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Promoting the sharing of idle resources to community residents is a potential means to building a low-carbon community. This study examined three communities with different attributes (college/university, middle and high income, and the elderly). An extended hypothesis model was constructed based on the theory of planned behavior. The influencing factors of community residents facing idle resource-sharing services were explored. Based on the equal sampling method, 100 questionnaires were randomly distributed in each community to verify the validity of the hypothesis model. The results show that residents’ attitudes, subjective behavioral norms, perceived behavioral control, service expectations, and environmental motivations positively influence residents’ behavioral intention to share their idle resources. The residents’ service expectations for idle resource-sharing are the most critical. Moreover, in terms of community attributes, its attitudes, subjective behavioral norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly influence residents’ behavioral intention to share idle resources. Specifically, the attitudes in the middle- and high-income community have opposite effects on residents from the attitudes in the college/university community and the elderly community. The hypothesis model proposed in this study provides a reference for building a low-carbon community from the perspective of residents’ restriction of resource-sharing.

Submitted by Sandra Mendonça (sandra.mendonca@unioeste.br) on 2022-03-10T20:32:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Nilmar_Rippel_2021.pdf: 5160105 bytes, checksum: 55b7a0785602eba38c476ff56db62619 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-03-10T20:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Nilmar_Rippel_2021.pdf: 5160105 bytes, checksum: 55b7a0785602eba38c476ff56db62619 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-09-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES The interpretations related to the economic development, often do not acknowledge the existence of Idle Resources and Choke Points in underdeveloped economies likewise, since those can easily be denied or threated as irrelevant to the development process. The transports infrastructure sector (specially the railroader) in Paraná state in the last decades did not respond in kind to the agro-industrial necessities of the country, becoming a choke to the development. Accordingly, Ignácio Rangel inspired by Keynes shows a huge worry about the carelessness those themes are faced, considering the key to the workers escape from the spoliation which they are exposed to in economic crisis periods. Therefore, this research’s goal is to analyze the idle resources and choke points in the transport’s infrastructures in Paraná state from 2000 to 2018. Thus, the research is divides in tree chapters. On the first one, it was made a rescue of Ignacio Rangel’s main ideas, as well as a deliberation about the technology and the State on development promotion. On the second chapter, Paraná state was more focused, noticing that in the last 15 years the state went through specially an intense agricultural growth, which resulted in a bigger pressure to the modes of transport, bringing about a choke specially on the railroad mode because of low investments on its technological refit. On the third chapter, analyzing the idle resources on this sector, the railroad modal dynamism was remarkable (that relativized its choke) hence it was aided mainly by the logistical structure as the information technologies, the port investments, incorporation of formal workers and the storage network distributed by the state. In this way, the capacity installed on the storage network contributed to the cargo flows softening the negative impacts to the modals. Nevertheless, it becomes imperative that the Brazilian State retake the planning protagonism, as happened to the Goals Plan, the II Nation Development Plan (II PND) and the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) to face the idle resources, being them financial or production factors – capital and work – to the choked sector which in this specific case, the railroad modal is the most emblematic. As interpretações acerca do desenvolvimento econômico, muitas das vezes não reconhece a existência de Recursos Ociosos e Pontos de Estrangulamentos em economias inclusive subdesenvolvidas, uma vez que estes podem ser facilmente negados ou tratados como irrelevantes ao processo de desenvolvimento. O setor de infraestrutura de transportes (especialmente o ferroviário) no estado do Paraná nas últimas décadas, não respondeu à altura às necessidades agroindustriais do país, tornando-se assim, um estrangulamento ao desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, Ignácio Rangel inspirado em Keynes, apresenta enorme preocupação com a displicência que esses temas são tratados, tendo em vista, ser a chave para os trabalhadores escaparem da espoliação com que em períodos de crises econômicas são expostos. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os recursos ociosos e pontos de estrangulamentos nas infraestruturas de transportes no estado do Paraná entre os anos 2000 e 2018. Dessa forma, o trabalho divide-se em três capítulos. No primeiro, foi feito um resgate das ideias centrais do pensamento de Ignácio Rangel, além da discussão acerca da tecnologia e do Estado na promoção do desenvolvimento. No segundo capítulo, foi abordado mais especificamente o estado do Paraná, onde nos últimos 15 anos foi possível perceber que o estado passou por intenso aumento de produtividade especialmente agrícola, o que acarretou maior pressão sobre os modais de transporte, onde gerou um estrangulamento especialmente no modal ferroviário em função dos baixos investimentos em seu reaparelhamento tecnológico. No terceiro capítulo, ao analisarmos os eventuais recursos ociosos no setor, foi notável o dinamismo do modal rodoviário (o que relativizou seu estrangulamento) visto que, foi auxiliado principalmente pela estrutura logística como as tecnologias da informação, os relativos investimentos portuários, incorporação de trabalhadores formais e pela rede de armazenagem distribuída pelo estado. Dessa forma, a capacidade instalada na rede de armazenamento contribuiu nos fluxos de cargas atenuando por sua vez, os impactos negativos sobre os modais. Contudo, torna-se urgente, que o Estado brasileiro retome o protagonismo do planejamento, assim como foi com Plano de Metas, o II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (II PND) e o Programa de Aceleração ao Crescimento (PAC) para carear recursos ociosos, sejam eles financeiros ou fatores de produção – capital e trabalho - para o setor estrangulado, que no caso específico, o modal ferroviário é o mais emblemático.

We propose a collective approach for harnessing the idle resources (cpu, storage, and bandwidth) of nodes (e.g., home desktops) distributed across the Internet. Instead of a purely peer-to-peer (P2P) approach, we organize participating nodes to act collectively using collective managers (CMs). Participating nodes provide idle resources to CMs, which unify these resources to run meaningful distributed services for external clients. We do not assume altruistic users or employ a barter-based incentive model; instead, participating nodes provide resources to CMs for long durations and are compensated in proportion to their contribution. In this dissertation we discuss the challenges faced by collective systems, present a design that addresses these challenges, and study the effect of selfish nodes. We believe that the collective service model is a useful alternative to the dominant pure P2P and centralized work queue models. It provides more effective utilization of idle resources, has a more meaningful economic model, and is better suited for building legal and commercial distributed services. We demonstrate the value of our work by building two distributed services using the collective approach. These services are a collective content distribution service and a collective data backup service.

Globale Weitverkehrsnetze bieten oftmals einen enormen Überschuß von Ressourcen wie Rechenzeit, Hauptspeicher und Plattenplatz, deren Nutzuung aber bisher an den hohen Kostenaufgrund ihrer Verteiltheit, Heterogenität und Unzuverlässigkeit scheitert. Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt daher Modelle und Methoden,um brachliegende Ressourcen über eine einheitliche Schnittstelle in einem elektronischen Markt nutz- und handelbar zu machen. Aufbauend auf einer Analyse bestehender Infrastrukturen zum uniformen Zugriff auf verteilte, heterogene Ressourcen aus den Bereichen des Meta- und Web-Computings, wurden drei Säulen identifiziert, die das Fundament des vorgestellten Modells eines elektronischen Ressourcenmarkts sind: Ausnutzung multiplikativer Effekte, Ausnutzung der Lokalität und Anwendung von Rekursivität. Aufbauend auf diesem Modell wurde eine generische Recheninfrastruktur entworfen und implementiert, die überschüssige Ressourcen abschöpft und für grobgranulare parallele und verteilte Anwendungen verwendet. Der Nachweise der allgemeinen Anwendbarkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit der Infrastruktur erfolgt anhand der Evaluierung zweier Anwendungsklassen, dem verteilten Hochleistungs- und Hochdurchsatzrechnen. Global wide area networks often offer a huge pool of idle resources as computing time, memory and disk space, the usage of which fails because of their high costs due to their distribution, heterogenity and unreliability. This work thus concentrates on developing models and methods to harness such idle resources by offering a uniform interface for their usage and marketing. Following an analysis of current meta- and web-computing frameworks for uniform access to distributed, heterogeneous resources we identified three fundamental requirements of an electronic resource market: explotation of multiplicative effects, locality and recursiveness. From this model we designed and implemented a generic web computing framework for skimming and using idle resource for coarse-grained parallel and distributed applications. The framework's broad applicability and performance was proven using two classes of applications from the distributed high performance and high throughput computing.