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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Geothermal zones, famous for their extreme temperatures and exceptional environmental features, offer captivating locations for exploring. These areas are also known to harbor a variety of medicinal plants, historically used for therapeutic properties. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of information concerning the precise chemical compounds present in plants originating from geothermal regions, especially in relation to their diversity and potential medicinal uses. This study aims to fill this gap by clustering and analyzing the similarity of samples from medicinal plants in three geothermal areas in Aceh Province, Indonesia. METHODS: The collection of medicinal plants was conducted in three geothermal regions within Aceh Province, Indonesia, specifically Ie-Brôuk, Ie-Jue, and Ie-Seu'um. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy were conducted to determine chemical compounds from medicinal plants. Clustering analysis and similarity cliff were assessed by employing the simplified molecular input line-entry system and fragment-based fingerprint. FINDINGS: Fifteen different plant species from diverse families--Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Moraceae, Pteridaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Verbenaceae were found in this study. A total of 343 chemical compounds were discovered in medicinal plants from the geothermal areas through the use of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, indicating a significant diversity. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester found in each plant of samples as indiciated as core in flower plot. Clustering analysis identified 98 distinct clusters across the three geothermal areas, with a significant concentration of compounds in the fatty acid group, particularly in cluster 2. The analysis of flexophore similarity revealed 23 neighbor counts, signifying a significant abundance of fatty acids as a predominant. These findings suggest that the chemical compositions of plants in geothermal regions are influenced by the unique environmental conditions, leading to distinct chemical fingerprints for each area. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates that medicinal plants found in geothermal regions contain a broad range of chemical compounds, showcasing a notable diversity in their chemical compositions. The comparison of three geothermal areas in Aceh Province showed that each area has unique characteristics based on the chemical properties of the plants. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the chemical diversity in geothermal regions and emphasize the possibility of uncovering new medicinal compounds. Subsequent studies should increase the sample size and investigate the functional implications of these compounds to maximize their medicinal benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tridax procumbens L. is a plant that grows abundantly in the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The objective of this study is to determine metabolite compounds from Tridax procumbens plants in a geothermal area using qualitative and quantitative analyses. In addition, the contents of six heavy metals in plants and their toxicology were assessed using an in silico approach. METHODS: The ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens was analyzed qualitatively using reagents to determine the contents of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins. In addition, quantitative analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to obtain the chromatograms and mass spectra of the metabolite compounds of the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens, which were used in computational toxicology analysis using a simplified molecular input system in a predictor server. Atomic absorption spectrometry was conducted to confirm the contents of six heavy metals harmful to medicinal plants. FINDINGS: The results showed that Tridax procumbens from the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area, Aceh, has secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins, with phytol from diterpenoid group having the highest content (32.72 percent). Toxicological analysis showed that the compounds in the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens were nontoxic or inactive in five toxicity parameters. The other results of the heavy metal analysis showed the dominance of chromium among the other six metals tested (copper, not detected; cadmium, 0.91 ± 0.03 milligram per kilogram; zinc, 3.50 ± 0.03 milligram per kilogram; iron, 4.65 ± 0.02 milligram per kilogram; lead, 6.42 ± 0.05 milligram per kilogram; and chromium, 13.81 ± 0.07 milligram per kilogram. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the unique secondary metabolite composition of Tridax procumbens under such extreme conditions and underscores the potential implications of heavy metal accumulation in plants in geothermal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Isotoma longiflora L is commonly used as a medicinal plant by the local community in Indonesia, and its geographical position determines its bioactive compounds and hence its efficacy. Ethanol extracts of Isotoma longiflora leaves from various locations in Aceh Province were analyzed using a simple infrared spectroscopy technique combined with chemometrics to determine the effect of geographical location and conditions by classification and authentication. METHODS: Isotoma longiflora leaf samples were collected from Aceh Besar (a geothermal manifestation of Ie Suum), Banda Aceh, Aceh Jaya, Bireun, and Central Aceh. Principal component analysis was used to categorize the ethanol extract of Isotoma longiflora leaves, and a linear discriminant analysis was used for authentication. FINDINGS: The principal component analysis score plot indicated 89 percent of total data variance and that the samples formed three distinct groups: group I consisting of Aceh Tengah and Bener Meriah samples; group II of Aceh Besar and Banda Aceh samples; and group III of Aceh Selatan, Aceh Barat Daya, Aceh Jaya, and Bireun. A linear discriminant analysis was then used to validate these results, and the linear discriminant analysis model derived from the cross-validation predicted the origin of Isotoma longiflora samples with 100 percent accuracy rate. CONCLUSION: The Isotoma longiflora leaf extracts were successfully classified using Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy data processed through chemometric calculations (namely, principal component analysis). Based on the cross-validation using linear discriminant analysis showed that the prediction model had a 100 percent accuracy. The present study thus revealed the effect of geographical location on the composition of bioactive compounds in Isotoma longiflora, suggesting the potential of chemometric techniques for quality control and assurance in traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medicinal plants growing in geothermal areas have been reported to possess relatively high abundance of bioactive secondary metabolites concomittant to the adaptive heat stress response. Nonetheless, the exploitation of their medicinal benefits is limited by the possible healththreatening concentrations of heavy metal contamination. Chromolaena odorata Linn, or also called as seurapoh, is a well-known medicinal plant but could absorb and accumulate heavy metal from the soil. Herein, this present study aimed to investigate the contents of Hg, Pb, Cd, and As in ethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata Linn leaves collected from a geothermal area in Aceh of Indonesia. METHODS: Three hot springs (Ie-Suum, Ie-Jue, and Ie-Brouk) located in the same geothermal area Seulawah Agam was selected as the sampling points, where three samples of Chromolaena odorata were collected in each sampling point. Extraction was carried out by means of maceration employing ethanol solvent. The contents of heavy metals in each extract were determined by priorly validated atomic absoption spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption. FINDINGS: The results revealed that arsenic (0.0482 ± 0.004 - 0.0639 ± 0.007 miligram per kilogram) and lead (0.0219 ± 0.004 - 0.0672 ± 0.006 miligram per kilogram) were found in trace levels and did not exceed Indonesian maximum safety thresholds (=5 and =10 miligram per kilogram, respectively). The presence of mercury in all samples was not observable (limit of detection= 0.018 miligram per liter). Cadmium was observed in almost all samples with a concentration range of 0.0219 ± 0.005 - 1.1472 ± 0.006 miligram per kilogram exceeding the maximum threshold (0.3 miligram per liter). CONCLUSION: Contamination of heavy metals in the ethanolic extract of geothermal Chromolaena odorata leaves is thought to be originated from volcanic activities. Among the heavy metals of concern, cadmium was the only one with concentration exceeding the safety limit. The presence of cadmium in the extract with high concentration could act cause its translocation to human body which eventually lead to multiple organ damages. Therefore, the extract of geothermal C. odorata leaves collected from a geothermal area should be consumed with caution for possible cadmium intoxication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bur Ni Geureudong volcanic complex is a potential area for geothermal development and utility. This volcanic complex is situated in northern Sumatra, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Geothermal potential in this area is manifested by several hot springs discharged in the Pinto Rime Gayo (PRG), Simpang Balek (SB), Uning Bertih (UB), and Silih Nara (SN) springs. All springs have a neutral pH and a surface temperature ranges from 34.10 to 67.11°C. A geochemical investigation was conducted on the hot springs to understand the hydrochemistry of the geothermal fluid and estimate the reservoir temperature of the geothermal area. This investigation was an exploration study of geothermal resources in the area. Hot waters in the PRG, SB, UB, and SN springs were collected and analyzed in May 2018 to identify the cations and anions contained. Piper and Cl-SO4-HCO3 diagrams have been plotted to characterize the geothermal fluid. Na/K geothermometer has been applied to calculate the temperature of the geothermal reservoir. Isotope analysis has also been conducted to estimate the origin of the fluid. This research discovered that the major element of the water demonstrates the various geothermal water types. The PRG spring contains Na-K-Cl water, whereas the SN spring contains diluted Cl-HCO3 water with mixed cation concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. The waters in SB and UB are a mixed form of Cl-HCO3-SO4 waters. According to the δD and δ18O relationship, the genesis of geothermal fluids is hydrothermal fluids of meteoric water. Based on the Na/K geothermometer, the reservoir temperature of the Bur Ni Geureudong geothermal system is a range of 171-289°C which is indicated as a high enthalpy system (>225°C). It can be concluded the Bur Ni Geureudong geothermal region is recognized by this study as a promising source of renewable energy. Future work on geothermal exploration and utilization is expected to expand on the framework established by this present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of the number of Laban leaf extracts from geothermal and non-geothermal regions, calculating yield values, and identifying active compounds in Laban leaves taken from geothermal and non-geothermal regions in Aceh Besar, Aceh Province. The study was started by extracting Laban leaves by maceration method, using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol for 3 x 24 hours. Then the extract was concentrated with a Rotary evaporator, calculated yield value, and phytochemical test. The results of the identification showed that there were differences in extract weight and weight of yields in the leaves in geothermal and non-geothermal regions. In n-hexane extract, the weight difference of extract was 37.6 g, and the difference in weight of the yield was 1.25%. In ethyl acetate extract the extract weight difference was 98.57 g, and the weight difference in yield was 3.28%. Methanol extract weight difference is 427.33g, and the difference in weight of the yield was 11.59%. The biggest difference is found in methanol extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-surface investigation has been carried out in Cot Abeuk, Weh Island, Indonesia. The area is part of the Seulimeum segment active fault, the northernmost branch of the Great Sumatran Fault. We measured two parallel electrical resistivity tomography profiles on the area with the direction perpendicular to the fault strike. The length of profile 1 and profile 2 are 111 m and 125 m, respectively, with 1 meter spacing between electrodes. Along the Profile 2, VLF-EM and Geomagnetic data were also acquired for complementary. The 2D inverted resistivity models show some minor fractures, which can be related to ruptures in the past. The structure was made by weathering rocks, clay and andesite. The models align with the analytic signal of total magnetic field anomalies as well as in-phase, Fraser filter and conductivity model derived from VLM-EM data. Following the successful models, this location is a potential candidate for paleo-seismological excavation.