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Worldwide, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) are the main agents responsible for chronic respiratory disease in poultry. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate their occurrence. We searched electronic databases to find peer-reviewed publications reporting the molecular detection of MG and MS in poultry and used meta-analysis to estimate their pooled occurrence (combined flock and individual), aggregating results at the regional and national levels. We performed a subgroup meta-analysis for subpopulations (broilers, layers, breeders, and diverse poultry including turkeys, ducks, and ostriches) and used meta-regression with categorical modifiers. We retrieved 2,294 publications from six electronic databases and included 85 publications from 33 countries that reported 62 studies with 22,162 samples for MG and 48 studies with 26,413 samples for MS. The pooled occurrence was 38.4% (95% CI: 23.5-54.5) for MS and 27.0% (20.4-34.2) for MG. Among regions, Europe and Central Asia had the lowest occurrence for both pathogens, while MG and MS were highly prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, respectively. MG occurrence was higher in Algeria, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan, whereas China, Egypt, and Ethiopia reported a higher occurrence of MS. MS and MG were more prevalent in the breeders and layers (62.6% and 31.2%, respectively) than in diverse poultry. The year of publication, the sample size, and the level of ambient air pollution (measured indirectly by PM2.5) were associated with the occurrence of both mycoplasmas. Our study revealed a high and heterogeneous occurrence of MG and MS and justifies the need for an early detection and improved control measures to reduce the spread of these pathogens.

Para determinar la prevalencia de clamidiosis en un rebano caprino con problemas de aborto en el centro de Sinaloa, México, se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyo a siete machos y 135 hembras con parto o aborto reciente. Adicionalmente, 32 de las 135 hembras fueron seleccionadas para realizar un estudio longitudinal por dos periodos consecutivos de partos/abortos. Chlamydia abortus se identifico mediante aislamiento y las muestras positivas se confirmaron mediante PCR. La prevalencia de clamidiosis fue de 55.6 % en las hembras (75/135), en las cuales se presentaron 69 partos y seis abortos. Únicamente 10/75 muestras positivas fueron confirmadas por PCR. En los machos, 2/7 muestras resultaron positivas mediante aislamiento. En el estudio longitudinal, se incrementó en 41.6 veces la posibilidad (OR=0.024, IC 95 %: 0.002-0.299) de tener un resultado positivo durante el segundo periodo de evaluación. De acuerdo con el análisis multivariado, se presentó una asociación entre la positividad a clamidiosis, la edad de las hembras y el número de partos. Estos resultados representan el primer reporte de C. abortus en un rebano caprino del estado de Sinaloa. Se requieren más estudios que evalúen la prevalencia y distribución de C. abortus en México para comprender mejor el impacto de la clamidiosis sobre la salud y producción animal.

Distance learning is a rapidly spreading form of education worldwide and it plays a crucial role to provide access to millions of people in developing countries. However, the benefits of online learning extend far beyond and became increasingly popular also in medical schools, including veterinary medicine [1 , 2] . In these new teaching settings, high-quality, validated and easily accessible multimedia materials are of great importance, especially in specific fields, such as radiology, where graphic resources can greatly support learning [3] . The dataset presented along with this article reviews examples of 153 canine latero-lateral thoracic radiographic medical images taken and collected at the Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Sciences Research Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California. serves as a basis for teaching VHS calculation. Images on this dataset contain all relevant anatomical structures in the determination of VHS, which makes them optimal images for practice in calculating VHS and teaching this procedure. The number of cardiothoracic radiographic images presented here can be a great support in learning the calculation of VHS, especially when combined with distance competency-based educators' support. Acquired heart diseases in the dog are very common, clinical evidence of degenerative valvular disease is detected in approximately 30% of dogs aged 13 years and older [4] . The prevalence of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is remarkably high in certain breeds, approximately 25% of Irish Wolfhounds, 33% of female Doberman Pinschers, and 50% of male Doberman Pinschers are diagnosed with DCM [5] . Thoracic radiography is a key component in cardiovascular evaluation, which is used to calculate the vertebral heart score (VHS). VHS measurement has been described as one of the most objective methods for assessing cardiomegaly in dogs. VHS, in addition to thorough patient history and physical examination, can be very efficient to raise clinical suspicion of underlying heart disease. The measurement is based on cardiac height and width and is normalized to overall body size by comparison to vertebral body length. ln addition to the initial assessment of heart size, the VHS method is also useful for monitoring changes in heart size in response to treatment or to assess the progression of cardiomegaly over time in canine patients [6] Fig. 1 . Importantly, considerable breed and individual variation exist with VHS and dogs can have values that fall outside of the normal range even without any cardiac disease. Thus, while the VHS method is a very informative tool, it should not be used as the only means of diagnosing cardiac disease in any given patient [7] .

Background: Toxocara spp. is a zoonotic parasite that can infect human; children are the largest group at risk of infection. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and viability of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks. Methods: Overall, 1180 soil samples from 236 public parks in four sectors of the city of Culiacan were collected at random, between Jun and Dec, 2013. The presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was determined by light microscopy using a centrifugation-flotation technique and viability by trypan blue staining technique. Results: Of the 236 parks sampled, 18 were positive to Toxocara spp. resulting in a prevalence of 7.6% and viability of 94.4% with a P

En el año 2017 el cultivo del chile (Capsicum annuum L.) en México registró una producción de 3 millones 54 mil toneladas. En los últimos cinco años se han registrado daños económicos y pérdidas de 20 % en la producción de chile a causa de Geminivirus. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la distribución y variabilidad genética de los Begomovirus que infectan al chile en las principales zonas productoras de Sinaloa, México. Se colectaron 121 muestras de chile con síntomas de Begomovirus en los municipios de Escuinapa, Rosario, Concordia, Mazatlán, Elota, Culiacán, Guasave y Ahome. En las 121 muestras se detectaron Begomovirus mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR); el PHYVV se detectó en 74.4 % de las muestras, el PepGMV en 53.7 %, el TYLCV en 5.8 % y en 12.4 % no se identificó el tipo de Begomovirus; además, se detectaron infecciones mixtas entre los virus PHYVV, PepGMV y TYLCV con 5.8 % y en la combinación PHYVV y PepGMV con 36.4 %. Este es el primer reporte de una infección mixta bajo condiciones de campo en plantas de chile con un Begomovirus monopartita (TYLCV) y dos Begomovirus bipartitas (PHYVV y PepGMV) en los municipios de Rosario, Culiacán y Ahome del estado Sinaloa, México. Los virus PHYVV, PepGMV y TYLCV presentaron identidad nucleotídica del 94 al 99 % con lo reportado en GenBank. TYLCV se detectó en diferentes genotipos de chile; Serrano, Jalapeño, Morrón y Ancho en los municipios del Rosario, Culiacán y Ahome, lo cual indica una amplia distribución y rango de hospedantes de este Begomovirus en los diferentes genotipos de chile cultivados en Sinaloa.

To determine the effect of zinc-methionine supplementation during the gestation-lactation (GL) and growing-finishing (DF) period in the performance and during DF on the epithelium intestinal morphology of fattening pigs under hot and cool condition, two experiments were carried out. The experiment (Exp.) 1 was carried out during the hot season and Exp. 2 during the cool season of the year. 192 pigs were used (96 per Exp.) with an average age of 79 days and 26.39±SD4.97 kg of body weight, piglets of sows that received or not feed added with 100 mg of Zn/kg, from 80 to 114 days of gestation and during 21 d of lactation (GL). In each experiment, the pigs were assigned to one of four treatments in a completely random design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The treatments were T1 (control, n = 24), non-supplemented mothers-non-supplemented pigs; T2 (Zn FD; n = 24), non-supplemented mothers, pigs supplemented with 100 mg of Zn/kg feed; T3 (Zn GL; n = 24), supplemented mothers – non-supplemented pigs and, T4 (Zn GL + Zn DF; n = 24), supplemented mothers + supplemented pigs. Supplementation with 100 mg of Zn / kg of feed during GL and DF did not modify the productive performance of the pigs during the study period. However, the villus height: crypt depth ratio was higher (p

This work aimed to identify the Leptospira interrogans serovar and the risk factors in humans and dogs in shared areas, 247 samples of human serum, were analyzed by the Micro Agglutination technique (MAT), prior informed consent from public hospital blood banks. To obtain information from the participants regarding the presence of dogs a survey was used. A total of 106 dog sera samples were collected inside and outside the homes of seropositive humans and analyzed by MAT. The statistical analysis consisted of a Pearson's Chi square test of homogeneity. The OR estimation was made using a simple logistic regression model using the Stata Intercooled version 13.1 program. Five serovars were detected in humans; from the highest to the lowest frequency, these were: Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pyrogenes, Autumnalis, and Pomona. Eleven serovars were identified in dogs: Wolffi, Bratislava, Australis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Hebdomadis, and Shermani. All the serovar present in dogs were also observed in humans, the serovariety Autumnalis is not included in the dog search panel. The main risk factor for humans was job occupation (p

Two experiments were carried out to know the effect of tannin extracts (ET) in gas production. In experiment 1, feces were collected from five bulls (420 ± 10 kg) from the same pen for four consecutive days to have one sample per day, 100 g of the feces were placed in flasks of 600 mL for each sample and the samples were added. following treatments: TE) untreated stool and HT) 7.4% condensed ET. In experiment 2 the following treatments were applied: TES) diet without ET, TC) 0.6% of condensed tannins and TH) 0.6% of hydrolysable tannins to the diet of 18 calves (220 ± 9 kg) for 28 days. In both experiments, the stools obtained were incubated for 24 h to measure their gas production by displacement. The data obtained from gas were compared with Experimental design of random blocks to eliminate the day-sampling effect. In the first experiment, gas production decreased 44% (P

Con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta productiva de cerdos en etapa de iniciacion bajo condiciones de alta carga de calor ambiental a la suplementacion adicional con zinc organico, se usaron 816 lechones (21 dias de edad y 6.280 ±0.817 kg de peso corporal), nacidos de madres que fueron suplementadas con 0 o 100 mg Zn/kg de dieta durante la gestacion y lactacion, bajo un diseno de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2 x 2. El experimento se realizo en dos periodos: 1) Mayo-julio y 2) Septiembre-noviembre; cada uno con una duracion de 49 dias. En cada periodo, 408 lechones fueron agruparon por peso en 3 grupos uniformes, distribuidos en 12 corraletas (6 repeticiones/tratamiento). Los niveles de suplementacion adicional probados fueron de 0 y 100 mg Zn/kg de dieta y los tratamientos consistieron en: 1) Madres no suplementadas-lechones no suplementados (Testigo); 2) Madres no suplementadas-lechones suplementados (ZnC); 3) Madres suplementadas-lechones no suplementados (ZnGL) y 4) Madres suplementadas-lechones suplementados (ZnGL + ZnC). Los cerdos se alimentaron con dietas que cubrieron sus requerimientos nutrimentales durante el experimento. El THI promedio fue de 78.19±2.9 durante el periodo de prueba. No existio interaccion entre tratamientos sobre las variables evaluadas. El suplementar Zn organico durante el periodo de gestacion-lactacion tendio (P=0.06) a disminuir la mortalidad; sin embargo, el continuar con la suplementacion adicional durante la fase de iniciacion no ofrecio ventaja. No existieron diferencias en las otras variables evaluadas en el grupo suplementado debido al metodo de suplementacion. Se concluye que la suplementacion adicional con 100 mg de Zn a partir de Metionina de Zinc durante la fase de gestacion-lactacion ayuda a disminuir la mortalidad en la etapa de iniciacion, en lechones criados en clima calido.

To determine the seroprevalence and the main risk factors associated with serovars of Leptospira in dogs from Culiacan Sinaloa we obtained serum from the blood samples of dogs related humans seropositive blood donors of public hospitals The samples were stored at C until use and were analyzed by the microbiology laboratory of the Centro Nacional de Sanidad Animal CENASA using the leptospirosis microscopic agglutination test MAT An epidemiological survey was conducted in order to identify risk factors Statistical analyzes were done using the chisquare test The risk OR odds ratio and the confidence intervals were calculated using the logistic regression model A value of P was considered statistically significant The prevalence of Leptospira was and we identified eleven serovars and their respective frequency wolffi bratislava australis canicola grippotyphosa pyrogenes hardjo icterohaemorragiae pomona hebdomadis shermani The risk factors associated with the detection of antibodies to this bacteria based on epidemiological surveys include the sex of pets female P OR and the dogs who stay at home and have access to the street was marginally significant P

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Hernandez Ramirez CV, Gaxiola Camacho SM, Osuna Ramirez I, Enriquez Verdugo I, Castro del Campo N, Lopez Moreno HS. Prevalence and risk factors associated with serovars of Leptospira in dogs from Culiacan, Sinaloa. Veterinaria Mexico OA 2017;4(2).doi: 10.21753/vmoa.4.2.369 Domestic dogs transmit Leptospira spp. to humans, and determining the health risk that they represent is of paramount importance. To determine the seroprevalence and main risk factors associated with serovars of Leptospira in dogs from Culiacan, Sinaloa, we obtained serum samples from 165 dogs. The samples were stored at -40 °C and were analysed by the microbiology laboratory at Centro Nacional de Sanidad Animal using the leptospirosis microscopic agglutination test. Additionally, a survey was performed to identify epidemiological risk factors, and statistical inference was determined using chi-square test, odd ratios, and logistic regression with a statistical significance set at P < 0.05. The prevalence of Leptospira was 9 % (15/165), and we identified seven serovars: canicola 17 (46 %), icterohaemorrhagiae (40 %), bratislava (40 %), grippotyphosa (33 %), shermani (33 %), pyrogenes (20 %) and ballum (13 %). Based on our epidemiological survey, the risk factors associated with the detection of antibodies against Leptospira include the permanent habitation of pets in courtyards (OR = 4.6, P < 0.05) and presence of water stored in drums and basins (OR = 3.25, P < 0.05). The prevalence of leptospirosis in dogs indicates that the disease is present in the city of Culiacan and that leptospiral antibodies in dogs increase in poor sanitary conditions with stored water, which increases the potential risk of infection for both humans and animals. Figure 1. Frequency of observed serovars of Leptospira

The zoonotic potential of canine vector-borne diseases mainly tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus is associated with the strongest evidence of ticks exposed to high temperatures attach and feed on humans faster, suggesting that the risk of human parasitism by Rhipicephalus sanguineus could increase in warm weather areas, such as the state of Sinaloa, Mexico; which increases the risk of transmission of zoonotic agents as such Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Lyme disease, Typhus, Rickettsial, Tularemia, Babesia and Anaplasma impacting on human and canine health; so the aim of this study was genetical characterization of ticks present in dogs attended at veterinary clinics in the city of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico. for it, were collected 240 live ticks present on 120 canines and processed in the Parasitology laboratory of the FMVZ-UAS, after the Morphological identification of Rhipicephalus, were formed 5 groups and the DNA extraction was performed by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit de QIAGEN® and processed by PCR using the oligonucleotide sequences: 16S+1: 5′-CCG GTC TGA ACT CAG ATC AAG T3′ y 16S-1: 5′-GCT CAA TGA TTT TTT AAA TTG CTG T-3′, of the 16S ARNr mitochondrial. The PCR amplification of target region of the the 16S ARNr, from DNA tick samples, resulted amplicons of size 460 bp and the 5 sequences generated and analysed, was genetically compatible with Rhipicephalus sanguineus of the GenBank sequences; being important identification for the association with pathogens and the risk of transmission of canine zoonosis.

Para evaluar la respuesta productiva de la cerda y su camada a la suplementacion con zinc organico en clima tropical, se realizaron dos experimentos. Exp. 1 (Epoca fresca). Se utilizaron 46 cerdas Yorkshire x Landrace, asignadas a uno de dos tratamientos (T) en un diseno completamente al azar. T1 (SZn; n = 22); dieta sin adicion de Zn a partir de los 35 dias de gestacion y durante 21 d de lactacion; T2 (CZn; n = 24) T1 mas la adicion de 100 mg de Zn/kg de alimento. Exp. 2 (Epoca calida). Se utilizaron 44 cerdas, asignadas al azar a uno de dos T similares al Exp.1: T1 (SZn; n = 25) y T2 (CZn; n = 19). Los resultados fueron analizados por ANDEVA (P ≤ 0.05). Resultados: Exp. 1. El consumo de alimento adicionado con Zn incremento (P = 0.001) la concentracion plasmatica de IgG en los cerdos destetados. Exp. 2. El consumo de alimento adicionado con Zn, incremento (P < 0.05) el espesor de grasa dorsal (EGD) de las cerdas durante la gestacion (16.6 vs. 14.8 mm) y disminuyo (P = 0.006) la mortalidad durante la lactancia (11 vs. 26%). Se concluye que el consumo adicional de Zn incrementa el EGD en las cerdas gestantes bajo condiciones de estres calorico y disminuye la mortalidad de lechones durante la lactancia, y el consumo adicional durante la epoca fresca incrementa los niveles plasmaticos de IgG en los LD. Palabras clave: Metionina de Zinc, Espesor de grasa dorsal, Mortalidad predestete.

Para evaluar el comportamiento de E. coli en heces de vacas lecheras adicionadas con taninos hidrolizables, se llevo a cabo un experimento en el que alicuotas de 100 g de heces fueron asignadas de manera aleatoria a uno de dos niveles (0 y 10%) de taninos hidrolizables (TH), uno de tres valores de pH: 5.2, 6.5 y 8.3 y cultivados a: 0, 2, 6, 9, 15, 22 y 30 dias una vez adicionados los taninos. Las heces adicionadas con 10% de TH presentaron mayor crecimiento (P < 0.01) de E. coli comparadas con las que no se les agrego TH (Log10 5.071 vs. Log10 4.401). Las heces con pH 6.5 tuvieron valores menores (P < 0.01) de E. coli (Log10 4.525) vs. pH de 5.2 (Log10 4.866) y pH 8.3 (Log10 4.816). En todos los casos el crecimiento de E. coli disminuyo (P < 0.01) conforme se incrementaron los dias (Log10 = 5.51 el dia 0; Log10 = 3.36 en el dia 30). Los resultados sugieren que los TH no inhiben el crecimiento de E. coli en las heces de las vacas, sin embargo a valores de pH cercanos a la neutralidad el crecimiento de E. coli en heces disminuye. Palabras clave: Escherichia coli, taninos hidrolizables, vacas, pH

Cuando los recursos son escasos, las micobacterias detienen su crecimiento para dar paso a los genes de la adaptación. Contrariamente, cuando el crecimiento continúa bajo condiciones de estrés, se activan genes específicos de redes metabólicas para su protección. En este sentido, la proteína codificada por esat-6 (por sus siglas en inglés: early secretory antigenic target, 6 kDa) en Mycobacterium tuberculosis, actúa en la lisis del epitelio alveolar y membranas de los macrófagos para escapar e invadir otras células. Pero puede tener otras funciones, tales como interferir en el contacto célula-célula y transferir su ADN. En M. smegmatis, el sistema ESX-1 (por sus siglas en inglés: Secretion Ejectosoma BOX) facilita la secreción de la proteína ESAT-6, probablemente es sensible a uno o más nutrientes del medio de cultivo. Por lo que en el presente estudio se evalúan las condiciones de cultivo limitantes en nutrientes para el crecimiento de M. smegmatis y su relación con la expresión del gen esat-6. Los medios de cultivos probados fueron Hartmans de Bond medio mínimo (HdB), limitado en carbono (HdB

The purpose of this study was to determine any differences in pathogenicity when sheep are experimentally infected with different Histophilus somni isolates: a) 2336 bovine origin strain; b) an isolate from ram orchitis and epididymitis; c) an isolate from the brain of a sheep with neurological signs; d) an isolate from the vagina of a clinically healthy ewe. A total of 20 rams divided in groups of 5 animals each were inoculated in the epididymis with 1 x 10(7) CFU/mL of H. somni; a negative control group of 5 rams was used. All groups inoculated with H. somni showed some epididymitis, but the most pathology was caused by the epididymitis isolate, followed by the vaginal isolate. It was demonstrated that there is a difference in experimental infection capacity among isolates from different origins, as epididymitis occurred and the bacteria was recovered only from groups inoculated with isolates originating from epididymitis and vaginal exudate.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 adhered to immobilized swine-lung collagen. Bacteria bound to collagen type I, III, IV and V. At 5 min incubation, 30 % of bacteria adhered to collagen, reaching saturation in around 90 min. Treatment of bacteria with divalent-metal chelators diminished their attachment to collagen, and Ca2+ but not Mg2+ increased it, suggesting Ca2+ dependence for adherence. Proteolytic enzymes drastically reduced bacterial adherence to collagen, showing that binding involved bacterial surface proteins. Porcine fibrinogen, haemoglobin and gelatin partially reduced collagen adhesion. A 60 kDa outer-membrane protein of A. pleuropneumoniae recognized the swine collagens by overlay. This membrane protein was apparently involved in adhesion to collagen and fibrinogen, but not to fibronectin and laminin. Antibodies against the 60 kDa protein inhibited the adhesion to collagen by 70 %, whereas pig convalescent-phase antibodies inhibited it by only 40 %. Serotypes 1 and 7 were the most adherent to pig collagen (taken as 100 %); serotypes 6 and 11 were the lowest (∼50 %), and neither showed the 60 kDa adhesin to biotinylated collagens. By negative staining, cells were observed initially to associate with collagen fibres in a polar manner, and the adhesin was detected on the bacterial surface. The results suggest that swine-lung collagen is an important target for A. pleuropneumoniae colonization and spreading, and that the attachment to this protein could play a relevant role in pathogenesis.