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Study Objectives: Daytime sleepiness is a manifestation of multiple sleep and neurologic disorders. Few studies have assessed patterns of regional brain metabolism across different disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness. One such disorder, idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), is particularly understudied., Methods: People with IH, narcolepsy (NT1), and non-sleepy controls underwent [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) with electroencephalography (EEG). Participants were instructed to resist sleep and were awoken if sleep occurred. Voxel-wise parametric analysis identified clusters that significantly differed between each pair of groups, with a minimum cluster size of 100 voxels at a cluster detection threshold of p < 0.005. Correlations between glucose metabolism and sleep characteristics were evaluated., Results: Participants (77% women) had IH (n = 16), NT1 (n = 14), or were non-sleepy controls (n = 9), whose average age was 33.8 (±10.7) years. Compared to controls, NT1 participants demonstrated hypermetabolism in fusiform gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyri, insula, cuneus, precuneus, pre- and post-central gyri, and culmen. Compared to controls, IH participants also demonstrated hypermetabolism in precuneus, inferior parietal lobule, superior and middle temporal gyri, and culmen. Additionally, IH participants demonstrated altered metabolism of the posterior cingulate. Most participants fell asleep. Minutes of N1 during uptake was significantly negatively correlated with metabolism of the middle temporal gyrus., Conclusion: NT1 and IH demonstrate somewhat overlapping, but distinct, patterns of regional metabolism., (© Sleep Research Society 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness but, in contrast to narcolepsy, does not involve cataplexy, sleep-onset REM periods, or any consistent hypocretin-1 deficiency. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IH remain unclear. Because of the involvement of the default-mode network (DMN) in alertness and sleep, our aim was to investigate the structural and functional modifications of the DMN in IH. We conducted multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 12 participants with IH and 15 good sleeper controls (mean age ± SD: 32 ± 9.6 years, range 22-53 years, nine males). Self-reported as well as objective measures of daytime sleepiness were collected. Gray matter volume and cortical thickness were analyzed to investigate brain structural differences between good sleepers and IH. Structural covariance and resting-state functional connectivity were analyzed to investigate changes in the DMN. Participants with IH had greater volume and cortical thickness in the precuneus, a posterior hub of the DMN. Cortical thickness in the left medial prefrontal cortex was positively correlated with thickness of the precuneus, and the strength of this correlation was greater in IH. In contrast, functional connectivity at rest was lower within the anterior DMN (medial prefrontal cortex) in IH, and correlated with self-reported daytime sleepiness. The present results show that IH is associated with structural and functional differences in the DMN, in proportion to the severity of daytime sleepiness, suggesting that a disruption of the DMN contributes to the clinical features of IH. Larger volume and thickness in this network might reflect compensatory changes to lower functional connectivity in IH., (© Sleep Research Society 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: Proper diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia necessitates the exclusion of neurologic or medical causes of sleepiness that better explain the clinical syndrome. However, there are no formal guidelines regarding the use of neuroimaging to identify such secondary causes of symptoms. We sought to characterize brain MRI findings in a series of patients with idiopathic hypersomnia., Methods: We reviewed medical records on a consecutive series of 61 patients diagnosed with idiopathic hypersomnia to determine the frequency and results of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)., Results: One-third of patients had undergone brain MRI, with focal neurologic signs or symptoms being the most common indication for neuroimaging. Although seven patients had an identifiable finding on neuroimaging (e.g., chronic microvascular ischemic changes), clinical management was changed as a result of imaging in only three cases. In all three, the imaging finding was predated by clear clinical abnormalities., Conclusions: Neuroimaging may be a complementary part of an idiopathic hypersomnia evaluation, but the decision to pursue imaging should be made on a case-by-case basis., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We report the case of a 32-year-old woman with a history of increased sleep need and difficulty waking up; the diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia was hypothesized. During ambulatory polysomnography (PSG), the patient presented an episode characterized by loss of consciousness and jerking of the four limbs. A video-PSG monitoring was performed and the patient showed unresponsiveness and drowsiness at 7 a.m. During the episode, EEG showed theta-delta diffuse activity, and blood glucose level was 32 mg dl(-1). The diagnosis of insulinoma was then assumed; CT scan showed a hypodense mass into the pancreatic tail, and a partial pancreasectomy was performed. The described symptoms disappeared, and 5 years later the findings of a complete clinical and neurophysiological examination were negative. The clinical picture of insulinoma presenting with paroxysmal disorders has been previously described; however, whereas hypersomnia is uncommon, in the current case it represents the main symptom. Clinicians should keep in mind that neuroglycopenia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with hypersomnia, particularly if the clinical scenario does not conform to standard criteria.