and L-dual ideal of an L-lattice are introduced. The concepts of an L-maximal ideal and an L-prime ideal in an L-lattice are also defined. The present paper also gives the precise structures of an L-sublattice, L-ideal (dual ideal) generated by an L-subset of an L-lattice. Finally, it is proved that under certain conditions, an L-maximal ideal in an L-lattice is L-prime. It is important to note that, in our studies, the evaluation lattice changes from [0,1] to a lattice L and the parent structure shifts from an ordinary lattice to an L-lattice.

Background: Frontonasal dysplasia type-2(FND2), a rare phenotypically variable and heterogeneous developmental anomaly resulting from mutation of the ALX4 gene, is primarily characterized by malformation of the skull and facial skeleton. This study was designed to showcase a clinical, imaging, and genetic analysis of FND2 in a consanguineous family of Bangladeshi origin. Methodology: Clinical imaging and whole genome sequencing of mother, father and patient was done by using Nextera DNA flex library preparation kit (Illumina, USA) using Novaseq 6000 next generation sequencer to find out ALX4 mutation which causes FND2 in patient. Result: We report the clinical as well as molecular findings in an 8-year-old girl with FND2. The child presented with various characteristic features of skull and facial anomalies associated with FND 2 along with numerous other features many of which have not been described in previous literature. The parents also showed some key clinical, radiological, and genetic features of FND 2. The whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed homozygosity for a 793C-T transition in the ALX4 gene, which resulted in premature termination at codon 265 (p.Arg265Ter). Both of her parents were heterozygous carriers of ALX4 mutation. Conclusions: This is the first report that associates clinical, imaging, and genomics analyses in a Bangladeshi patient for better understanding the disease FND2. These results will facilitate diagnosis and genetic counseling of the future FND2 patients.

The utilization of computer vision techniques has significantly enhanced the automation processes across various industries, including textile manufacturing, agriculture, and information technology. Specifically, in the domain of textile manufacturing, these techniques have revolutionized the detection of fiber defects and the quantification of cotton content in fabrics. Traditionally, the assessment of cotton percentages was a labor-intensive and time-consuming process that relied heavily on manual testing methods. However, the adoption of computer vision approaches requires a comprehensive dataset of fabric samples, each with a known cotton percentage, to serve as training data for machine learning models. This paper introduces a novel dataset comprising 1300 original images, covering a wide range of cotton percentages across thirteen distinct categories, from 30% to 99%. By employing image augmentation techniques, such as- rotation, horizontal flip, vertical flip, width shift, height shift, shear range, and zooming, this dataset has been expanded to include a total of 27,300 images, thereby enhancing its utility for training and validating computer vision models aimed at accurately determining cotton content in fabrics. Through the extraction of pertinent features from the images of fabrics, this dataset holds the potential to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of computer vision-based cotton percentage detection.

ChatGPT has been a revolutionizing AI Chatbot, that has impacted academia significantly. Although there has been a number of studies over the influence of AI and education, a focus towards why students use it is minimal. This study explores factors affecting student use of ChatGPT through a triangulation approach, blending exploratory, qualitative, and quantitative analyses. Through exploration of factors via prior literature and analysis of narratives by the respondents of qualitative analysis to measuring their relationships quantitatively using SEM techniques, the study identifies core reasons to use ChatGPT by students of higher education. The findings highlight the significance of six out of seven studied exogenous variables, demonstrating strong positive associations with students' intention to use ChatGPT and their actual engagement with the platform. These empirical results validate the importance of these factors in shaping students' interactions with ChatGPT, also revealing a previously undiscovered factor that enriches existing knowledge. By substantiating qualitative insights and establishing a robust quantitative model, it enhances students' comprehension of ChatGPT adoption in educational contexts, contributing significantly to the field's knowledge base and works as a guide for policymakers to effectively design strategies in order to get maximum benefit from the tool's usage in academia.

In this paper, we develop a systematic theory for the ideals of an L-ring L(μ, R). We introduce the concepts of a prime ideal, a semiprime ideal, and the radical of an ideal in an L-ring. The notion of a maximal ideal has been introduced and discussed in different studies. We prove several results pertaining to these notions which are versions of their counterparts in classical ring theory. Besides this, we prove that for a commutative ring R, the radical η of an ideal η in an L-ring L(μ, R) is an ideal of μ provided that η has sup-property.

In this paper, a systematic theory for the ideals of an L-ring L(μ,R) has been developed. Earlier the authors have introduced the concepts of prime ideals, semiprime ideals, primary ideals, and radical of an ideal in an L-ring. They have also introduced and discussed the notion of a maximal ideal in different papers wherein several results pertaining to these notions have been proved. In this paper, the concepts of associated prime ideal, minimal prime ideal, and that of irreducibility of an ideal in an L-ring have been introduced, which in fact, are the continuation of authors’ previous works in the theory of ideals in L-rings.

Abstract Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the gold standard method for SARS-CoV-2 detection, and several qRT-PCR kits have been established targeting different genes of the virus. Due to the high mutation rate of these genes, false negative results arise thus complicating the interpretation of the diagnosis and increasing the need of alternative targets. In this study, an alternative approach for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA targeting the membrane (M) gene of the virus using qRT-PCR was described. Performance evaluation of this newly developed in-house assay against commercial qRT-PCR kits was done using clinical oropharyngeal specimens of COVID-19 positive patients. The limit of detection was determined using successive dilutions of known copies of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. The M gene based assay was able to detect a minimum of 100 copies of virus/mL indicating its capacity to detect low viral load. The assay showed comparable accuracy, sensitivity and specificity with commercially available kits while detecting all the variants efficiently. The study concluded that the in-house M gene based assay might be an effective alternative for the currently available commercial qRT-PCR kits.

Packaging is more than just a suitable way of showcasing a product or getting a product to the consumer without reaching any damage. Here, we intended to know the relative significance of different features of packaging in purchase decision-making. We controlled the diversity of products and their confounding effect in the decision-making task by giving participants a particular product category (toiletries items) in the instruction. A survey was conducted on 386 Bangladeshi adult participants to rate their attitudes toward 11 different packing features when they make a purchase decision. The finding shows that participants rated printed detail on the package as the most important attribute which can manipulate their purchase choice. Moreover, they rated Convenience packaging, Hygienic wrapping material, convincing words on the packet, and attractiveness as the top five packaging features for young Bangladeshi adults, respectively. We found some significant gender differences in four features of product packaging. Bangladeshi adult females are more influenced by the attractiveness, colourful packet, convenience packaging, and convincing words on the packet than male customers. This finding could be an important addition to consumer behaviour literature. Moreover, marketers and designers would know their customer's needs and will be able to use this knowledge in product packaging as a reliable source of marketing strategy to increase their product sales. Keywords: product packaging; consumer behaviour; decision making; young adults

Abstract Background The next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology facilitates in-depth study of host-pathogen metatranscriptome. We, therefore, implicated phylodynamic and transcriptomic approaches through NGS technology to know/understand the dengue virus (DENV) origin and host response with dengue fever. Methods In this study, blood serum RNA was extracted from 21 dengue patients and 3 healthy individuals. Total transcriptomic data were analyzed for phylogenetic, phylodynamic, differential express gene (DEG), and gene ontology (GO) using respective bioinformatics tools. Results The viral genome sequence revealed dengue viral genome size ranges 10647 to 10707 nucleotide. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis showed that the 2021 epidemic isolates were DENV-3 genotype-I and maintained as a new clade in compared to 2019 epidemic. Transcriptome analysis showed a total of 2686 genes were DEG in dengue patients compared to control with a q-value

Abstract The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the nasopharyngeal microbiome has not been well characterised. We sequenced genetic material extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals who were asymptomatic (n = 14), had mild (n = 64) or severe symptoms (n = 11), as well as from SARS-CoV-2-negative individuals who had never-been infected (n = 5) or had recovered from infection (n = 7). Using robust filters, we identified 1345 taxa with approximately 0.1% or greater read abundance. Overall, the severe cohort microbiome was least diverse. Bacterial pathogens were found in all cohorts, but fungal species identifications were rare. Few taxa were common between cohorts suggesting a limited human nasopharynx core microbiome. Genes encoding resistance mechanisms to 10 antimicrobial classes (> 25% sequence coverages, 315 genes, 63 non-redundant) were identified, with β-lactam resistance genes near ubiquitous. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (asymptomatic and mild) had a greater incidence of antibiotic resistance genes and a greater microbial burden than the SARS-CoV-2-negative individuals. This should be considered when deciding how to treat COVID-19 related bacterial infections.

In this paper, the notion of the conjugate of an L-subgroup by an L-point has been introduced. Then, several properties of conjugate L-subgroups have been studied analogous to their group-theoretic counterparts. Also, the notion of conjugacy has been investigated in the context of normality of L-subgroups. Furthermore, some important relationships between conjugate L-subgroups and normalizer have also been established. Finally, the normalizer of an L-subgroup has been defined by using the notion of conjugate L-subgroups.

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which has brought a great challenge to public health. After the first emergence of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in Bangladesh and since then the country has experienced a steady rise in infections, resulting in 13,355,191 cases and 29,024 deaths as of 27 February 2022. Bioinformatics techniques are used to predict B cell and T cell epitopes from the new SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in order to build a unique multiple epitope vaccine. The immunogenicity, antigenicity scores, and toxicity of these epitopes were evaluated and chosen based on their capacity to elicit an immune response. Result The best multi-epitope of the possible immunogenic property was created by combining epitopes. EAAAK, AAY, and GPGPG linkers were used to connect the epitopes. In several computer-based immune response analyses, this vaccine design was found to be efficient, as well as having high population coverage. Conclusion This research is entirely reliant on the development of epitope-based vaccines, and these in silico findings would represent a major step forward in the development of a vaccine that might eradicate SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladeshi patients.

Objective: Alteration of Alu elements of human DNA may result cancer. This study was aimed to find status of Alu-deletion among breast cancer patients. Methods: To identify Alu-deletion, tissue samples from the operated specimen and blood of the breast cancer patients were collected. For comparison, blood was collected from healthy controls. After extraction, DNA was amplified by PCR with Alu specific primer and gel electrophoresis was done. Alu specific banding patterns of DNA of the samples were examined and compared. Result: Among the 64 patients and equal number (64) of healthy women examined, multiple Alu polymorphic loci have been identified. One of them characterized as deletion at the 2000bp region, found in 83% cancerous blood samples and only 3% in the healthy controls (p < 0.0001), OR 149. Another band was identified as less intensified at the 1700bp, present in 74% cancerous blood samples (p < 0.0001). We also found differential DNA banding pattern between breast cancer (7-9) and control blood samples (9-15) which is highly significant (p < 0.0001). Whereas no such banding pattern was observed in cancer tissues and normal breast tissues collected during surgery. Conclusion: This study confirms significant presence of Alu-deletion in women with breast cancer in comparison without cancer. Alu-deletion can be presumed as a useful blood-based biomarker for the detection of early breast cancer.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gender and anthropometric measurement on pulmonary functions (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1st s [FEV1] and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR]) of undergraduate medical students to emphasise the need for further research on the aetiology and the prevention of respiratory diseases. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram, Bangladesh, from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 participants, aged between 18 and 20 years, studying in the 1st year in CMC, were included by a random sampling method. The participants filled out a questionnaire with general information about previous diseases, medication and family history. Fifty male participants were enrolled in the study group according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Age and body mass index matched another 50 female participants were included. Respiratory parameters such as FVC, FEV1 and PEFR were measured by a digital spirometer (Chestgraph HI-101, Japan). Readings were taken in normal upright sitting posture. The statistical tests utilised were unpaired Student's t-test and the correlation coefficient conducted using SPSS for windows version 23. Results: Female participants showed significantly lower FVC, FEV1 and PEFR than males. This study observed a significant positive correlation between height and weight and FVC, FEV1 and PEFR. Conclusion: The results of this study help assess pulmonary functions among medical students as pulmonary function tests are one of the indicators of the health status of the individuals.

We previously reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces human nasopharyngeal commensal microbiomes (bacteria, archaea and commensal respiratory viruses) with inclusion of pathobionts. This study aimed to assess the possible changes in the abundance and diversity of resident mycobiome in the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) of humans due to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Twenty-two (n = 22) nasopharyngeal swab samples (including COVID-19 = 8, Recovered = 7, and Healthy = 7) were collected for RNA-sequencing followed by taxonomic profiling of mycobiome. Our analyses indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon test) the population and diversity of fungi in the NT with inclusion of a high proportion of opportunistic pathogens. We detected 863 fungal species including 533, 445, and 188 species in COVID-19, Recovered, and Healthy individuals, respectively that indicate a distinct mycobiome dysbiosis due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remarkably, 37% of the fungal species were exclusively associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, where S. cerevisiae (88.62%) and Phaffia rhodozyma (10.30%) were two top abundant species. Likewise, Recovered humans NT samples were predominated by Aspergillus penicillioides (36.64%), A. keveii (23.36%), A. oryzae (10.05%) and A. pseudoglaucus (4.42%). Conversely, Nannochloropsis oceanica (47.93%), Saccharomyces pastorianus (34.42%), and S. cerevisiae (2.80%) were the top abundant fungal species in Healthy controls nasal swabs. Importantly, 16% commensal fungal species found in the Healthy controls were not detected in either COVID-19 patients or when they were cured from COVID-19 (Recovered). We also detected several altered metabolic pathways correlated with the dysbiosis of fungal mycobiota in COVID-19 patients. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes significant dysbiosis of mycobiome and related metabolic functions possibly play a determining role in the progression of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. These findings might be helpful for developing mycobiome-based diagnostics, and also devising appropriate therapeutic regimens including antifungal drugs for prevention and control of concurrent fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients.

Abstract The microbiota of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) play a role in host immunity against respiratory infectious diseases. However, scant information is available on interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the nasopharyngeal microbiome. This study characterizes the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human nasopharyngeal microbiomes and their relevant metabolic functions. Twenty-two (n = 22) nasopharyngeal swab samples (including COVID-19 patients = 8, recovered humans = 7, and healthy people = 7) were collected, and underwent to RNAseq-based metagenomic investigation. Our RNAseq data mapped to 2281 bacterial species (including 1477, 919 and 676 in healthy, COVID-19 and recovered metagenomes, respectively) indicating a distinct microbiome dysbiosis. The COVID-19 and recovered samples included 67% and 77% opportunistic bacterial species, respectively compared to healthy controls. Notably, 79% commensal bacterial species found in healthy controls were not detected in COVID-19 and recovered people. Similar dysbiosis was also found in viral and archaeal fraction of the nasopharyngeal microbiomes. We also detected several altered metabolic pathways and functional genes in the progression and pathophysiology of COVID-19. The nasopharyngeal microbiome dysbiosis and their genomic features determined by our RNAseq analyses shed light on early interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the nasopharyngeal resident microbiota that might be helpful for developing microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics for this novel pandemic disease.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an urgent global situation. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in COVID-19 patients to understand disease pathogenesis and the genetic factor(s) responsible for inter-individual variability and disease comorbidities. The pandemic continues to spread worldwide, despite intense efforts to develop multiple vaccines and therapeutic options against COVID-19. However, the precise role of SARS-CoV-2 in the pathophysiology of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) is still unfathomable. This study utilized machine learning approaches to analyze 22 RNA-seq data from COVID-19 patients (n = 8), recovered individuals (n = 7), and healthy individuals (n = 7) to find disease-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We compared dysregulated DEGs to detect critical pathways and gene ontology (GO) connected to COVID-19 comorbidities. We found 1960 and 153 DEG signatures in COVID-19 patients and recovered individuals compared to healthy controls. In COVID-19 patients, the DEG–miRNA, and DEG–transcription factors (TFs) interactions network analysis revealed that E2F1, MAX, EGR1, YY1, and SRF were the highly expressed TFs, whereas hsa-miR-19b, hsa-miR-495, hsa-miR-340, hsa-miR-101, and hsa-miR-19a were the overexpressed miRNAs. Three chemical agents (Valproic Acid, Alfatoxin B1, and Cyclosporine) were abundant in COVID-19 patients and recovered individuals. Mental retardation, mental deficit, intellectual disability, muscle hypotonia, micrognathism, and cleft palate were the significant diseases associated with COVID-19 by sharing DEGs. Finally, the detected DEGs mediated by TFs and miRNA expression indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection might contribute to various comorbidities. Our results provide the common DEGs between COVID-19 patients and recovered humans, which suggests some crucial insights into the complex interplay between COVID-19 progression and the recovery stage, and offer some suggestions on therapeutic target identification in COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2.

Background: Dermatoglyphics study the ridged skin patterns of the palms, fingers, soles and toes. They remain unchanged throughout life and are unique for the individual. Hereditary factors determine the size, relative position and type of pattern formed by the dermal ridges in the palm's interdigital areas. The present study was conducted to evaluate the interdigital association pattern of palmar dermatoglyphics among the Down syndrome patient. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram from January 2018 to January 2019. A total of 200 participants were included by convenient sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. One hundred Down syndrome patients were recruited in the study group from different Down syndrome society organizations in Bangladesh. One hundred other medical science and dental background students studying at CMC were selected as control irrespective of sex. Dermatoglyphics print was taken by the ink and paper method. The detailed dermatoglyphic analysis was done by using a magnifying glass, calculator and scale. Data were analysed for statistical significance by Chi-square test wherever applicable, by using a computer-based program SPSS-23 and MS Excel. P value was considered significant if it was

Introduction: Dermatoglyphics is studying the patterns of the ridged skin of the palms, fingers, soles and toes. The patterns are formed early in the foetus. This study was designed to observe dermatoglyphic changes amongst the Down syndrome patients and compare the change with the typical healthy research participants. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram, from January 2018 to January 2019. A total of 200 participants were included by convenient sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. One hundred Down syndrome patients were recruited in the study group from different Down syndrome society organisations in Bangladesh. One hundred other medical science and dental background students studying at CMC were selected as controls irrespective of sex. Dermatoglyphic print was taken by the ink and paper method. The detailed dermatoglyphic analysis was done by using a magnifying glass, calculator and scale. A two-sample proportion test has been conducted to compare the proportion of fingerprint patterns of whorls, ulnar loops, radial loops and arches of both hands in the Down syndrome patient and control groups. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the prediction of fingerprint pattern from the presence of Down syndrome and gender. Results: It is observed that the ulnar loop is more prominent in both hands of Down syndrome patients than in the control group irrespective of sex (P < 0.001), while arch and whorl patterns are more prominent in controls than in Down syndrome patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion: It is revealed that there were significant differences in fingertip print patterns between Down syndrome patients and healthy controls. Hence, it can be used as a diagnostic aid for the Down syndrome patient.

Urbanization is continually taking place in the cities. Dhaka, Bangladesh's capital and the world's 11th largest megacity, is no exception to this trend. Cities relying on natural ecosystems outside the city boundaries also benefit from internal urban ecosystems as well. Rooftop gardens have the potential to be excellent urban ecosystem stimulators and play a significant role in urban landscape planning and management. An experimental survey was conducted on twenty rooftop gardens from two metropolitan areas (Mohammadpur and Dhanmondi) of Dhaka city. The goal was to examine the four categories of ecosystem services: Provisioning, supporting, regulating and cultural, supplied by ecosystems within the Rooftop Gardens (RTGs) and to evaluate their performances by examining through a Rapid Assessment Checklist (RAC) tool. The RAC was consisted of 47 proxy indicators (33 qualitative and 14 quantitative indicators) directly or indirectly representing various dimensions of ecosystem services. From a maximum of 100, the average score of total ecosystem services was 50 ± 12 which could be considered as an intermediate performance in ecosystem services provision. The highest score 60 ± 14 was obtained from the cultural services and the lowest score 41 ± 13 was from provisioning services. The assessment of RTGES would allow stakeholders to identify the weak and strong points of the existing rooftop gardens for their management and improvement. A proper understanding of RTGES and integrated participation of gardeners and urban planners could contribute to designing ecosystem service based roof gardens for making human settlements ecologically sustainable.

Background: Diabetes mellitus rates continue to rise, which coupled with increasing costs of associated complications has appreciably increased global expenditure in recent years. The risk of complications are enhanced by poor glycaemic control including hypoglycaemia. Long-acting insulin analogues were developed to reduce hypoglycaemia and improve adherence. Their considerably higher costs though have impacted their funding and use. Biosimilars can help reduce medicine costs. However, their introduction has been affected by a number of factors. These include the originator company dropping its price as well as promoting patented higher strength 300 IU/ml insulin glargine. There can also be concerns with different devices between the manufacturers.Objective: To assess current utilisation rates for insulins, especially long-acting insulin analogues, and the rationale for patterns seen, across multiple countries to inform strategies to enhance future utilisation of long-acting insulin analogue biosimilars to benefit all key stakeholders.Our approach: Multiple approaches including assessing the utilisation, expenditure and prices of insulins, including biosimilar insulin glargine, across multiple continents and countries.Results: There was considerable variation in the use of long-acting insulin analogues as a percentage of all insulins prescribed and dispensed across countries and continents. This ranged from limited use of long-acting insulin analogues among African countries compared to routine funding and use across Europe in view of their perceived benefits. Increasing use was also seen among Asian countries including Bangladesh and India for similar reasons. However, concerns with costs and value limited their use across Africa, Brazil and Pakistan. There was though limited use of biosimilar insulin glargine 100 IU/ml compared with other recent biosimilars especially among European countries and Korea. This was principally driven by small price differences in reality between the originator and biosimilars coupled with increasing use of the patented 300 IU/ml formulation. A number of activities were identified to enhance future biosimilar use. These included only reimbursing biosimilar long-acting insulin analogues, introducing prescribing targets and increasing competition among manufacturers including stimulating local production.Conclusions: There are concerns with the availability and use of insulin glargine biosimilars despite lower costs. This can be addressed by multiple activities.

Background: Countries have introduced a variety of measures to prevent and treat COVID-19 with medicines and personal protective equipment (PPE), with some countries adopting preventative strategies earlier than others. However, there has been considerable controversy surrounding some treatments. This includes hydroxychloroquine where the initial hype and misinformation lead to shortages, price rises and suicides. Price rises and shortages have also been seen for PPE. Such activities can have catastrophic effects on patients where there are high co-payment levels and issues of affordability. Consequently, there is a need to investigate this further.Objective: Assess changes in the availability, utilization and prices of relevant medicines and PPE during the pandemic among a range of Asian countries.Our approach: Narrative literature review combined with interviews among community pharmacists to assess changes in consumption, prices and shortages of medicines and PPE from the beginning of March 2020 until end of May 2020. In addition, suggestions on ways to reduce misinformation.Results: 308 pharmacists took part from five Asian countries. There was an appreciable increase in the utilization of antimicrobials in Pakistan (in over 88% of pharmacies), with lower increases or no change in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and Vietnam. Encouragingly, there was increased use of vitamins/immune boosters and PPE across the countries, as well as limited price rises for antimicrobials in India, Malaysia and Vietnam, although greater price rises seen for analgesics and vitamin C/immune boosters. Appreciable price increases were also seen for PPE across some countries.Conclusion: Encouraging to see increases in utilization of vitamins/immune boosters and PPE. However, increases in the utilization and prices of antimicrobials is a concern that needs addressing alongside misinformation and any unintended consequences from the pandemic. Community pharmacists can play a key role in providing evidence-based advice, helping to moderate prices, as well as helping address some of the unintended consequences of the pandemic.

This paper explores different kinds of feedback that teachers give on the midterm scripts and the students’ attitudes towards these kinds of feedback. The total number of participants of this study was eighty-one. The participants were randomly chosen from the Departments of English of three private universities in Bangladesh. To collect the data a questionnaire with twenty-three items was used. The findings show that the students received three types of feedback more frequently (oral, written, and explicit) and the students preferred both oral and written feedback at times.

In this paper, we study the notion of normal L-subgroup of an L-group and provide its characterization by an L-point. We also provide a construction of the normalizer of an L-subgroup of a given L-group by using L-points. Moreover, we also discuss the product, homomorphic images and homomorphic preimages of normalizers.

In this paper, the notion of commutator is modified and extended to L-setting. Also, the notion of descending central series is introduced which is used to formulate the important notion of nilpotent L-subgroup of an L-group. Moreover, the level subset characterization for the notion of nilpotent L-subgroup is provided.