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We consider semigroup algorithmic problems in the wreath product ℤ ≀ ℤ. Our paper focuses on two decision problems introduced by Choffrut and Karhumäki (2005): the Identity Problem (does a semigroup contain the neutral element?) and the Group Problem (is a semigroup a group?) for finitely generated sub-semigroups of ℤ ≀ ℤ. We show that both problems are decidable. Our result complements the undecidability of the Semigroup Membership Problem (does a semigroup contain a given element?) in ℤ ≀ ℤ shown by Lohrey, Steinberg and Zetzsche (ICALP 2013), and contributes an important step towards solving semigroup algorithmic problems in general metabelian groups., LIPIcs, Vol. 261, 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023), pages 124:1-124:20

The aim of the present note is to construct invariants of the Artin braid group valued in $G_{N}^{2}$, and further study of groups related to $G_{n}^{3}$. In the groups $G_{n}^{2}$, the word problem is solved; these groups are much simpler than $G_{n}^{3}$., Comment: 6 pages

The  actual clinical study allowed the detection of the existence of an identity problem for adolescents who seek psychological help, through the application of the Rorschach test and the clinical interview; Based on analytical theory as a frame of reference. Depending on the analysis of adolescents responses on Rorschach panels, especially human answers and relationships,, and determining their quality as an important indication of identity, in order to extract patterns indications of identity, and provide a clinical hint about adolescents identity. The results of the study concluded that adolescents were classified according to their type of identity into three categories: one with a relatively fixed identity; a group with a vibrating identity and a category with a fragile identity., L'étude clinique actuelle a permis de révéler l'ampleur d'un problème d'identité chez des adolescents en recherche d'aide psychologique,      à travers l'application du test de Rorschach et de l'entretien clinique; basé sur la théorie analytique comme cadre de référence. En fonction de l'analyse des réponses des adolescents sur les planches de Rorschach, en particulier des réponses humaines et relationnelles, et en déterminant leur qualité en tant qu'indicateur important de l'identité, afin d'extraire des modèles et des indicateurs d'identité, et de fournir un aperçu clinique de l'identité des adolescents. Les résultats de l'étude ont conclu que les adolescents ont été classés selon le type d'identité qu'ils ont en trois catégories: un groupe avec une identité relativement fixe; Une classe à l'identité vacillante et une catégorie à l'identité fragile.

For a subset $B$ of $\mathbb{R}$, denote by $\operatorname{U}(B)$ be the semiring of (univariate) polynomials in $\mathbb{R}[X]$ that are strictly positive on $B$. Let $\mathbb{N}[X]$ be the semiring of (univariate) polynomials with non-negative integer coefficients. We study solutions of homogeneous linear equations over the polynomial semirings $\operatorname{U}(B)$ and $\mathbb{N}[X]$. In particular, we prove local-global principles for solving single homogeneous linear equations over these semirings. We then show PTIME decidability of determining the existence of non-zero solutions over $\mathbb{N}[X]$ of single homogeneous linear equations. Our study of these polynomial semirings is largely motivated by several semigroup algorithmic problems in the wreath product $\mathbb{Z} \wr \mathbb{Z}$. As an application of our results, we show that the Identity Problem (whether a given semigroup contains the neutral element?) and the Group Problem (whether a given semigroup is a group?) for finitely generated sub-semigroups of the wreath product $\mathbb{Z} \wr \mathbb{Z}$ is decidable when elements of the semigroup generator have the form $(y, \pm 1)$., 19 pages including appendix, 1 figure

Hand-dorsa vein recognition using a convolutional neural network is presented. Our network contains five convolutional layers and three full connected layers, which have high recognition and more robust. The experimental results on the self-established database with the proposed CNN achieves 98.02% in training part and 97.65% in testing part, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed CNN.

The article considers concepts NATION and NATIONALITY which are revealing the national identity of the British and Americans in news media texts. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the cognitive analysis of the above mentioned concepts which have not been so far investigated within the national identity of the English-language media discourse. There were established systemic language and discursive features of the concepts, which can be explained by differences in British and American realization of the national identity.

EnglishThe purpose of this article is to present Martin Heidegger's and Christine Korsgaard's conceptions about the normative problem and the practical identity problem. The work goes through a brief reconstruction of the debate raised by Mark Okrent and Steven Crowell in relation to the thesis of normativity and agency in Korsgaard, recognizing that despite the possible approximations, Heidegger's interpretation would be more pertinent to address the problems. First, it presents how Heidegger interprets and elucidates the existential possibilities based on the structure of comprehension and what he calls in-order-to. Then, Korsgaard's theory is presented, already recognizing the approximations and distances with the Heideggerian elucidations. Finally, the critics made to Korsgaard by Okrent and Crowell and the possible interpretive advantage over the normative questions of the problem of personal identity constituted from practical terms are reconstructed. portuguesO objetivo deste artigo e apresentar as concepcoes de Martin Heidegger e Christine Korsgaard a respeito do problema da normatividade e suas relacoes com a nocao de identidade pratica. O trabalho faz uma breve reconstrucao do debate levantado por Mark Okrent e Steven Crowell em relacao as teses da normatividade e da agencia de Korsgaard, reconhecendo que apesar das possiveis aproximacoes, a interpretacao de Heidegger seria mais pertinente para abordar o problema. Primeiramente, apresenta-se como Heidegger interpreta e elucida as possibilidades existenciais a partir da estrutura da compreensao e daquilo que ele chama de em-funcao-de-que. Depois, e apresentada a teoria de Korsgaard, ja reconhecendo as aproximacoes e distanciamentos com as elucidacoes heideggerianas. Por fim, sao reconstruidas as criticas feitas a Korsgaard por Okrent e Crowell e a possivel vantagem interpretativa frente as questoes normativas do problema da identidade pessoal constituida a partir de termos praticos.

The trigonometric identity is essential in learning Mathematics because it requires students to think critically, logically, systematically, and thoroughly. Solving trigonometric identity problems requires students to relate conceptual knowledge or procedural knowledge, which then used in questions. This study involved grade X students of senior high school, which were examined to find out the types of mathematical connections errors and causes of the errors. Before task-based interviews were conducted, 36 students were first given a test. Based on several considerations, seven students ( three males and four females) were selected to undergo a task-based interview. This research employed a qualitative research method with a case study design. The results of the analysis indicate that the errors in connecting to conceptual knowledge are most commonly the mistake of connecting the algebraic concept. On the other hand, 86.11% of students experienced errors in connecting to procedural knowledge. This error happened when the students worked on problems with trigonometric identities, which they had rarely encountered in exercises. Errors in mathematical connections in trigonometric identity are caused by the lack of understanding of the algebraic arithmetic operation, emphasis on the concept, and strategic knowledge. It shows that students need a variety of problems to be able to master various forms of trigonometric identities. This research's result also reinforces the critical role of algebraic concepts as prior knowledge in studying trigonometric identity.

We show that the Identity Problem is decidable in polynomial time for finitely generated sub-semigroups of the group $\mathsf{UT}(4, \mathbb{Z})$ of $4 \times 4$ unitriangular integer matrices. As a byproduct of our proof, we also show the polynomial-time decidability of several subset reachability problems in $\mathsf{UT}(4, \mathbb{Z})$., 28 pages, 2 figures

For many years, the black race suffered from various forms of deformation and misrepresentation of their image and history; a scheme deftly carried out by both Americans and Europeans. August Wilson is an African American playwright whose dramas evolve out of these historical and cultural dilemmas. His dramaturgy is inspired by his belief that there is an identity problem among African Americans living in the United States.

В 1960-е гг. понятие «нигериец» активно использовалось в государственной повестке и международной арене, но не отражало представления населения о себе как единой нации. Эту проблему еще предстояло разрешить. In the 1960s Nigerian was used by the government and international community but people in Nigeria didn’t identify themselves as the nation. It still had to be solved.

This paper argues that while the classical, essentialist conception of identity is appealing due to its simplicity, it does not adequately capture the complexity of professional or individual identity. The appeal to essentialism in librarianship contributes to some serious problems for the profession, such as exclusion and homogeneity in the workplace, high attrition rates of minority librarians, exploitation and alienation of an underrepresented workforce, as well as stereotyping. This paper examines the theoretical landscape with regard to the identity question and proposes a more fitting alternative to essentialism, namely the relational conception of identity, and engages in a philosophical argument for the adoption of the relational account as a theoretical grounding for an understanding of the complex, fluid, and emergent nature of librarian identity within our dynamic profession.

The growing number of constructs in behavioral research presents a problem to theory integration, since constructs cannot clearly be discriminated from each other. Recently there have been efforts to employ natural language processing techniques to tackle the construct identity problem. This paper compares the performance of the novel word-embedding model GloVe and different document projection methods with a latent semantic analysis (LSA) used in recent literature. The results show that making use of an advantage in document projection that LSA has over GloVe, performance can be improved. Even against this advantage of LSA, GloVe reaches comparable performance, and adjusted word embedding models can make up for this advantage. The proposed approach therefore presents a promising pathway for theory integration in behavioral research.

anemon Modernism which has occurred as an idea ofcreating a new world proved the power with its main bases of rationalism andpositivism. However, using natural laws that was discovered in nature causedsome unpredictable problems because of running them against to nature. Likenature human being as a part of nature was exposed to some positivistevaluation and human soul was denied. Modernism was started to be criticizedbecause of its dogmatic values but it denied religion because of dogma.Post-modernist activists not only opposed to all modern values but also theydon’t put forward any holistic and systematic approaches. Post-modern era wasstarted to be criticized earlier than modernism because it asserts that thereis no border for individuality and pragmatism even if having skepticism andcertainty in everything. Humanity lives a chaos because of reading human beingand nature in a strict way of modernism and post-modernism, however as aholistic Islamic traditional approach sufism is supported a solution forhumanity. In this study problems caused by modernism and post-modernism arestudied and solutions given by sufism are try to be ranked. Yenibir dünya yaratma teşebbüsü olarak ortaya çıkan modernizm, temel dayanağı olanrasyonalist ve pozitivist yaklaşımı sayesinde doğa bilimlerinde rüştünüispatlamıştır. Ancak doğa kanunlarının keşfedilerek doğaya aykırı kullanılmasıhiç tasavvur edilemeyen sorunlara yol açmıştır. Doğanın bir parçası olarakinsanoğlu da modernizmin olgucu değerlendirmelerine maruz kalaraktanrısal/ruhsal yönü inkâr edilmiştir. Dini inkâr eden ancak adeta bir din gibikendi ölçütlerini dogmatikleştiren modernite sorgulanmaya başlanmıştır.Modernizmin yükseldiği hemen bütün değerleri inkâr eden post-modernistler karşıolmanın ötesinde herhangi bir bütüncül ve sistematik bir yaklaşım ortayakoymamaktadırlar. Şüphecilik ve kesinliğin olmadığı ancak bireysellik vepragmatizmin sınırlarının mümkün mertebe zorlanmasının söz konusu olduğupost-modernizm ise modernizm kadar uzun sürmeden bir başka sorunlu evre olaraktelakki edilmeye başlanmıştır. İnsan ve doğanın Tanrısal bağlarındankoparılarak tek yönlü okumalara maruz bırakılması sonucu yaşanan kaosunçözümüne dair İslam’ın geleneksel düşüncesi olan tasavvufun doğruinsan-âlem-tanrı sistematiği ortaya koyduğu savunulur. Bu çalışmada modern vepost-modernizmin neden olduğu sorunlar ve bunların çözümüne yönelik tasavvufungörüşlerine yer verilecektir. 375577

This paper pursues two goals. Its first goal is to clear up the “identity problem” faced by the structuralist interpretation of mathematics. Its second goal, through the consideration of examples coming in particular from the theory of permutations, is to examine cases of misunderstandings in mathematics fit to cast some light on mathematical understanding in general. The common thread shared by these two goals is the notion of setting. The study of a mathematical object almost always goes together with the choice of a particular setting, and the understanding of the workings of mathematical settings is an essential component of mathematical knowledge. It is claimed that the recognition of mathematical settings, as features distinct from both mathematical structures and the systems which instantiate those structures, allows one to classify most of understandable misunderstandings in mathematics, and also to solve the identity problem.