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One of the external factors that can affect student learning outcomes is the family environment, in this case, the attention of parents. Research has been carried out to determine whether or not there is an influence of parental attention on student learning outcomes in mathematics. This research is a quantitative study using the Ex-Post Fact method . Sampling was carried out using a probability sampling technique of the simpler random type which was carried out on 111 respondents consisting of class X and XI at SMK Khamas Asembagus. Data collection techniques used are observation, documents and questionnaires. The results showed that 0.237 > 0.1865 at Cronbach's Alpha = 0.1865, this indicates that the instruments used in this study are valid and reliable. Meanwhile, the results of the T test were 2.545 > 1.65895 (with ) and the Effectiveness of the Regression Line (EGR) was 3.25% which indicated that there was an influence of parental attention on student learning outcomes in Mathematics Subject of 3.25%. Based on the results of the analysis of research data, it can be concluded that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (H 0 ) is rejected, meaning that there is an influence between parents' attention to student learning outcomes in Mathematics Subject which is equal to 3.25%.

This study aims to determine the influence of external factor in the scope of the school student learning outcomes in mathematic subjects specialization in class X sciences in Panji 1 Senior High School. In this study examined 3 independent variables contained in external factors in the scope of the school, namely the learning methods used by teachers, learning media, and socializing. This study in determining respondents using the proportional random sampling method, which consists of 177 populations of class X science students and taken 100 students as samples. The research design used was ex-post facto design. Retrieval of independent variable data using a questionnaire and Likert scale. Bound Variable Data using the method of documentation. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression analysis. The results of data analysis obtained the value of the correlation coefficient (r-count) of 0,014 and F count of 0,443, while F table of 2,70 at N = 100 with a significance level 5% means F count < F table .

Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL) merupakan upaya pengembangan kemampuan dan kompetensi mahasiswa dalam mengajar juga sebagai sarana menerapkan segala ilmu yang telah diperoleh selama masa perkuliahan. Penerapan ilmu tersebut pada dasarnya merupakan usaha yang nyata, khususnya dalam lembaga pendidikan formal, lembaga pendidikan non-formal maupun masyarakat secara luas. Dalam kegiatan pengabdian kami memotivasi khususnya mahasiswa semester III Prodi pendidikan Teknologi Informasi dan Prodi pendidikan matematika untuk mempersiapkan diri menghadapi dunia PPL dengan kami memberikan materi praktek membuat perangkat pembelajaran meliputi Penentuan pekan efektif, Prota,Promise, Silabus dan RPP dan kisi-kisi soal Serta matrik penilaian. Mahasiswa yang mengikuti 26 mahasiswa sangat antusia dan termotivasi karena dengan memiliki motivasi kuat maka akan memiliki kesiapan yang matang dalam memasuki dunia kerja dengan materi yang kami sampaikan. Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL) di STKIP PGRI Situbondo berbasis magang disekolah SMA/SMK selama 2 bulan dan sekolah yang ditempati mahasiswa sudah memiliki kemitraan kerja sama dengan STKIP PGRI Situbondo. Dalam persiapan PPL ada beberapa masalah yang sering mahasiswa temui meliputi;Persiapan mengajar, penyesuaian diri, pengelolaan kelas, emosi, dan mahasiswa sering tidak percaya diri serta penguasaan materi pelajaran yang diajarkan di depan kelas kurang menguasi.

Learning is a process for someone to get a certain skill or competency achievement in accordance with their respective abilities, each student requires a process with different levels of ability. Good learning is learning that has been well planned and structured, in making a learning plan the teacher needs to see the abilities of each student so that the designed learning runs well. This study examines the effect of Ice Breaking and Quizizz on learning motivation, which has a strong relationship. For the results of the multiple regression test obtainedvalue Sig. For the variable capita selecta on learning motivation of 0.009> 0.05 and the value of t count 4.179 > t table 2,228, so it can be concluded that there is a significant effect. It is found that the significant value of the variable is 0.895>0.005 and the t-count value is 0.138

Beberapa masalah di kehidupan sehari-hari dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan matematika. Langkah pertama untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut dengan merumuskan atau merepresentasikan masalah tersebut ke dalam bahasa matematika. Proses merumuskan atau merepresentasikan ke dalam bahasa matematika tersebut disebut sebagai pemodelan matematika. Implementasi pemodelan matematika di kelas masih terbilang baru dan jarang diaplikasikan di kelas. Namun, berdasarkan pernyataan beberapa ahli dijelaskan bahwa pemodelan matematika dapat diajarkan, dipelajari dan disarankan untuk diimplementasikan di kelas. Tujuan pada penelitian ini adalah memaparkan hasil kajian dari beberapa sumber data terkait implementasi dan peran atau pentingnya implementasi pembelajaran pemodelan matematika di kelas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka atau literature review. Lebih lanjut, berdasarkan kajian dari beberapa pustaka diperoleh bahwa pembelajaran pemodelan matematika disarankan untuk diimplementasikan di kelas karena memiliki banyak pengaruh positif terhadap siswa. Beberapa peneliti menjelaskan bahwa pembelajaran pemodelan matematika penting untuk diimplementasikan di kelas karena dapat meningkatkan motivasi, kreatifitas, dan mandiri siswa dalam belajar matematika. Namun, dijelaskan juga beberapa kelemahan pembelajaran pemodelan matematika dan rekomendasi tindak lanjutnya.

Pembelajaran matematika pelajaran yang membutuhkan logika dan daya nalar yang baik maka dibutuhkan inovasi-inovasi pembelajaran yang dapat meningkat motivasi siswa. Pembelajaran matematika yang diajarkan secara monoton yang dilakukan oleh guru dapat membuat siswa merasa jenuh dan akhirnya membuat siswa malas dalam belajar. Selain membuat siswa malas belajar terdapat faktor lain yang sudah muncul melalui presepsi mereka sendiri yaitu yang menganggap matematika sebagai pelajaran yang relatif sulit dan membentuk kesan dan pengalaman secara negatif terhadap matematika yang umumnya dapat berdampak buruk baik bagi motivasi belajar matematika maupun penyesuaian akademik di sekolah. Namun, di sisi lain matematika dianggap penting karena perannya sebagai prediktor yang kuat bagi anak untuk memasuki sekolah formal dibanding keterampilan emosi dan sosial. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk kegiatan training dalam peningkatan Motivasi Belajar Matematika Berbasis Thinking Smart Game pada Siswa MI Multiple Sarina untuk membantu siswa agar lebih termotivasi dalam belajar matematika dalam metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan pelatihan ini yaitu Metode ekspositori, Metode diskusi, Metode praktek dari hasil pengabdian yang didapat dari hasil pengisian angket respon siswa didapat bahwa terdapat 90% siswa yang senang belajar matematika dan masih terdapat 10% siswa yang tidak senang belajar matematika

This paper focuses on Pax-Ottomanica in a case study of the Millet System through multi ethnic and multi religious communities in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the Millet System has successfully roamed people in Europe, Asia, and Africa for nearly 600 years. This paper also discusses Islamic law on the relationship between other religions such as Judaism and Christianity. This study uses a qualitative method with a whole literature approach. Based on the data analyzed, it was found that harmony occurs between fellow religious and ethnic people with the freedom to embrace their respective religions and maintain their respective cultures. This paper aims to analyze the state of the multi-ethnic and multi-religious society in the Ottoman Empire by providing various references from both Turkish and Western historians. In addition, this paper aims to introduce Ottoman-style freedom through this Millet system, which has succeeded in bringing all non-Muslim communities into one Ottoman commonwealth.

Phytobiotic is a derivative compound from plants that have the benefits as medicine or growth promoter. The compound had studied on it’s beneficial effect as growth promoter in poultry. This study has deducted to know the effect of Macleaya cordata extract and Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus debrueckii susp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Enterococcus faecium, dan Streptococcus salivarius susp. Thermophilus as feed additive products toward the feed convertion rate (FCR) and the percentage of abdominal lipid. The 60 of day old chick were maintained and devided into four groups consist of 15 chicken each (n=5, r=3). Group A treated with phytobiotic (Macleaya extract) 0.125 mg/kg of feed, group B treated with probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus debrueckii susp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Enterococcus faecium, dan Streptococcus salivarius susp. Thermophilus (probiotic product) 0 ,100 mg/kg of feed, group C treated with both phytobiotic and probiotic dose of 0,075 mg/kg dan 0,050 mg/kg of feed, respectively, and group K which no additives in feed. Body weight measurement did in every week. At day- 30 the broilers were euthanized and abdominal lipid weighted. The body weight and abdominal lipid measurements were analizyd with one way ANOVA, FCR values evaluated descriptively. The results showed that FCR of group A,B,C were better than control group (K) (A=1.21;B=1.20;C=1.26;K=1.32). The body weight between groups had no significant difference (P> 0.05), meanwhile the weight of abdominal lipid of group A,B,C, were lower (P

Keadaan pandemi ini tidak dapat di prediksi kapan akan berakhir. Maka pihak-pihak sekolah dengan para guru harus merinovasi dan mencari jalan keluar agar anak-anak tidak kehilangan kesempatan untuk menggali dan memunculkan bakat mereka. Sekolah memiliki tanggungjawab tidak hanya proses pembelajaran namun juga dalam pengembangan bakat minat siswa yang juga akan membantu siswa dalam mencapai tujuan hidup apa yang ia cita-citakan. Pada penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai upaya sekolah dalam mengembangkan bakat peserta didik pada masa pandemi ini, dengan mengadakan kegiatan rutinitas sekolah AKSESI (aksi sejuta kreasi) di MI Al-Jihad yang berada di daerah Ponorogo, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat upaya sekolah dalam mengembangkan bakat siswa dan tujuan juga pengaruh kegiatan AKSESI itu sendiri. Dengan metode kualitatif tipe studi kasus. Pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini bahwa sekolah MI Al-Jihad memberikan contoh dengan mengadakan AKSESI ini pada masa pandemi dengan mengadaptasi keadaan sesuai protokol, demi upaya pengembangan bakat siswa. Tentu AKSESI ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengembangkan bakat siswa dan telah memberikan pengaruh yang positif dalam kegiatannya.

Background and Aim: Enrofloxacin and tylosin can be combined into an antibiotic formulation which is expected to have a broader range of antibacterial activity against various infections in broilers. Validation method analysis of the levels of these two active compounds needs to be done for future use in pharmacokinetic or residual studies. The present study aims to determine a suitable validation method of isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the concentration of antibiotic combinations in the broiler liver, kidney, and muscles. Materials and Methods: The combination of enrofloxacin and tylosin in the liver, kidney, and muscle was validated by HPLC method to find the procedures, processes, equipment, and systems used, consistently provides the appropriate results. The chromatography system consisted of an Octadecyl-silica column of 5 μm in diameter and 150 mm in length with a mobile phase of a mixture of 0.05 M monobasic sodium phosphate (pH 2.5) and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v). The solution was detected at a wavelength of 280 nm, 30°C, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and an injection volume of 20 μL. The combination antibiotics powder was produced from PT Tekad Mandiri Citra, Bandung, Indonesia, and broiler tissues obtained from day-old chick broilers maintained for 30 days with free antibiotic feed. Results: Validation of a combination solution of enrofloxacin and tylosin shows the linearity values of enrofloxacin and tylosin in the liver, kidney, and muscles as r2=0.9988, r2=0.9999, r2=0.9997, r2=0.9989, r2=0.9978, and r2=0.9962. The accuracy and precision values of enrofloxacin in the liver, kidney, and muscles were 5.53, 6.23, and 6.93, respectively. The values of accuracy and precision of tylosin in the liver, kidney, and muscles were 10.43, 4.63, and 7.16%, respectively. The retention times for enrofloxacin and tylosin were 1.945-2.000 min and 4.175-4.342 min. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantity (LOQ) values for enrofloxacin were 3.03 and 10.1 μg/g, respectively. In contrast, the LOD and LOQ values for tylosin were 9.05 and 30.17 μg/g, respectively. Conclusion: The value of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity of the combined solution of enrofloxacin and tylosin showed promising results.

Herbal preparations have started being used to support poultry health. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the effect of meniran and turmeric extracts as well as the combination of both on the blood profile (hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma protein) of chickens. This study used 80 layer chickens (DOC), which were randomly divided into 4 groups (A, B, C, and D, each group contain 20 chickens). Group A was the control, group B was treated with turmeric extract (100 mg/kg BW), group C was treated with meniran extract (100 mg/kg BW), and group D was treat with a combination of meniran and turmeric extracts (each dose 100 mg/kg BW). Treatment was given for 30 days. Blood samples were collected on the end period for examination. Statistical analysis of the data were done through the one-way ANOVA method. The results showed that the blood profiles (hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and total plasma protein) with turmeric and meniran extract treatments were still within normal range and not significantly different from the control group (P> 0.05). Based on this research, it can be concluded that the treatment of extract turmeric and meniran or a mixture of both at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 30 days does not affect the blood profile. Keywords: meniran, turmeric, blood profile, chicken Abstrak Penggunaan sediaan herbal mulai banyak digunakan untuk mendukung kesehatan unggas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang pengaruh ekstrak kunyit dan meniran serta kombinasi kedua ekstrak terhadap gambaran darah (hematokrit, eritrosit, hemoglobin, leukosit, dan total protein plasma) ayam. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 80 ekor day old chicken (DOC) layer, yang secara acak dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok (A, B, C dan D, masing-masing kelompok 20 ekor). Kelompok A sebagai kontrol, kelompok B sebagai perlakuan yang diberi ekstrak kunyit (dosis 100 mg/kg berat badan), kelompok C diberi ekstrak meniran (dosis 100 mg/kg BB), dan kelompok D diberi campuran ekstrak meniran dan kunyit (masing-masing dosis 100 mg/kg BB). Pemberian ekstrak kunyit dan meniran dilakukan selama 30 hari. Sampel dikoleksi pada akhir periode penelitian untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan darah. Analisis data secara statistik menggunakan ANOVA one way. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kunyit dan meniran tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai hematokrit, eritrosit, hemoglobin, leukosit, dan total protein plasma dibanding kontrol (P>0,05). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kunyit dan meniran maupun campuran keduanya dengan dosis 100mg/kg berat badan selama 30 hari tidak berpengaruh terhadap gambaran darah ayam. Kata kunci: ayam; kunyit; meniran; profil darah

A ring R with unity is called clean if every element x ∈ R can be written as a sum of an idempotent and a unit element in ring R. Meanwhile, a ring with unity is called feebly clean, if every element r in the ring can be written as r = u + e − f, with ef = fe = 0, where u is a unit element in the ring and e, f is an idempotent element in the ring. [7] shows the existence of clean elements in a subring X3(D) of the matrix ring 3 × 3 over an integral domain D. Based on these results, we provide the set of all clean elements in the matrix ring X3(ℤ), we show the existence of feebly clean elements in the matrix ring X3(ℤ), and show the connections between those elements and feebly clean elements in the matrix ring X3(ℤ). These connections are different from [10].

Colibacillosis a disease that can cause considerable economic loss, remains an important health problem. Phyllanthus (Phyllanthus niruri L) and turmeric (Curcuma domestica) are herbs that can be used as immunomodulators. This study was aimed to determine the level of safety of the combination of phyllanthus and turmeric on hematology profile and liver histopathology of layers with colibacillosis. The layers were assigned to the following of 5 groups: a) colibacillosis group without treatment, b) colibacillosis group with 500 mg/kg BW of phyllanthus, c) colibacillosis group with 300 mg/kg BW of turmeric, d) colibacillosis group with phyllanthus and turmeric combination (1:1), e) colibacillosis group with combination of phyllanthus and turmeric (1:2) . After 21 days of treatment, blood and liver sample were collected. The hematological profile (hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts) and liver histology were examined. The result were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA. The group that received phyllanthus had higher levels of hemoglobine, haematocrit and erythrocytes than the control group. However, no significant differences were found for the overall groups. Treatment with the combination of turmeric and phyllanthus for 21 days did not cause changes in the hematological profiles or liver histology, and therefor this herbal combination can be used as an alternative therapy for colibacillosis in layers.

Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak media penumbuh sel punca mesenkimal (EMPSPM), tanpa sel punca itu sendiri, telah ditemukan terdapat berbagai faktor tropik hasil sekresi sel punca mesenkimal di dalam media kultur yang dapat meregenerasi jaringan yang rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar malondialdehid (MDA) dalam plasma dan ginjal tikus diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) dengan terapi EMPSPM. Dua puluh lima ekor tikus wistar digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok DMT2 + 0,05 ml/kg BB EMPSPM (0,05); kelompok DMT2 + 0,1 ml/kg BB EMPSPM (0,1); kelompok DMT2 + 0,2 ml/kg BB EMPSPM (0,2), kelompok kontrol DMT2 (DMT2), dan kelompok sehat (KS). Induksi DMT2 dengan menggunakan streptozotosin nikotinamid (STZ-NA). Terapi mulai dilakukan pada hari ke 7 setelah kondisi DM tercapai, diberikan 4 kali dengan selang waktu 7 hari secara intraperitoneal. Data kadar glukosa darah dan MDA dianalisi secara statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa induksi DMT2 dengan STZ-NA dapat menaikkan kadar glukosa dan MDA dalam darah (P

An order R in a simple Artinian ring Q is said to be a Dubrovin valuation ring if R is Bezout and R/J(R) is a simple Artinian, where J(R) is the Jacobson radical of R. A ring R with unity is called clean, if every element x ∈ R is clean i.e. for every element x ∈ R there exist an idempotent element e ∈ R and a unit element u ∈ R such that x=e+u. In this article, it will be investigated some properties of clean Dubrovin valuation ring and give some examples related to a Dubrovin valuation ring and a clean ring.An order R in a simple Artinian ring Q is said to be a Dubrovin valuation ring if R is Bezout and R/J(R) is a simple Artinian, where J(R) is the Jacobson radical of R. A ring R with unity is called clean, if every element x ∈ R is clean i.e. for every element x ∈ R there exist an idempotent element e ∈ R and a unit element u ∈ R such that x=e+u. In this article, it will be investigated some properties of clean Dubrovin valuation ring and give some examples related to a Dubrovin valuation ring and a clean ring.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Kasus para wakil rakyat yang duduk di DPR RI yang melakukan aksi kekerasan dalam sebuah rapat ditinjau dari nilai dan moral keutamaan. Tuhan memberi karunia pada manusia akal dan budi. Perbuatan moral mencetuskan kodrat manusiawi sekaligus mulia. Perbuatan semacam inilah yang menjadi lapangan penjelasan etika, karena perbuatan ini normatif, mengajukan nilai-nilai. Pada kasus ini wakil rakyat yang duduk di DPR RI mengalami krisis nilai dan moral. Krisis nilai ini menunjukan merosotnya nilai – nilai moral kehidupan, tindakan itu dipandang hal biasa.

Colistin is a decapeptide antibiotic with narrow spectrum activity, mainly used as treatment for Gram negative bacteria. This study aims to scientifically determine the effect of colistin administration as medicated feed on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine level in broiler infected with Escherichia coli. KTOP group as positive control, KTON group as negative control, while I, II, and III groups were infected with Escherichia coli 1 x 108 CFU/ml 0.1 ml via intratracheal route. Group I, II, and III were given colistin treatment dosage of 0.3 g/kg food, 0.6 g/kg food, and 1.2 g/kg food. Blood samples were taken through brachial veins for ALT and creatinine examination with a Caretium NB-201 semi-auto chemistry analyzer. Data were examined statistically using IBM SPSS Statistics 24 software and graphically using Microsoft Excel 365. Conclusion of the research by statistical analysis with Kruskal-Wallis test obtained ALT test results P = 0.147 and creatinine test results P = 0.815. Based on the results of this study, the administration of colistin medicated feed did not cause a significant effect on ALT and creatinine level in broiler infected with Escherichia coli, indicating that colistin has low potential toxicity while given as medicated feed.

An element a in a ring R with unity is called clean, if there exist an idempotent element e ∈ R and a unit element u ∈ R such that a = e + u. This article aims to show all of clean elements in a certain subring X 3(R) of a matrix ring 3 × 3 over integral domain R and their connections with g(x)-cleanness and strongly g(x)-cleanness for some fixed polynomial g(x). To achieve it, we found out unit and idempotent elements in X 3(R) for constructing clean elements and selected some fixed g(x) in the center of R for investigating their relations with g(x)-cleanness and strongly g(x)-cleanness. In this article, we obtained eight general forms of the clean elements in X 3(R), g(x)-clean elements with g(x) = xn − x, which five forms of them were strongly g(x)-clean but the other three forms were not. The latter result was shown by providing counter examples.

The medicine is a tool for patients either human or animal to treat or prevent disease. One of the medicines which often used to help prevent infections is an antiseptic medicine. Povidone-iodine is an antiseptic and disinfectant medicine that is extensively used by hospital and other health care. A health care institution such as pharmacies or hospitals must ensure the availability of medicines for patients. These things make the pharmaceutical dealing with the uncertainty of the medicine needed. Veterinary hospital as a health service provider has several challenges. One of the challenges is it must ensure the availability of the medicine needed at all time. The predictive capability of the amount of medicine usage can assist for managing the availability of medicines in veterinary hospitals. This study analyses and presents a forecasting model using ARIMA method to predict an antiseptic povidone-iodine usage at Prof. Soeparwi Veterinary Hospital. ARIMA method was selected because the method can be used in fitting forecasting models when there is a non-stationary time series and the method has capability to correct for local trend in data. Results of this study is ARIMA (1,0,1) was selected as a suitable model to represent historical dataset.

Registration system is one of the most important elements in an organization or institution that involves the presence of customers and one by one services. Nowadays, with the development of technology, services process in an institution become more effective and efficient. One of the institutions that require the development of this technology, in the form of hospital information management system, is the veterinary hospital. The conventional system has many shortcomings include allowing an error in writing the patient data also the patient registration recaps is less effective and more time consuming. Therefore, a prototype of RSH management information system was made as an ilustration in the design of hospital information management system. The focus of this study is the patient registration system which use First In First Out (FIFO) algorithms where the patient who came first to the hospital is the one who enrolled first.

Medicines are widely used to prevent or cure illness. One of the medicines which often used to relieve stomach pain is a medicines that contains digestive enzymes. This type of medicines is much needed by hospitals and other health institutions. Hospitals and other health institutions should ensure the availability of medications for patients. This situation forces health institutions to deal with the uncertainty of medicine usage. Hospitals as one of the health institutions have some challenges. One of the challenges that must be faced is to ensure the availability of medicines for patients. The ability to predict can help ensure medicines availability in hospital. In this study will presents the forecasting model using Long Term Short Memory (LSTM) method to predict the need for medicines that contain digestive enzymes in the hospital. This method is chosen because it is known to have a high accuracy to predict stationary data. One of the methods used in input identification for the LSTM method is by using the Autocorrelation Function (ACF) and Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF). The results of this study indicate that the use of LSTM method suitable for time series forecasting in historical dataset, with 12.733 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value.