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4. Laboratory capability and surveillance testing for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the who European region, June 2013

Author

Pereyaslov, D., Rosin, P., Palm, D., Zeller, H., Gross, D., Brown, C. S., Struelens, M. J., Robo, A., Hatibi, I. H., Alis, J. C., Sargsyan, S., Gurbanov, S., Gribkova, N., Ranst, M., Ieven, G., Patteet, S., Tomic, S., Korsun, N., Drazenovic, V., Pieridou-Bagkatzouni, D., Jirincova, H., Havlickova, M., Fomsgaard, A., Rae, K., Lappalainen, M., Ikonen, N., Lina, B., Sylvie van der WERF, Manuguerra, J. -C, Machablishvili, A., Eickmann, M., Wolff, T., Dobler, G., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., Drosten, C., Papa, A., Mentis, A. F., Kis, Z., Löve, A., Coughlan, S., Mandelboim, M., Capobianchi, M. R., Landini, M. P., Baldanti, F., Palu, G., Ghisetti, V., Donatelli, I., Nusupbayeva, G., Tokhtabakiyeva, Z., Kasymbekova, K., Storozenko, J., Erne, S., Griskevicius, A., Opp, M., Barbara, C., Vratnica, Z., Reusken, C., Dudman, S. G., Hungnes, O., Pancer, K., Guiomar, R., Eder, V., Lupulescu, E., Yatsyshina, S., Pisareva, M., Buzitskaya, Z., Sergeev, A., Nedeljković, J., Staroňová, E., Županc, T. A., Petrovec, M., Korva, M., Prosenc, K., Casas, I., Gaines, H., Cherpillod, P., Zakirova, N., Bosevska, G., Altas, B., Ciblak, M., Mironenko, A., Dykhanovska, T., Demchyshyna, I., Bermingham, A., Rakhimov, R., Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Stockholm, Sweden] (ECDC), Experts of the MERS-CoV Working Group Members of this working group who provided survey data: Albania: Alma Robo, Iris Hasibra (Hatibi), Institute of Public Health, Tirana Andorra: Josep Casals Alis, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labour, Andorra la Vella Armenia: Shushan Sargsyan, Virology Laboratory, Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Yerevan Austria: Stephan Aberle, Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Azerbaijan: Sadraddin Gurbanov, National Virology Laboratory, National Anti-Plague Station, Baku Belarus: Natalia Gribkova, Laboratory for Influenza and Influenza-like Diseases, Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Minsk Belgium: Marc Van Ranst, Greet Ieven and Sophie Patteet, National Reference Centre of Respiratory Viruses, University Hospital Leuven and UZA Antwerpen, Antwerpen Bosnia and Herzegovina: Stanka Tomic, Microbiology Department, Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka Bulgaria: Neli Korsun, National Laboratory 'Influenza and ARD', Department of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia Croatia: Vladimir Drazenovic, National Influenza Centre, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb Cyprus: Despo Pieridou-Bagkatzouni, Microbiology Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia Czech Republic: Helena Jirincova, Martina Havlickova, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, National Institute for Public Health, Prague Denmark: Anders Fomsgaard, Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department Microbiology Diagnostic and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen Estonia: Külli Rae, Laboratory of Communicable Diseases, Health Board, Tallinn Finland: Maija Lappalainen, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital, Laboratory Services (HUSLAB) and Niina Ikonen, Virology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki France: Bruno Lina, Centre National de Référence des Virus Influenza – HCL, Lyon and Sylvie van der Werf, Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA viruses, Institut Pasteur and Jean-Claude Manuguerra, Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence (CIBU), Institut Pasteur, Paris Georgia: Ann Machablishvili, National Influenza Centre, National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi Germany: Markus Eickmann, Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität in Marburg and Thorsten Wolff, Div of Influenza and other Respiratory viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, and Dr. Gerhard Dobler, Bundeswehr Instittue of Microbiology, and Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit, WHOCC for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research at Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, and Christian Drosten, Virology Institute, Bonn Greece: Anna Papa, National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever viruses, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki and Andreas F. Mentis, National Influenza Reference Laboratory of Southern Greece/Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens Hungary: Zoltan Kis, Department for Respiratory Viruses / National Biosafety Laboratory, B. Johan National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest Iceland: Arthur Löve, Department of Virology, Landspitali- National University Hospital, Reykjavik Ireland: Suzie Coughlan, National Virus Reference Laboratory/University College Dublin, Dublin Israel: Michal Mandelboim, Central Virology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer Italy: Maria R. Capobianchi, Laboratory of Virology/National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Maria Paola Landini, Regional Center for Emerging Infections (CRREM)/ Unit of Clinical Microbiology, St. Orsola General Hospital, Bologna, and Fausto Baldanti, Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, and Giorgio Palu, Microbiology and Virology/Padova University Hospital, and Valeria Ghisetti, Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, and Isabella Donatelli, National Influenza Centre, Instituto Superiore di Sanita, Kazakhstan: Gaukhar Nusupbayeva, Zarina Tokhtabakiyeva, National Reference Laboratory on Control of Viral Infections, Scientifical-Practical Center of Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring, Almaty Kyrgyzstan: Kaliya Kasymbekova, Centre of Molecular-Genetic and Microbiological Investigations, Department of State Sanitary Epidemiological Surveillance, Bishkek Latvia: Jelena Storozenko, Riga East University Hospital, Latvian Centre of Infectious Diseases, National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Riga Liechtenstein: Sabine Erne, Office of Public Health, Country Administration of Principality of Liechtenstein Lithuania: Algirdas Griskevicius, National Public Health Surveillance Laboratory, Vilnius Luxembourg: Matthias Opp, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg Malta: Christopher Barbara, Pathology Department, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida Montenegro: Zoran Vratnica, Centre for Medical Microbiology, Public Health Institute of Montenegro, Podgorica Netherlands: Chantal Reusken, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven Norway: Susanne Gjeruldsen Dudman and Olav Hungnes, Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Poland: Katarzyna Pancer, National Institute of Public Health- National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Virology, Warsaw Portugal: Raquel Guiomar, National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health, Lisboa Republic of Moldova: Veronica Eder, Laboratory of Viral Respiratory Infections, National Center for Public Health, Chisinau Romania: Emilia Lupulescu, Laboratory for Respiratory Viruses/ NIRDMI Cantacuzino, Bucharest Russian Federation: Svetlana Yatsyshina, Reference Centre for Infection Agents, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (CRIE), Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, and Maria Pisareva and Zhanna Buzitskaya, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Research Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg, and Alexander Sergeev, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Novosibirsk Serbia: Jasminka Nedeljković, Respiratory Department, Torlak Institute of Immunology and Virology, Belgrade Slovakia: Edita Staroňová, National Influenza Center/Public Health Authority, Bratislava Slovenia: Tatjana Avšič Županc, Miroslav Petrovec, Miša Korva, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, and Katarina Prosenc, Laboratory for Virology, National Public Health Institute Slovenia, Ljubljana Spain: Inmaculada Casas, Influenza National Reference Laboratory, National Influenza Center-Madrid, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid and Ramon Cisterna Clinical microbiology and infection control, Hospital Basurto Bilbao Spain Sweden: Hans Gaines, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm Switzerland: Pascal Cherpillod, National Reference Centre for Emerging Viral Infections, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva Tajikistan: Niginamo Zakirova, Virology Laboratory, State Sanitary-Epidemiological Surveillance, Dushanbe The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Golubinka Bosevska, Laboratory for Virology and Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Public Health, Skopje Turkey: Basak Altas, National Influenza Centre, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Public Health Institutions of Turkey, Ankara, and Meral Ciblak, National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul Turkmenistan: Central Reference Laboratory, Sanitary Epidemiologic Service, Ashgabat Ukraine: Alla Mironenko, National Influenza Centre, L.V.Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology & Infectious diseases NAMS, and Tetiana Dykhanovska and Iryna Demchyshyna, Centre of influenza and ARVI, Central Sanitary and Epidemiological Station, Kiev United Kingdom: Alison Bermingham, Respiratory Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London Uzbekistan: Ravshan Rakhimov, National Influenza Centre, Institute of Virology, Tashkent., and We thank the ECDC National Microbiology Focal Points in EU/EEA countries, focal points from laboratories of the EuroFlu and ENIVD networks for coordinating data collection and for dedicated and rapid responses to the surveys.

Subjects
Epidemiology, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], SARS (Disease), MERS (Disease), medicine.disease_cause, World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, World health, Viral genetics, Coronavirus infections -- Laboratory manuals, Environmental protection, Virology, Environmental health, medicine, media_common.cataloged_instance, Humans, European Union, European union, Coronavirus, media_common, Middle East, business.industry, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Reference Standards, European region, Health Surveys, Diseases -- Causes and theories of causation, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, RNA, Viral, Disease prevention, business, Coronavirus Infections, Laboratories, Sentinel Surveillance, Sequence Analysis
Abstract

Since September 2012, over 90 cases of respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus, now named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), have been reported in the Middle East and Europe. To ascertain the capabilities and testing experience of national reference laboratories across the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region to detect this virus, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the WHO Regional Office for Europe conducted a joint survey in November 2012 and a follow-up survey in June 2013. In 2013, 29 of 52 responding WHO European Region countries and 24 of 31 countries of the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) had laboratory capabilities to detect and confirm MERS-CoV cases, compared with 22 of 46 and 18 of 30 countries, respectively, in 2012. By June 2013, more than 2,300 patients had been tested in 23 countries in the WHO European Region with nine laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases. These data indicate that the Region has developed significant capability to detect this emerging virus in accordance with WHO and ECDC guidance. However, not all countries had developed capabilities, and the needs to do so should be addressed. This includes enhancing collaborations between countries to ensure diagnostic capabilities for surveillance of MERS-CoV infections across the European Region., peer-reviewed

Published
2014
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5. Antibiotic Exposure and Other Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance in Nasal Commensal Staphylococcus aureus: An Ecological Study in 8 European Countries

Author

van Bijnen, Evelin M.E., Paget, John, de Lange-de Klerk, Elly S. M., den Heijer, Casper D. J., Versporten, Ann, Stobberingh, Ellen E., Goossens, Herman, Schellevis, Francois G., collaboration with the APRES Study Team. Collaborators (23) Hoffmann, K., Apfalter, P., Ieven, G., Coenen, S., Adriaenssens, N., Bartholomeeusen, S., Katić, Milica, Soldo, Dragan, Budimir, Ana, Hebbrecht, G., Kolozsvári, L., Rurik, I., Konya, J., Mölstad, S., Matussek, A., Bolibar, B., Pons, M., Grenzner, E., Korevaar, J., Stirbu-Wagner, I., Pringle, M., Fleming, D., Lovering, A., Med Microbiol, Infect Dis & Infect Prev, RS: CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, RS: CAPHRI - R4 - Health Inequities and Societal Participation, General practice, Epidemiology and Data Science, EMGO - Quality of care, Ieven, Margaretha, Coenen, Samuel, Adriaenssens, Niels, and APRES Study Team

Subjects
Male, Pediatrics, Antibiotics, lcsh:Medicine, MRSA, medicine.disease_cause, SOFT-TISSUE INFECTIONS, COLONIZATION, 0302 clinical medicine, Anti-Infective Agents, Risk Factors, EPIDEMIOLOGY, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science, Child, Aged, 80 and over, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, PRIMARY-CARE, Orvostudományok, Middle Aged, Staphylococcal Infections, PREVALENCE, 3. Good health, Europe, COMMUNITY, Staphylococcus aureus, Carrier State, Female, Egészségtudományok, Engineering sciences. Technology, Research Article, medicine.drug, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, medicine.drug_class, Population, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Staphylococcal infections, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibiotic resistance, Environmental health, Humans, education, METAANALYSIS, Aged, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, lcsh:R, Other Research Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 0], Ecological study, Nasal Commensal Staphylococcus aureus, antimicrobial resistance, medicine.disease, Penicillin, Nasal Mucosa, Carriage, ACQUIRED METHICILLIN-RESISTANT, lcsh:Q, SKIN INFECTIONS, business
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 154322.PDF (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health concern which threatens the effective treatment of bacterial infections. Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) increasingly appears in individuals with no healthcare associated risks. Our study assessed risk factors for nasal carriage of resistant S. aureus in a multinational, healthy, community-based population, including ecological exposure to antibiotics. METHODS: Data were collected in eight European countries (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden). Commensal AMR patterns were assessed by collecting 28,929 nasal swabs from healthy persons (aged 4+). Ecological exposure to antibiotics was operationalized as systemic antibiotic treatment patterns, extracted from electronic medical records of primary care practices in which the participants were listed (10-27 per country). A multilevel analysis related AMR in nasal commensal S. aureus to antibiotic exposure and other risk factors (e.g. age and profession). RESULTS: Of the 6,093 S. aureus isolates, 77% showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. 7.1% exhibited multidrug resistance (defined as resistance to 3 or more antibiotic classes), and we found 78 cases MRSA (1.3%). A large variation in antibiotic exposure was found between and within countries. Younger age and a higher proportion of penicillin prescriptions in a practice were associated with higher odds for carriage of a resistant S. aureus. Also, we found higher multidrug resistance rates in participants working in healthcare or nurseries. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that in a population with no recent antibiotic use, the prescription behavior of the general practitioner affects the odds for carriage of a resistant S. aureus, highlighting the need for cautious prescribing in primary care. Finally, since variation in AMR could partly be explained on a national level, policy initiatives to decrease AMR should be encouraged at the national level within Europe.

Published
2015
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6. In vitro activity of temocillin against prevalent extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae from Belgian intensive care units.

Author

UCL - MD/MIGE - Département de microbiologie, d'immunologie et de génétique, Glupczynski, Gerald, Huang, Te-Din, Berhin, C., Claeys, G., Delmée, Michel, Ide, L., Ieven, G, Piérard, Denis, Rodriguez-Villalobos, Hector, Struelens, M, Vaneldere, J., UCL - MD/MIGE - Département de microbiologie, d'immunologie et de génétique, Glupczynski, Gerald, Huang, Te-Din, Berhin, C., Claeys, G., Delmée, Michel, Ide, L., Ieven, G, Piérard, Denis, Rodriguez-Villalobos, Hector, Struelens, M, and Vaneldere, J.

Abstract

Temocillin is a narrow spectrum penicillin with high stability to most beta-lactamases including AmpC types and extended-spectrum types (ESBLs). We have analysed its in vitro activity against 652 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae prospectively collected from patients hospitalised in intensive care units at seven different university hospitals in Belgium in 2005. Strains were screened for ESBL production using cefotaxime and ceftazidime screen agar plates and by double ESBL E-tests. The MIC of temocillin and of five comparators was determined using the E-test method. ESBLs were characterized at one central laboratory by isoelectric focusing, PCR for bla genes of the SHV, TEM, and CTX-M families, and by DNA sequencing. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae averaged 11.8% and ranged between 3.0 and 29% in the different hospitals. Meropenem exhibited the highest in vitro activity overall (mode MIC 0.064 microg; MIC(90); 0.19 microg/ml), whereas ceftazidime (MIC(90) > 256 microg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (MIC(90) > 32 microg/ml) scored the worst. Temocillin was active against more than 90% of the isolates including most AmpC- and ESBL-producing isolates. These data indicate the well preserved activity of temocillin over the years against Enterobacteriaceae and show the wide variation in prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Belgian intensive care units. Prospective clinical studies are, however, needed to validate the usefulness of temocillin in the treatment of microbiologically documented infections caused by ESBL- and/or AmpC- overproducing nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae pathogens.

Published
2007

7. In vitro activity of temocillin against prevalent extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae from Belgian intensive care units

Author

Glupczynski, Youri, Huang, Te-Din, Berhin, Catherine, Claeys, Geert, Delmée, Michel, Ide, L., Ieven, G., Pierard, Denis, Rodriguez Villalobos, Hector, Struelens, Marc, Vaneldere, Johan Van, Glupczynski, Youri, Huang, Te-Din, Berhin, Catherine, Claeys, Geert, Delmée, Michel, Ide, L., Ieven, G., Pierard, Denis, Rodriguez Villalobos, Hector, Struelens, Marc, and Vaneldere, Johan Van

Abstract

SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2007

8. Epidemiology of Burkholderia cepacia complex colonisation in cystic fibrosis patients

Author

de Boeck, K, Malfroot, Anne, Van Schil, Lutgardis, Lebecque, Patrick, Knoop, Christiane, Govan, John, Doherty, Colin P, Laevens, Severine, Vandamme, Peter, Van Schil, L., Ursi, Jean Paul, Desager, Kristine, Ieven, G., Mertens, Antje, Dab, Isi, Lauwers, Sabine, Gigi, Jacques, Struelens, Marc, Franckx, Hilde, De Baets, Frans, Vandaele, Serge, Verschraegen, Gerda, Proesmans, Marijke Johanna, Vaneldere, Johan Van, Lebrun, Fabienne, Pauquay, F., Bodart, Eddy, Glupczynski, Youri, Sevens, C, de Boeck, K, Malfroot, Anne, Van Schil, Lutgardis, Lebecque, Patrick, Knoop, Christiane, Govan, John, Doherty, Colin P, Laevens, Severine, Vandamme, Peter, Van Schil, L., Ursi, Jean Paul, Desager, Kristine, Ieven, G., Mertens, Antje, Dab, Isi, Lauwers, Sabine, Gigi, Jacques, Struelens, Marc, Franckx, Hilde, De Baets, Frans, Vandaele, Serge, Verschraegen, Gerda, Proesmans, Marijke Johanna, Vaneldere, Johan Van, Lebrun, Fabienne, Pauquay, F., Bodart, Eddy, Glupczynski, Youri, and Sevens, C

Abstract

SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2004

10. A traveler with neurobrucellosis

Author

Van den Enden, E., primary, Vlieghe, E., additional, Demeester, R., additional, Ieven, G., additional, Jansens, H., additional, and Van den Hauwe, L., additional

Published
2009
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12. Clinical prediction of laboratory-confirmed influenza in adults with influenza-like illness in primary care. A randomized controlled trial secondary analysis in 15 European countries.

Author

Ouchi D, García-Sangenís A, Moragas A, van der Velden AW, Verheij TJ, Butler CC, Bongard E, Coenen S, Cook J, Francis NA, Godycki-Cwirko M, Lundgren PT, Lionis C, Radzeviciene Jurgute R, Chlabicz S, De Sutter A, Bucher HC, Seifert B, Kovács B, de Paor M, Sundvall PD, Aabenhus R, Harbin NJ, Ieven G, Goossens H, Lindbæk M, Bjerrum L, and Llor C

Subjects
Adult, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Cough, Female, Fever, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Influenza, Human diagnosis, Influenza, Human epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Clinical findings do not accurately predict laboratory diagnosis of influenza. Early identification of influenza is considered useful for proper management decisions in primary care., Objective: We evaluated the diagnostic value of the presence and the severity of symptoms for the diagnosis of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection among adults presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI) in primary care., Methods: Secondary analysis of patients with ILI who participated in a clinical trial from 2015 to 2018 in 15 European countries. Patients rated signs and symptoms as absent, minor, moderate, or major problem. A nasopharyngeal swab was taken for microbiological identification of influenza and other microorganisms. Models were generated considering (i) the presence of individual symptoms and (ii) the severity rating of symptoms., Results: A total of 2,639 patients aged 18 or older were included in the analysis. The mean age was 41.8 ± 14.7 years, and 1,099 were men (42.1%). Influenza was microbiologically confirmed in 1,337 patients (51.1%). The area under the curve (AUC) of the model for the presence of any of seven symptoms for detecting influenza was 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.68), whereas the AUC of the symptom severity model, which included eight variables-cough, fever, muscle aches, sweating and/or chills, moderate to severe overall disease, age, abdominal pain, and sore throat-was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.69-0.72)., Conclusion: Clinical prediction of microbiologically confirmed influenza in adults with ILI is slightly more accurate when based on patient reported symptom severity than when based on the presence or absence of symptoms., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2022
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13. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within households: a remote prospective cohort study in European countries.

Author

Verberk JDM, de Hoog MLA, Westerhof I, van Goethem S, Lammens C, Ieven G, de Bruin E, Eggink D, Bielicki JA, Coenen S, van Beek J, Bonten MJM, Goossens H, and Bruijning-Verhagen PCJL

Subjects
Adult, Child, Family Characteristics, Humans, Pandemics prevention & control, Prospective Studies, COVID-19 epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2
Abstract

Household transmission studies are useful to quantify SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. We conducted a remote prospective household study to quantify transmission, and the effects of subject characteristics, household characteristics, and implemented infection control measures on transmission. Households with a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 index case were enrolled < 48 h following test result. Follow-up included digitally daily symptom recording, regular nose-throat self-sampling and paired dried blood spots from all household members. Samples were tested for virus detection and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Secondary attack rates (SARs) and associated factors were estimated using logistic regression. In 276 households with 920 participants (276 index cases and 644 household members) daily symptom diaries and questionnaires were completed by 95%, and > 85% completed sample collection. 200 secondary SARS-CoV-2 infections were detected, yielding a household SAR of 45.7% (95% CI 39.7-51.7%) and per-person SAR of 32.6% (95%CI: 28.1-37.4%). 126 (63%) secondary cases were detected at enrollment. Mild (aRR = 0.57) and asymptomatic index cases (aRR = 0.29) were less likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2, compared to index cases with an acute respiratory illness (p = 0.03 for trend), and child index cases (< 12 years aRR = 0.60 and 12-18 years aRR = 0.85) compared to adults (p = 0.03 for trend). Infection control interventions in households had no significant effect on transmission. We found high SARs with the majority of transmissions occuring early after SARS-CoV-2 introduction into the household. This may explain the futile effect of implemented household measures. Age and symptom status of the index case influence secondary transmission. Remote, digitally-supported study designs with self-sampling are feasible for studying transmission under pandemic restrictions., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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14. Epidemic Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain among Belgian cystic fibrosis patients and review of literature.

Author

Cools P, Ho E, Vranckx K, Schelstraete P, Wurth B, Franckx H, Ieven G, Van Simaey L, Van Daele S, Verhulst S, De Baets F, and Vaneechoutte M

Subjects
Achromobacter denitrificans classification, Achromobacter denitrificans genetics, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Belgium epidemiology, Cystic Fibrosis epidemiology, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections epidemiology, Humans, Achromobacter denitrificans isolation & purification, Cystic Fibrosis microbiology, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology
Abstract

Background: Achromobacter xylosoxidans is increasingly being recognized as an emerging pathogen in cystic fibrosis. Recent severe infections with A. xylosoxidans in some of our cystic fibrosis (CF) patients led to a re-evaluation of the epidemiology of CF-associated A. xylosoxidans infections in two Belgian reference centres (Antwerp and Ghent). Several of these patients also stayed at the Rehabilitation Centre De Haan (RHC). In total, 59 A. xylosoxidans isolates from 31 patients (including 26 CF patients), collected between 2001 and 2014, were studied. We evaluated Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation -Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) as an alternative for McRAPD typing., Results: Both typing approaches established the presence of a major cluster, comprising isolates, all from 21 CF patients, including from two patients sampled when staying at the RHC a decade ago. This major cluster was the same as the cluster established already a decade ago at the RHC. A minor cluster consisted of 13 isolates from miscellaneous origin. A further seven isolates, including one from a non-CF patient who had stayed recently at the RHC, were singletons., Conclusions: Typing results of both methods were similar, indicating transmission of a single clone of A. xylosoxidans among several CF patients from at least two reference centres. Isolates of the same clone were already observed at the RHC, a decade ago. It is difficult to establish to what extent the RHC is the source of transmission, because the epidemic strain was already present when the first epidemiological study in the RHC was carried out. This study also documents the applicability of MALDI-TOF for typing of strains within the species A. xylosoxidans and the need to use the dynamic cutoff algorithm of the BioNumerics® software for correct clustering of the fingerprints.

Published
2016
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