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Anthropology Paper Abstracts ANCIENT AQABA: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM ROMAN AILA. JONATHAN D. LOWREY, DEPT. OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, TROY UNIV., TROY, AL 36082 The primary objective of this paper is [...]

A sensorless-control technique for improving the performance of interior permanent-magnet synchronous-motor control such as the operating speed range and position estimation accuracy is proposed herein. The method presented is based on the estimation of an extended electromotive force in a rotating reference frame. The difference between the reference voltage and the actual voltage of the inverter is modeled and compensated for in order to improve the accuracy and the stability of the sensorless drive system. Moreover, an online parameter-identification technique is applied in order to improve the accuracy of position estimation. The effects of the proposed scheme are evaluated by the experimental results. Index Terms--Interior permanent-magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs), online parameter identification, sensorless control, voltage error compensation.

A review of previous studies about the palatine rugae show that this anatomical feature can be used as a landmark during orthodontic treatment, a reference point for measuring tooth movement. It also has significance in speech and palatal prostheses. The palatine rugae is also unique to each individual therefore it can be used for forensic identification.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.12.003 Byline: M.M. Roelofse (a), M. Steyn (a), P.J. Becker (b) Keywords: Facial identification; Photo comparison; Facial morphology; Combination analysis; Photo anthropometry Abstract: Personal identification of individuals is very important in forensic sciences. Facial identification is becoming even more relevant with increasing crime rates, problems with access control and terrorist attacks. To make facial identification more accurate, an in depth knowledge of the common and rare facial characteristics seen in various populations is needed. This will be advantageous when comparing facial photographs. Currently very little data is available on the facial variation of South Africans. Therefore the aim of this study was to analyse the facial features of a group of South African Bantu-speaking men, to determine the common and rare facial features seen in the group. Facial photographs were taken for 200 volunteers from the Pretoria Police College, in the norma frontalis position. The subjects were between 20 and 40 years of age, with no facial deformities. Thirteen measurements were taken directly from the photographs and used in 12 indices. Eight morphological features were also analysed on each face. Each feature was divided into different categories, which described variants of that feature. The metrical and morphological data were then used to create various combinations of facial characteristics that described different regions of the face. The frequency of occurrence of these combinations was calculated for the study population. The most common features were oval or inverted trapezoid facial shapes, intermediate size noses with a down-turned septum tilt and intermediate size mouths with a flat V-shaped upper lip notch (cupid's bow). The eyes were mostly situated closely together. Some of the rare or absent features included round or square facial shapes and narrow noses with an upturned septum tilt. Matching these rare features on facial photographs will be useful during cases of disputed identification. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (b) Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council & Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa Article History: Received 25 June 2007; Revised 12 November 2007; Accepted 14 December 2007

In this paper, we investigate the use of brain activity for person authentication. It has been shown in previous studies that the brain-wave pattern of every individual is unique and that the electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used for biometric identification. EEG-based biometry is an emerging research topic and we believe that it may open new research directions and applications in the future. However, very little work has been done in this area and was focusing mainly on person identification but not on person authentication. Person authentication aims to accept or to reject a person claiming an identity, i.e., comparing a biometric data to one template, while the goal of person identification is to match the biometric data against all the records in a database. We propose the use of a statistical framework based on Gaussian Mixture Models and Maximum A Posteriori model adaptation, successfully applied to speaker and face authentication, which can deal with only one training session. We perform intensive experimental simulations using several strict train/test protocols to show the potential of our method. We also show that there are some mental tasks that are more appropriate for person authentication than others. Index Terms--Emerging technologies, electroencephalogram, biometry, signal processing, probabilistic algorithms, machine learning.

In this paper, we have proposed a fingerprint orientation model based on 2D Fourier expansions (FOMFE) in the phase plane. The FOMFE does not require prior knowledge of singular points (SPs). It is able to describe the overall ridge topology seamlessly, including the SP regions, even for noisy fingerprints. Our statistical experiments on a public database show that the proposed FOMFE can significantly improve the accuracy of fingerprint feature extraction and thus that of fingerprint matching. Moreover, the FOMFE has a low-computational cost and can work very efficiently on large fingerprint databases. The FOMFE provides a comprehensive description for orientation features, which has enabled its beneficial use in feature-related applications such as fingerprint indexing. Unlike most indexing schemes using raw orientation data, we exploit FOMFE model coefficients to generate the feature vector. Our indexing experiments show remarkable results using different fingerprint databases. Index Terms--Fingerprint orientation, Fourier expansion, singular points, fingerprint indexing, fingerprint authentication.

Biometrics-based authentication systems offer obvious usability advantages over traditional password and token-based authentication schemes. However, biometrics raises several privacy concerns. A biometric is permanently associated with a user and cannot be changed. Hence, if a biometric identifier is compromised, it is lost forever and possibly for every application where the biometric is used. Moreover, if the same biometric is used in multiple applications, a user can potentially be tracked from one application to the next by cross-matching biometric databases. In this paper, we demonstrate several methods to generate multiple cancelable identifiers from fingerprint images to overcome these problems. In essence, a user can be given as many biometric identifiers as needed by issuing a new transformation "key." The identifiers can be cancelled and replaced when compromised. We empirically compare the performance of several algorithms such as Cartesian, polar, and surface folding transformations of the minutiae positions. It is demonstrated through multiple experiments that we can achieve revocability and prevent cross-matching of biometric databases. It is also shown that the transforms are noninvertible by demonstrating that it is computationally as hard to recover the original biometric identifier from a transformed version as by randomly guessing. Based on these empirical results and a theoretical analysis we conclude that feature-level cancelable biometric construction is practicable in large biometric deployments. Index Terms--Fingerprint identification, image registration, cancelable biometrics, privacy, security.

The orientation field, as a feature of fingerprints, is very important for automatic fingerprint recognition and a model-based method for the computation of this orientation field is presented. Due to the global approximation, this model-based orientation field estimation algorithm has a robust performance o different fingerprint images.

The distinct aspect of iris comes from randomly distributed features that lead to its high reliability for personal identification. An efficient algorithm for iris recognition by characterizing key local variations is described and the experimental results illustrates the performance of the proposed method in both speed and accuracy.

Article describes the use of freeze-branding to permanently mark 4 species of bats captured in Utah, and concludes that the technique is safe and effective.

The problem of fast identification of continuous-time systems is formulated in the metric complexity theory setting. It is shown that the two key steps to achieving fast identification, i.e., optimal input design and optimal model selection, can be carried out independently when the true system belongs to a general a priori set. These two optimization problems can be reduced to standard Gel'fand and Kolmogorov n-width problems in metric complexity theory. It is shown that although arbitrarily accurate identification can be achieved on a small time interval by reducing the noise-signal ratio and designing the input carefully, identification speed is limited by the metric complexity of the a priori uncertainty set when the noise/signal ratio is fixed. Index Terms: Adaptive control, H(super infinity), identification, model complexity, time complexity

An innovative algorithm can be utilized in recognizing the identification of a person based on the iris of the human eye's wavelength transform. The algorithm, which may translate, rotate and scale invariables, is insensitive to lighting conditions and noise levels. It also utilizes the zero crossing of the wavelet transform from the profiles of the iris to establish a person identity.

This paper presents the fuzzy bounded least-squares method which uses both linguistic information and numerical data to identify linear systems. This method introduces a new type of fuzzy system, i.e., a fuzzy interval system. The steps in the method are as follows. i) To utilize all the available linguistic information to obtain a fuzzy interval system and then to use the fuzzy interval system to give the admissible model set (i.e., the set of all models which are acceptable and reasonable from the point of view of linguistic information). ii) To find a model in the admissible model set which best fits the available numerical data. It is shown in the paper that such a model can be obtained by a quadratic programming approach. By comparing this method with the least-squares method, it is proved that the model obtained by this method fits a real system better than the model obtained by the least-squares method. In addition, this method also checks the adequacy of linear models for modeling a given system during the identification process and can help one to decide whether it is necessary to use nonlinear models.

Forensic anthropology can be utilized by police investigators to determine the cause of death of individuals based evaluations of skeletal remains. Anthropologist can conduct investigations on the skeletons of murder victims to provide physiological descriptions such as gender, race, height, body structure and age. Evidence from murder victims can also be provided based on analysis of bone fragments and damage. Identification of victims based on dental analysis have also enhanced the efficiency of forensic investigations., It's late on a Thursday afternoon before Douglas Owsley can turn his attention to the cardboard box on his office floor. He reaches in and pulls out a waxy brown [...]

The estimation of a product of unknown parameters is desirable in many areas, such as reliability and forensic identification. In both applications, the maximum likelihood estimator used is typically unbiased but has an asymmetric sampling distribution, thus resulting in overoptimistic and inaccurate predictions. Several alternative estimation techniques based on frequentist, Bayesian and likelihood concepts are presented.

There have been numerous attempts to sex fossil specimens using the canine dentition. Whether focused on canine size or canine shape, most of these efforts share two deficiencies: lack of quantification of male-female differences in the adopted criteria and a failure to adequately explore among extant species the discriminatory power of these criteria. Here, canine shape indices relating to relative canine height, upper canine root/crown proportionality, and relative length of the lower canine mesial ridge were calculated for males and females of all species and subspecies of extant great apes and two species of gibbons. The accuracy of these indices for identifying the sex of the extant ape specimens was investigated through discriminant analysis and the use of bivariate plots of the two upper and two lower canine indices. The indices were found to be highly accurate in identifying the sex of great ape individuals, not only in single-species and subspecies samples but in mixed-species samples as well; assignment error rates were mostly between 0 and 4%. Accuracy was lowest in Pan (error rates as high as 15%) and highest in Pongo (one error). In most cases, error rates were lower in the upper canines. The effectiveness of these shape indices for sexing might be related to the degree of absolute canine size dimorphism; the indices did not effectively segregate males and females among minimally canine-dimorphic gibbons. The mixed-species results reveal that same-sex index values are remarkably concordant across great ape species, as are the patterns of spatial segregation of males and females in the bivariate plots. Results suggest that, while the indices can be used with some confidence to sex individual fossil specimens, their greatest utility will be for identifying the sex of groups of canines united by size and morphology. KEY WORDS Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates, Apes, Canine teeth, Sexing, Sexual dimorphism