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The goal of this paper is two-fold: to present an abstract data model for linguistic annotations and its implementation using XML, RDF and related standards; and to outline the work of a newly formed committee of the International Standards Organization (ISO), ISO/TC 37/SC 4 Language Resource Management, which will use this work as its starting point., Comment: Colloque avec actes et comit\'e de lecture. internationale

We describe an encoding scheme for discourse structure and reference, based on the TEI Guidelines and the recommendations of the Corpus Encoding Specification (CES). A central feature of the scheme is a CES-based data architecture enabling the encoding of and access to multiple views of a marked-up document. We describe a tool architecture that supports the encoding scheme, and then show how we have used the encoding scheme and the tools to perform a discourse analytic task in support of a model of global discourse cohesion called Veins Theory (Cristea & Ide, 1998).

It is widely recognized that the proliferation of annotation schemes runs counter to the need to re-use language resources, and that standards for linguistic annotation are becoming increasingly mandatory. To answer this need, we have developed a framework comprised of an abstract model for a variety of different annotation types (e.g., morpho-syntactic tagging, syntactic annotation, co-reference annotation, etc.), which can be instantiated in different ways depending on the annotator's approach and goals. In this paper we provide an overview of the framework, demonstrate its applicability to syntactic annotation, and show how it can contribute to comparative evaluation of parser output and diverse syntactic annotation schemes., Comment: Colloque avec actes et comit\'e de lecture. internationale

We show that a general model of lexical information conforms to an abstract model that reflects the hierarchy of information found in a typical dictionary entry. We show that this model can be mapped into a well-formed XML document, and how the XSL transformation language can be used to implement a semantics defined over the abstract model to enable extraction and manipulation of the information in any format.

This paper describes the Linguistic Annotation Framework under development within ISO TC37 SC4 WG1. The Linguistic Annotation Framework is intended to serve as a basis for harmonizing existing language resources as well as developing new ones.

The paper presents a method for word sense disambiguation based on parallel corpora. The method exploits recent advances in word alignment and word clustering based on automatic extraction of translation equivalents and being supported by available aligned wordnets for the languages in the corpus. The wordnets are aligned to the Princeton Wordnet, according to the principles established by EuroWordNet. The evaluation of the WSD system, implementing the method described herein showed very encouraging results. The same system used in a validation mode, can be used to check and spot alignment errors in multilingually aligned wordnets as BalkaNet and EuroWordNet., Comment: 7 pages in Proc. of COLING2005

MULTEXT is a European Union project to identify and develop language resources, language-related software, and standards to make the resources maximally usable. MULTEXT-EAST is a spinoff project to develop significant resources for six Central and Eastern European (CEE) languages (Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovenian) and adapt existing tools and standards to them. MULTEXT has developed a corpus encoding standard (CES), and MULTEXT-EAST is applying it to texts in the six languages. This has led to major revision of the CES, particularly to accommodate additional character sets. MULTEXT-EAST is building an annotated multilingual corpus composed of materials comparable to MULTEXT's, including: (1) at least 100,000 words of fiction and newspaper text in each of the CEE languages; (2) parallel translations of the same fictional text; and (3) a small corpus of spoken texts in each language. MULTEXT-EAST has adapted and extended MULTEXT language-dependent materials (lexicons, morphological rules, etc.) for its six languages. Guidelines for linguistic software development are also in progress. A list of participating organizations is appended. (MSE)

The demand for extensive reusability of large language text collections for natural languages processing research requires development of standardized encoding formats. Such formats must be capable of representing different kinds of information across the spectrum of text types and languages, capable of representing different levels of information, descriptive and analytical, and application-independent. In 1988, the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) was established as an international cooperative research project to develop a general and flexible set of guidelines for preparation and interchange of electronic texts. In 1994, TEI issued its standardized encoding conventions for both written and spoken text of any date and in any genre or text type. The guidelines conform to international encoding standards, and are based on the assumption that there is a common core of textual features, beyond which many different elements can be encoded. Eight distinct base tagsets are proposed: prose; verse; drama; transcribed speech; letters or memos; dictionary entries; terminological entries; and language corpora and collections. Additional tagsets will be developed. Each base tagset determines the basic structure of all the documents with which it is to be used, defining the components of text elements and features. Sources for the guidelines are included. Contains 10 references. (MSE)

Describes problems in devising a Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) encoding format for dictionaries. Asserts that the high degree of structuring and compression of information are among the most complex text types treated in the TEI. Concludes that the source of some TEI problems lies in the design of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). (CFR)

Traces the history of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) from the 1987 Vassar Conference to the publication, "Guidelines for the Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange." Explains the types of questions raised and attempts made to answer them. Discusses the organization of TEI committees and the project's future. (CFR)

Reports on a project showing that relational data models, including unnormalized models that allow the nesting of relations, cannot fully capture the structural properties of lexical information. A feature-based model that allows for a full representation of some nesting and defines a factoring mechanism is described and demonstrated. (38 references) (KRN)