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Background: There is a lack of evidence of the complicated pathways of underlying determinants in the phases of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate simultaneously a set of potential determinants on the initiation and maintenance phases of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Methods: The longitudinal data of 54,359 Korean adults aged 40–69 years from the Health Examinees study were used. The median follow-up duration was 4.2 years. The self-reported durations per week of LTPA was repeatedly assessed. Based on previous longitudinal studies, the potential determinants were selected, and hypothetical models were constructed that consider the complex associations between the determinants. The standardized coefficients for direct and indirect effects were estimated using path analysis to differentiate contributions of mediation from the total effects. Results: In the total population, age, education, chronic diseases, smoking, depression symptoms, and self-rated health were significantly associated with both initiation and maintenance phases. Income (B = 0.025) and social supports (B = 0.019) were associated only with the initiation phase. Waist-to-hip ratio (B = −0.042) and stress (B = −0.035) were associated only with the maintenance phase. After stratifying by sex, the significant effects of education, chronic diseases, and smoking were found only in men. The initiation phase-specific effects of income and social supports and the maintenance phase-specific effects of stress were found only in women. It was estimated that indirect effects contributed approximately 15% of the total effect. Conclusion: The findings suggested that there were initiation- or maintenance-specific determinants of leisure-time physical activity according to sex.

The individual differences between the emerging onset and tracing patterns of prosocial behavior’s developmental trajectory remain relatively unclear, although the general developmental trajectory of prosocial behavior in adolescence is well established. The goals of this study were (1) to explore discrete classes of developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior over time and (2) to identify predictors that classify the distinctive latent classes in developmental trajectories across time. Data for this study originated from the Korean Children Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS). The KCYPS is an annual longitudinal panel survey conducted since 2010, and the population consists of all middle school students in South Korea. We uncovered four subgroups within the developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior among South Korean adolescents: (1) high/increasing, (2) low/moderate, (3) low/decreasing, and (4) high/stable. We also found significant population heterogeneity in developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior. Additionally, we confirmed gender, parental support, and peer support as crucial predictors of following the high/increasing prosocial behavior trajectory in adolescence. Our findings suggest that multifarious interventions are required to address various influences on the development of prosocial behavior in middle adolescence. The interventions for adolescents with lower levels of prosocial behavior need to have programmatic features to improve prosocial behavior.

Objectives: This study aimed to (1) understand the associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and poor adult health outcomes, specifically looking at both physical and mental health indicators, and (2) examine gender differences in ACEs’ impact on adult health outcomes.Methods: Data were obtained from the 2012 Korean General Social Survey. The study sample comprised 1,396 individuals aged ≥ 18 years who answered the ACE questionnaire. Controlling for sociodemographic factors, linear regression models were run to estimate the relationships between ACEs and adult physical (self-rated poor physical health status) and mental health indicators (depressive symptoms). Furthermore, the Chow test was carried out to ascertain whether there were any gender differences in ACEs’ impact on both adult physical and mental health outcomes.Results: Higher numbers of ACEs were significantly and positively associated with worse adult physical and mental health outcomes, such as poorer physical health status and higher levels of depressive symptoms compared with individuals who reported no adversities during childhood. In addition, gender differences were identified in ACEs’ impact on both health indicators, suggesting that females were at a higher risk of depression, while males were more likely to experience poor physical health.Conclusion: Adults reporting multiple adversities during childhood are more likely to experience poorer physical and mental health, demonstrating a strong, graded dose-response relationship between the number of ACEs and a range of negative adult health outcomes. Gender differences also exist in ACEs’ impact on adult physical and mental health, thus suggesting the need for gender-based intervention strategies to address ACEs in the adult population.

Using unique data on 210 Korean children from surveys and experiments, this paper examines whether living environments matter for child development. We compare two groups of out-of-home children in...

본 연구는 코로나19로 인한 아동의 일상 변화와 정서 상태 간의 관계를 탐색하고 어떤 돌봄 환경에 처해 있는 아동이 더 큰 일상 불균형을 경험하며 가정폭력과 아동학대에 노출되어 있는지를 확인하였다. 이를 위해 어린이재단 ‘코로나19 아동청소년 인식조사’데이터를 활용하였고, 아동 발달과 아동 권리적 관점에서 우리나라 아동들에게 권장되는 ‘아동생활 권장기준’을 토대로 코로나 전후 주요 생활시간 사용량을 집단별로(권장 집단, 과소집단, 과다 집단) 구분하여 집단 간 차이를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 코로나19 이후 아동의 일상 변화와 균열은 더 심각해졌고 가정의 사회경제적 수준에 따른 일상 격차가 코로나 이전보다 더 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 또 아동학대에 노출 위험이 높은 아동은 외벌이 가정이면서 부부갈등이 있는 가정의 아동으로 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 아동 일상균형의 중요성에 대한 인식 제고와 일상균형회복을 위한 노력, 근로조건과 관계없이 보호자가 아동을 돌보도록 지원하는 가족친화 노동정책 필요성, 취약계층 돌봄 격차 완화를 위한 세분화된 돌봄 정책 마련, 아동학대 예방을 위한 비대면 모니터링과 방문 서비스의 강화, 가정폭력과 아동학대 담당 조직 일원화 등을 제언하였다.

The prevention of youth marijuana use has become a national priority in the United States. This study examined the influence of parent and peer disapproval on youth marijuana use, mediated by youth risk perception. Because the legal status of marijuana use can influence individual perceptions of the drug, this study investigated differences in the mediating mechanism between youth living in states with medical marijuana legalization (MML) and those living in non-MML states.The 2019 National Survey of Drug Use and Health was used with a youth population aged 12-17 years (N = 2293). Structural equation modeling and bias-corrected bootstrapping were used to examine hypothesized path models and to evaluate the mediating effect of youth risk perception.Findings demonstrated that parent and peer disapproval significantly increased youth risk perception of marijuana and reduced youth marijuana use. Second, youth risk perception significantly mediated the association between parent and peer disapproval and youth marijuana use. Third, parent disapproval had a more significant direct effect on youth marijuana use, while peer disapproval had a more significant indirect effect on youth marijuana use via youth risk perception. Finally, the results showed a similar pattern in the mechanism between youths living in MML states compared with those in non-MML states in terms of significance and direction.The findings suggested a need for improvements in marijuana related policies for both MML and non-MML states. Moreover, parent and peer focused strategies for education and prevention concerning marijuana use among youth are emphasized.