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Abstract Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is globally recognized for its outstanding color and flavor. It has been acknowledged for its therapeutic value since the ancient Romans. It is used to treat cardiovascular disorders. The therapeutic benefits of red beetroot are due to the substantial amounts of various bioactive metabolites, such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, nitrates, phenolics, and betalains. However, the bioavailability and shelf life of these substances are significantly affected by the considerable variations in their processing methods among different countries. The longevity of the extracts is prolonged by employing well-established preservation techniques, such as boiling and steaming, which involve the application of heat. Our study aimed to analyze and compare the phytochemical composition of raw and heat processed beetroot using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. In addition, the study aimed to assess the effectiveness of processed beetroot in protecting against cardiovascular complications in a rat model of obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD). UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of 51 compounds, including organic acids, flavonoids, phenolics, betanins, and saponins. All the extracts demonstrated a significant decline in MDA, TNF- α, and IL-6 levels, suppressed the TGF-β expression, and restored the serum catalase level to normal. Among all the tested extracts, the steamed extract exhibited the slightest percentage change in body weight (10.2 ± 6.4) and effectively lowered the TNF-α level to normal levels. In contrast, the normal histological structure of heart muscle fibers was notably preserved in the cardiac sections of rats pretreated with steamed and boiled beetroot extracts. Additionally, mild caspase-3 immunoreactivity was observed in the cardiac muscles. The current study demonstrated that the steamed beetroot extract showed improved cardioprotective properties compared to the fresh and boiled extracts.

The present study concerned with the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and, 235U) in ten sedimentary rock samples collected from fault zone, Gabal Um Hamd, southwestern Sinai, Egypt. These samples were investigated to study their behavior during a part of geologic time. The activity concentrations were measured using γ-ray spectrometry (HPGe detector). The investigated samples were analyzed for major oxides using the XRF technique. The results demonstrated high average activity concentrations of 238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and, 235U than the worldwide average values as reported by UNSCEAR 2008. Theil diagram showed that there are accumulation and leaching of uranium in some samples in the two sides of the fault zone. It is noticed that the ages of uranium depositions for the samples collected from the downthrown of the fault zone vary from 121.5 to 440.1 ky, while for the sample collected from the upthrown of the fault is 210.9 ky. The 230Th/232Th activity ratios range between 4.55 and 91.04 for downthrown samples and between 4.75 and 6.05 for upthrown samples which are smaller than 20 except for two samples, indicating a contamination of the samples by detrital 230Th. After subtraction of the detrital 230Th, the corrected ages for downthrown samples vary from 119.1 to 231.7 ky while for upthrown samples vary from 164.4 to 390 ky.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) is considered a common health condition among military personnel, particularly soldiers during a period of high-intensity workouts. The causes, prevention, and treatment of ID anemia (IDA) remain the subject of ongoing and extensive research in various populations. AIM: This is the first research to study the outcome of 14 weeks of intensive physical exercise on the prevalence and factors associated with ID and IDA among Saudi military male trainees. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among n = 101 trainees who completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, dietary habits, current or past diagnoses of medical conditions, and physical activity. Two blood samples were collected from each participant to estimate (1) C-reactive protein and iron profile and (2) complete blood counts by the CellDYN Sapphire automated blood cell counter. Hemoglobin (Hb) fractions were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography using the TOSOH G8 analyzer to exclude hemoglobinopathy and thalassemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of ID, comprising both ID erythropoiesis and IDA among trainees, was found to be 65.3%. The occurrence of IDA was 5%, while ID erythropoiesis was detected among 60.4%. The prevalence of ID was statistically significantly higher among those drinking coffee during military training (P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are recommended to validate this study’s findings by incorporating a larger sample and extending the duration of the training period and examine the mechanisms that explain the increased risk of ID during vigorous military training.

Abstract IL-17F single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can affect IL-17F expression and activity and this can lead to the increased susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases. The aim was to investigate the association of IL-17F (rs763780) SNP with the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a cohort of Egyptian patients and to evaluate the effect of this polymorphism on the disease course. IL-17F (rs763780) gene polymorphisms was typed by TaqMan genotyping assay for 231 Egyptians divided into 102 MS patients and 129 healthy controls with matched age and sex. The IL-17F rs763780 C containing genotypes (CT+CC) and C allele have statistically significant increased frequency in MS patients when compared with controls (p = 0.005 and 0.004 respectively) especially in females’ patients (p = 0.005 and 0.006 respectively). The heterozygous CT genotype was associated with the presence of optic neuritis (p = 0.038). The multivariable regression analysis revealed significant associations between smoking, the higher frequency of attacks and the prediction of higher EDSS score (p = 0.032, 0.049 respectively). It can be concluded that the IL-17F rs763780 C containing genotypes (CT and CC) and C allele may be risk factors for the development of MS in the studied Egyptian cohort by a gender-dependent mechanism that contributes to tendency for predisposition in females and optic neuritis is more common in patients carrying the CT heterozygous genotype.

Worldwide, fermented foods (FF) are recognized as healthy and safe. Despite the rapid increase of research papers, there is a lack of systematic evaluation of the health benefits and risks of FF. The COST Action CA20128 “Promoting innovation of fermented foods” (PIMENTO) aims to provide a comprehensive assessment on the available evidence by compiling a set of 16 reviews. Seven reviews will cover clinical and biological endpoints associated with major health indicators across several organ systems, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, immune, and skeletal systems. Nine reviews will address broader biological questions associated with FF including bioactive compounds and vitamin production, nutrient bioavailability and bioaccessibility, the role of FF in healthy diets and personalized nutrition, food safety, regulatory practices, and finally, the health properties of novel and ethnic FF. For each outcome assessed in the reviews, an innovative approach will be adopted based on EFSA’s published guidance for health claim submissions. In particular, each review will be composed of three parts: (1) a systematic review of available human studies; (2) a non-systematic review of the mechanism of action related to the clinical endpoints measured by the human studies identified in part 1; and (3) a non-systematic review of the characterization of the FF investigated in the human studies identified in part 1. The evidence and research gaps derived from the reviews will be summarized and published in the form of a strategic road map that will pave the way for future research on FF.

Micropolar fluids have received a lot of interest for their industrial uses due to their distinctive microstructures. The diversified utilization of heat and mass transport process of micropolar material induced by shrinkable curved surface in raising the efficiency of numerous industrial processes has been found. For instance, extrusion procedure, fiber technology, polymer extraction, etc. The primary motive for conducting this disquisition is to explore the transmission of heat and mass in the flow of a micropolar (non-Newtonian) fluid processing vortex viscosity and micro-inertial aspects over a curved stretching/shrinking sheet. Physical factors of irregular heat generation/absorption rate along with linear radiative heat flux are included in thermal transport whereas mass diffusion involves the impact of Arrhenius kinetics and chemically reactive species. The basic constitutive equation is modeled in curvilinear coordinates after obliging conservation laws. A set of similar variables is implemented to change the governing formulation into the dimensionless format. Multiple branch solutions are attained via the bvp4c procedure. Associated distributions (velocity, micro rotation, temperature, and concentration) are organized against the sundry parameters for both branches and interpreted through sketches. Relevant quantities versus different parameters are also encountered through tabular data. The credibility of computed results is assumed by making agreement with previous studies. After a thorough insight into this work, it is inferred that multiple solutions are noted for distinct values of suction and material parameters.

Abstract In order to protect the copper against corrosion, a novel corrosion inhibitor known as diphenyl ((2-aminoethyl) amino) (4-methoxyphenyl) methyl) phosphonate (DAMP) was developed. Acid solutions of HCl and H2SO4 were the aggressive solutions employed in this study. Analysis using the FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 31P-NMR, 13C-NMR and BET confirmed that the DAMP was successfully synthesized. The anti-corrosion capabilities of DAMP are evaluated using a combination of chemical, electrochemical and quantum studies. The DAMP has been found to be crucial in preventing the corrosion of copper in both HCl and H2SO4 acid. This was obviously implied by the observation that the corrosion rate of copper in acid solutions decreased when DAMP was added. It is significant to note that 180 ppm produced the highest levels of inhibiting efficiency (96.6% for HCl and 95.2% for H2SO4). The tendency of DAMP to adsorb on the surface of copper through its hetero-atoms (O, N, and P) is the main factor for the anti-corrosion capabilities of DAMP. Results from SEM/EDX tests supported this. The actual adsorption takes place via various active centers, physical and chemical mechanisms that are coordinated with the estimated quantum parameters. Additionally, the adsorption of DAMP adheres to the Langmuir isotherm.

Abstract Significant co-conditioning of aluminum-based sludge using alternative conditioner (natural biopolymer-magnetite/H2O2) as a Fenton conditioner for improving the sludge dewaterability is investigated in the current study. Firstly, natural biopolymer/magnetite (NBP-M) were prepared in various ratios and the samples labeled as (NBP-M-(1:1); NBP-M-(1:3) and NBP-M-(2:1). Focuses were placed on factors influencing such novel Fenton conditioner. Capillary suction time (CST) was utilized to assess sludge dewaterability. Experiments have exhibited that significant development of alum sludge dewaterability could be attained at minimum reaction time and using low concentrations of the applied catalyst, i.e. natural biopolymer/magnetite and H2O2. It was found that sludge conditioning and dewaterability became better with increasing both reagents concentrations. A Box–Behnken experimental design based on the response surface methodology was investigated to explore the optimum of the influencing variables, i.e. catalyst (NBP-M) concentration, H2O2 loading and pH. The optimized values for NBP-M, H2O2, and pH are 46 and 380 mg/L, respectively at pH 3.0, at which the CST reduction efficiency of 58 ± 3% can be attained, this approved with that predicted by an established polynomial model in the current investigation.

Abstract Tumor-associated microglia and blood-derived macrophages (TAMs) play a central role in modulating the immune suppressive microenvironment in glioma. Here, we show that GPNMB is predominantly expressed by TAMs in human glioblastoma multiforme and the murine RCAS-PDGFb high grade glioma model. Loss of GPNMB in the in vivo tumor microenvironment results in significantly smaller tumor volumes and generates a pro-inflammatory innate and adaptive immune cell microenvironment. The impact of host-derived GPNMB on tumor growth was confirmed in two distinct murine glioma cell lines in organotypic brain slices from GPNMB-KO and control mice. Using published data bases of human glioma, the elevated levels in TAMs could be confirmed and the GPNMB expression correlated with a poorer survival.

Pain produces several physiological, and degenerative complications. This study aimed to formulate meloxicam (MLX) in liposomes to increase solubility and deliver MLX in a controlled manner to overcome its poor aqueous solubility and relatively short t1/2 problems. Liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration followed by ultrasonication. Tests for characterizing formulations included particle size, span, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, stability, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, morphology, in vitro release, release kinetics mathematical modeling, and an in vivo pain model in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgeries, followed by in vivo pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pain assessment studies in comparison to the reference standard, Mobitil®. Liposomal MLX had a particle size of around 100 nm, 82 % entrapment efficiency, and 4.62 % drug loading. Stability studies, DSC, and FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that liposomes were highly stable. The formulation showed an improved in vitro controlled release pattern and an enhanced in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior as manifested by higher t1/2 and AUC0–24 and lower Cl/F in comparison to Mobitil®. The pharmacodynamics study and pain scales demonstrated liposomal MLX managed postoperative pain better than Mobitil®. In conclusion, the incorporation of MLX in liposomes increased its solubility and stability, as well as its pain management properties.

Abstract Background Candida albicans is a fungal pathogen causing human infections. Here we investigated differential gene expression patterns and functional enrichment in C. albicans strains grown under different conditions. Methods A systematic GEO database search identified 239 “Candida albicans” datasets, of which 14 were selected after rigorous criteria application. Retrieval of raw sequencing data from the ENA database was accompanied by essential metadata extraction from dataset descriptions and original articles. Pre-processing via the tailored nf-core pipeline for C. albicans involved alignment, gene/transcript quantification, and diverse quality control measures. Quality assessment via PCA and DESeq2 identified significant genes (FDR = 1 or

Abstract Background Growth performance, which can be evaluated using various body measurements, is crucial for providing red meat for human consumption. This study aims to improve the growth performance of sheep by identifying the different genotypes of leptin and IGFI genes associated with higher body measurements. Methods In this study, we collected blood samples from Barki (n = 30) and Farafra (n = 30) sheep, and measured their body height, width, length, and weight, and tail width and length to assess their growth performance. We used single strand conformation polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (SSCP-PCR) and sequencing analysis to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and different genotypes of the leptin and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFI) genes associated with sheep body measurements. Results The leptin gene (209 bp) and IGFR gene (345 bp) were found to have three (TT, TG, and GG) and (TT, TC, and CC) genotypes, respectively, by SSCP-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a SNP in the leptin gene (200G > T) with two alleles (G allele: OR058867 and T allele: OR058868). This SNP resulted in the substitution of the amino acid valine with leucine, which increased the width, length, and weight of the body and tail width in the heterozygous form (TG). The IGFI gene had three SNPs: 305 G > T in TT genotype (OR260670), 184C > T, 265T > C, and 305G > T in TC genotype (OR260669), and 265T > C in CC genotype (OR260671). The TC genotype of the IGFR gene was correlated with higher values of body measurements. Barki sheep were found to have the highest values for body weight, width, length, and tail width compared to Farafra sheep. Conclusion We recommend the use of entire Barki sheep in inbreeding programs to improve growth performance in Egyptian sheep.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a significant member of the Solanaceae family with substantial worldwide production. The nutritional content of vegetables affects their metabolic and quality characteristics positively or negatively in many aspects and is one of today’s important research areas. In this study, grown tomato samples collected from fields and greenhouses in nine different cities of Türkiye were analysed for boron, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and zinc concentrations using spectroscopy, compared with available studies in terms of fertilization/nutrient uptake status and it was decided whether there is a difference between tomato samples grown in the field and the greenhouse. The study revealed that there are differences between macro and microelement contents of the field and greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Greenhouse tomatoes have greater nutritional element contents since they are protected from external effects and pesticides, growing in a healthy and nutritionally rich manner. The lowest and highest concentrations (mg kg-1 dry weight) of mineral elements were boron (18.13-28.30), calcium (1277-1836), copper (4.60-9.45), iron (18.86-27.33), potassium (20384-22305), magnesium (1870-2107), manganese (10.12-23.27), Sodium (119.65-209.11) and zinc (15.55-25.41). As a result, tomatoes produced in Türkiye for export to various countries were found to be containing adequate macronutrients according to the relevant literature except for potassium, and micronutrients contents were found to be within the safe limits. Also, considering the percentage of daily Recommended Dietary Allowance values it provides, it can be said that tomatoes are a good source of micronutrients.

Telila Mesfin,1 Abdella Degefa,2 Ibsa Kedir Hassen,1 Degefa Gomora,3 Hamza Sultan,2 Kenbon Seyoum,3 Elias Ibrahim,2 Girma Geta,3 Neway Ejigu,3 Sisay Dadi Abebe,4 Teketel Tilahun,5 Demisu Zenbaba,6 Biniyam Sahiledengle,6 Fikreab Desta,6 Getu Kusa Wakoya,1 Saddam Abdirahman Mohamoud,7 Mesfin Tsegaye1 1Department of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia; 2Department of Surgery, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia; 3Department of Midwifery, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia; 4Department of Internal Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia; 5Department of Public Health, Menelik II Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Finfinnee, Oromia, Ethiopia; 6Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia; 7Department of Anesthesiology, Kalkaal Specialized Hospital 4J, Yakshid, Mogadishu, SomaliaCorrespondence: Telila Mesfin, Department of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, P O Box 76, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia, Tel +251931504321, Email telilamesfintadesse@gmail.comBackground: Small bowel obstruction is an acute surgical disease necessitating urgent diagnosis and intervention. Ileoileal knotting is a rare condition that can result in acute bowel obstruction and gangrene whereas ileosigmoid knotting is a relatively common surgical condition. There are few published studies so far on ileoileal knotting. Due to the scarcity of ileoileal knotting cases that have been published, the exact causes are not well known. We presenta rare case of small bowel obstruction which was managed successfully and had an uneventful postoperative period.Case: A 45-year-old farmer from the rural kebele of Goba district of Bale Zone visited our institution with a complaint of sudden, colicky pain of 6 hours duration. On presentation, the pain was localized to the periumbilical area and then involved the whole abdomen. Associated with this, he had vomiting of ingested matter of three episodes. Objectively, he was in severe pain and tachycardic. On abdominal examination, there was direct and rebound tenderness over the periumbilical region. Abdominopelvic ultrasound revealed long segment ileoileal intussusception with adjacent mesenteric significant edema and proximal small bowel loop dilatation which was later found to be ileoileal knotting intraoperatively. The patient was put on intravenous fluid and antibiotics with a diagnosis of acute abdomen secondary to ileoileal knotting at the surgical emergency department. Exploratory laparotomy plus resection plus end to side ileotransverse anastomosis was done after written informed consent was received.Conclusion: Ileoileal knotting is a rare condition that can result in acute bowel obstruction and gangrene. The diagnosis is usually made intraoperatively even though proper history, laboratory tests, and imaging are quite helpful. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion of bowel knotting in patients with an acute abdomen and take early interventions to reduce the risk of gangrene.Keywords: ileoileal knotting, bowel obstruction, gangrene, laparotomy, resection

Abstract In Egypt, sunflower charcoal-rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and maize late-wilt caused by Magnaporthiopsis maydis are the most prevalent, and can lead to huge yield losses of both crops under epidemic conditions. In this study, the potential use of vermitea and wood vinegar for management of both diseases was investigated. Data revealed that, among the 17 bacterial strains obtained from vermitea, three strains named VCB-2, VCB-7 and VCB-11 were chosen for having the greatest in vitro inhibitory effect against M. phaseolina and M. maydis, with fungal inhibition values of 54.2; 61.7, 65.2; 74.0 and 57.1; 87.0% against both pathogens, respectively. These strains were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Serratia marcescens and Bacillus velezensis, respectively. Wood vinegar significantly reduced the colony diameter of M. phaseolina and M. maydis in in vitro trials conducted on potato dextrose agar medium amended with the desired concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5%. The efficiency increased with increasing wood vinegar concentration, and 2.0% was the most effective (100% suppression). Data from greenhouse experiments showed that the application of vermitea or wood vinegar tended to decrease the incidence (% dead plants) of sunflower charcoal-rot (by 61.1 and 66.7%) and maize late-wilt (by 70.6%). These treatments had positive impacts on the plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative enzymes of sunflower and maize plants. Data from field experiments showed that the application of vermitea or wood vinegar decreased the incidence of charcoal-rot (by 72.8 and 72.0%) and late-wilt (by 88.7 and 87.0%) as well as increased the production sunflower and maize plants.

This study evaluated the antinociceptive effect of dexmedetomidine-nalbuphine vs. dexmedetomidine alone in jacks undergoing field castration under total intravenous anesthesia. Jacks were premedicated with intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg), either alone (Group D, n = 6) or in combination with 0.3 mg/kg nalbuphine (Group DN, n = 6). IV ketamine (1.5 mg/kg) and propofol (0.5 mg/kg) were used to induce general anesthesia, which was maintained by a continuous propofol (0.2 mg/kg/min) IV infusion. The quality of anesthesia, analgesia, and recovery were evaluated. A simple descriptive scale (SDS) was used to measure pain from the recovery time to 6 h later. The DN group exhibited improvements in analgesic and recovery quality and SDS of pain at 1-, 2-, and 3-h post-recovery. There was an apparent improvement in cardiac status, as evidenced by the enhanced heart rate and electrocardiogram findings compared to group D during surgery and recovery time. The DN group had a lower level of inflammatory cytokines, both during the surgery and shortly after recovery. Therefore, the dexmedetomidine-nalbuphine combination prior to IV anesthesia of ketamine and propofol in jacks undergoing field castration resulted in a stable surgical plane of anesthesia, improved antinociception, less pain postoperatively, and better cardiac stability.

Introduction: The integration of augmented reality (AR) in spine surgery marks a significant advancement, enhancing surgical precision and patient outcomes. AR provides immersive, three-dimensional visualizations of anatomical structures, facilitating meticulous planning and execution of spine surgeries. This technology not only improves spatial understanding and real-time navigation during procedures but also aims to reduce surgical invasiveness and operative times. Despite its potential, challenges such as model accuracy, user interface design, and the learning curve for new technology must be addressed. AR’s application extends beyond the operating room, offering valuable tools for medical education and improving patient communication and satisfaction. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus databases using keywords related to augmented reality in spine surgery, covering publications from January 2020 to January 2024. Results: In total, 319 articles were identified through the initial search of the databases. After screening titles and abstracts, 11 articles in total were included in the qualitative synthesis. Conclusion: Augmented reality (AR) is becoming a transformative force in spine surgery, enhancing precision, education, and outcomes despite hurdles like technical limitations and integration challenges. AR’s immersive visualizations and educational innovations, coupled with its potential synergy with AI and machine learning, indicate a bright future for surgical care. Despite the existing obstacles, AR’s impact on improving surgical accuracy and safety marks a significant leap forward in patient treatment and care.

Abstract This study predicts future values of energy consumption demand from a novel dataset that includes the energy consumption during COVID-19 lockdown, using up-to-date deep learning algorithms to reduce peer-to-peer energy system losses and congestion. Three learning algorithms, namely Random Forest (RF), Bi-LSTM, and GRU, were used to predict the future values of a building’s energy consumption. The results were compared using the RMSE and MAE evaluation metrics. The results show that predicting the future energy demand with accurate results is achievable, and that Bi-LSTM and GRU perform better, especially when trained as univariate models with only the energy consumption values and no other features included.

Abstract Non-Newtonian fluids are extensively employed in many different industries, such as the processing of plastics, the creation of electrical devices, lubricating flows, and the production of medical supplies. A theoretical analysis is conducted to examine the stagnation point flow of a 2nd-grade micropolar fluid into a porous material in the direction of a stretched surface under the magnetic field effect, which is stimulated by these applications. The stratification boundary conditions are imposed on the surface of the sheet. Generalized Fourier and Fick’s laws with activation energy is also considered to discuss the heat and mass transportation. To obtain the dimensionless version of the flow modeled equations, an appropriate similarity variables are used. These transfer version of equations is solved numerically by the implement of the BVP4C technique on MATLAB. The graphical and numerical results are obtained for various emerging dimensionless parameters and discussed. It is noted that by the more accurate predictions of $$\varepsilon$$ ε and M, the velocity sketch is decreased due to occurrence of resistance effect. Further, it is seen that larger estimation of micropolar parameter improves the angular velocity of the fluid.

Abstract Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a more dangerous form of chronic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the current investigation, the influence of citicoline on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH was examined, both alone and in combination with Lactobacillus (probiotic). NASH was induced by feeding HFD (10% sugar, 10% lard stearin, 2% cholesterol, and 0.5% cholic acid) to rats for 13 weeks and received single i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg) after 4 weeks. Citicoline was given at two dose levels (250 mg and 500 mg, i.p.) at the beginning of the sixth week, and in combination with an oral suspension of Lactobacillus every day for eight weeks until the study’s conclusion. HFD/STZ induced steatohepatitis as shown by histopathological changes, elevated serum liver enzymes, serum hyperlipidemia and hepatic fat accumulation. Moreover, HFD convinced oxidative stress by increased lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) and decreased antioxidant enzymes (GSH and TAC). Upregulation of TLR4/NF-kB and the downstream inflammatory cascade (TNF-α, and IL-6) as well as Pentaraxin, fetuin-B and apoptotic markers (caspase-3 and Bax) were observed. NASH rats also had massive increase in Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., E. coli, Clostridium spp., Providencia spp., Prevotella interrmedia, and P. gingivalis while remarkable drop in Bifidobacteria spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Co-treatment with citicoline alone and with Lactobacillus improve histopathological NASH outcomes and reversed all of these molecular pathological alterations linked to NASH via upregulating the expression of Nrf2/HO-1 and downregulating TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathways. These results suggest that citicoline and lactobacillus may represent new hepatoprotective strategies against NASH progression.

The study of hybrid nanofluids over spinning cylindrical configurations is widely used in numerous engineering and technological applications. Compared to conventional coolants, nanofluids explore superior thermal conductivities and thereby promote outstanding heat transport capabilities. In this study, hybrid nanofluid flow and thermal transmission across a vertical spinning cylinder are examined in the presence of an externally applied transverse magnetic field. The working fluids used are Ag/water nanofluid and Al2O3-Ag/water hybrid nanofluid. The analysis of heat transmission is carried out in the presence of slip and convective conditions, nonlinear thermal radiation, activation energy, and viscous dissipation. Partial differential equations (PDEs) are used to model the physical situation and are subsequently transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Through the use of MATLAB's bvp4c technique for ODEs, graphical and computational results are produced and validated with previously reported studies. The important findings are that the flow field diminishes as the magnetic field parameter and Reynolds number increase. Further, for larger levels of nano particle's fraction and thermal Biot number, the thermal features increase. Moreover, it is noted that the mass diffusion rate is lowered by the system's activation energy.

Several academics have expanded the generalized exponential distribution. The generalized Dinesh–Umesh–Sanjay generalized exponential (GDUS-GE) distribution with three parameters is introduced. The GDUS-GE distribution outperforms the moment exponential distribution in terms of fit. For numerous GDUS-GE distribution characteristics, exact formulations for ordinary moments, incomplete and conditional moments, the moment generating function, and information measures are discovered. The maximum likelihood approach was used to estimate model parameters. A simulated study was used to explore the estimators’ behavior. Two real-world datasets were used to assess the practical significance of the GDUS-GE distribution. In terms of performance, we demonstrate that the GDUS-GE distribution outperforms all other competing models.

This study reveals an incompressible steady Darcy flow of Maxwell nanofluid by a porous disk with the impact of activation energy. The liquid flow is due to a stretchable rotating disk. The heat equation also includes the impact of heat source/sink and radiation for the purpose of heat transportation. The von Karman transformations are utilized to gain the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The solutions are visualised in the form of graphical results using bvp 4c method in Matlab software. The ranges of the associated physical parameters as, 0.0≤β≤0.9, 0.0≤M≤0.9, 0.0≤λ≤1.5, 0.1≤R≤0.9, −0.2≤s≤1.3, 0.3≤Bi≤0.6, 0.0≤γ≤0.15, 0.1≤Nt≤2.0, 0.2≤Nb≤0.8, 0.0≤Rd≤0.3, 0.0≤σ≤1.5, and 0.0≤E≤0.9 are provided for the graphical solutions developed for the problem. The data of Nussetl and Sherwood numbers are presented here with regard to various physical parameters. According to the numerical results, increasing the Deborah number has a trend to decrease the radial curves. Moreover, the temperature distribution is increased considerably for rising the radiation parameter and the higher rate of the rotation parameter shows a weaker concentration trend. To validate the numerical approach, an excellent comparison is established using a tabular description. To sum up, the current study effectively fills a gap in the antecedent literature.

This study examined the impact of foreign direct investment on financial development in selected Arab League countries (Algeria, Comoros, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mauritania, Oman, and Qatar) for the period from 2010 to 2021. The study used one explanatory variable – financial development – and one explained variable – foreign direct investment. To obtain reliable and valid results, panel data were analyzed, and various tests were carried out, including the Chow test, Breusch-Pagan Lagrange multiplier test, Hausman test, Jarque-Bera normality test, Wooldridge test, generalized least squares, and ordinary least squares. The robust model of the study revealed a positive and significant relationship between foreign direct investment and the financial development index, human development index, and interest rate. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between foreign direct investment and the consumer price index and domestic credit to private sector. Based on these findings, the study recommends that Arab League countries' policies and strategies should attract foreign investors to maintain and sustain economic developmental goals for healthy, literate, and wealthy lives.

Plant extracts and essential oils are promising new sources of non-toxic alternatives to chemicals substances. They are used for their antimicrobial properties against plant diseases of fungal origin, against bacterial, and those of virus origin. This study was carried out to study the antifungal activity of Artemisia herba-alba, Foeniculum vulgare and Citrus sinensis essential oils against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Essential oil was extracted by steam distillation. Antifungal activity of essential oil was investigated by macro-broth method of dilution by a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against this pathogen. The yield of essential oil obtained by steam distillation of Foeniculum vulgare samples was 2.31% greater than that obtained from Citrus sinensis sample which was 1.8%, followed by Artemisia herba alba samples 1.22%. Regarding antifungal activity, the results revealed a better inhibitory activity of Artemisia herba alba against the tested strainsat the lowest LC50 values (0.1 µl/ml). On the other hand, Foeniculum vulgare, Artemisia herba alba and Citrus sinensis essential oils show similar MICs of mycelial growth against this pathogen. The value of the MIC and CMF is greater than 50 µl/ml for the three essential oils.

Abstract Background Non-pharmacological exposure or pharmacological drug-induced hepatic injury is the most common cause of hepatotoxicity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against bisphenol-A (BPA)-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Methods Rats (n=56) were randomized into 7 groups (8 rats/each). Control groups: rats received olive oil or Moringa oleifera (400mg/kg) orally for 42 days. Hepatotoxicity groups: rats received BPA (50mg/kg BW) orally in a 1-ml olive oil for 42 days. Reversal groups: rats received Moringa oleifera (200 or 400mg/kg) and BPA (50mg/kg BW) for 42 days. Preventive groups: rats received Moringa oleifera (200 or 400mg/kg) for 30 days followed by BPA (50mg/kg BW) for 14 days. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected for glucose and liver function assay, while the liver tissue samples were collected and homogenated for measuring the inflammatory/oxidant and antioxidant markers. Results Rats with BPA-induced hepatotoxicity have significantly increased serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and glucose; liver lysate malondialdehyde (MDA); tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α); and macrophage migrating inhibitory factor (MIF) but significantly decreased levels of liver lysate reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. The administration of Moringa oleifera (especially 400mg/kg BW) in both reversal and preventive groups ameliorate the toxic effects of BPA in rats, as it decreased the activities of AST, ALT, glucose, MDA, TNF-α, and MIF levels and increased the antioxidant levels of GSH and TAC. Conclusion Moringa oleifera has hepatoprotective effects against BPA-induced liver damage through the regulation of antioxidants and inflammatory biomarkers.

Background: The sciatic nerve (SN) is the widest nerve of the human body that exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, usually below the piriformis muscle (PM), and descends between the greater trochanter of the femur and ischial tuberosity of the pelvis to the knee. The aim of this paper is to examine and identify the SN variations in relation to the PM, its prevalence, pattern, and course. Methods: A prospective-descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the frequency of anatomical variations in the exit of the SN in relation with the PM in 20 anatomical bodies (corpses) of both genders, in equal numbers. Results: The dissection of 40 SNs in corpses of both sexes in equal numbers showed that the SN exited inferior to the PM in 37 lower limbs (92.5%); between the fascicles of the PM and inferior to the PM in two lower limbs (5%); and in one thigh, between the fascicles of the PM and superior to the PM (2.5%). Our study reported that the SN divides in its terminal branches more commonly in the proximal part of the popliteal fossa in 55% of cases, in the gluteal region in 35% of cases, and in the middle third of the thigh in 10% of cases. Conclusions: Anatomical variations of the SN in relation to the PM are challenging for the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in many clinical and surgical cases. Rapid recognition of the SN changes makes surgical approaches more accurate and effective. Our study confirmed that the SN exits the pelvis most commonly below the PM, although some anatomical variations may occur.

Abstract In the sight of the ever-increasing significance of green-based iron nanoparticles especially in wastewater treatment applications is a compelling reason for their use in a waste prevention opportunity, safer environment and benign precursor materials become the vital considerations. Hence, in the current investigation, an efficient co-precipitation technique was applied to prepare highly active chitosan-coated magnetic iron oxide that is applied for wastewater remediation. In the current investigation, chitosan coupled with magnetite nanoparticles namely CS-M was attained by coupling chitosan (CS) with magnetite nanoparticles via simple co-precipitation in different weight proportions and the attained samples labeled as CS-M-(2:1), CS-M-(3:1) and CS-M-(1:2). The structure, morphology and characteristics of the prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic oxidation activity of the prepared samples was investigated to eliminate Basic Blue 9 (BB9) dye from aqueous effluent as simulated textile polluted stream. The experimental data exposed almost BB9 dye emanation. The system parameters revealed the maximal BB9 oxidation (99%) was attained within 2 h of irradiance time. Box–Behnken design factorial design based on response surface methodology was applied to optimize the Fenton’s system (CS-M-(2:1)/H2O2) parameters to maximize the efficiency 2.4 and 767 mg/L of CS-M and H2O2, respectively, at pH 7.0. The experimental data exposed that CS-M-(2:1) is signified as the optimal catalyst mixture. The kinetic data verify the oxidation system follows the second-order reaction kinetic model. Further, thermodynamic variables predicted that the reaction is endothermic and non-spontaneous in nature. Hence, the catalyst could be environmental benign and the evaluation introduces the role of engineers and chemists in a world for a sustainable material use.

Delayed healing associated with distal limb wounds is highly challenging in equine clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate healing rates between chronic non-granulating wounds of horse distal limbs that were treated with maltodextrin/ascorbic acid gel alone or in combination with povidone-iodine 1% solution and those treated with povidone-iodine 1% only throughout the study period (35 days) in clinical settings. The study was conducted on 18 adult horses (3–15 years old). Based on the treatment regimen utilized, the horses were divided into three groups (n = 6), with each group having a similar mean wound area. The percentages of wound contraction, epithelialization, and overall wound healing were determined weekly for each wound. By the end of the study, the total wound healing percentage was significantly increased between the study groups (p < 0.05). The use of maltodextrin/ascorbic acid gel resulted in considerable wound contraction, rapid epithelialization, and complication-free wound healing. Based on the findings of this study, maltodextrin/ascorbic acid gel, independently or in combination with a 1% povidone-iodine solution, might be applied as a safe and effective wound healing promoting agent in horses with chronic non-granulating wounds.

In subarachnoid hemorrhage following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the high intracisternal pressure drives the cerebrospinal fluid into the brain parenchyma, causing cerebral edema. Basal cisternostomy involves opening the basal cisterns to atmospheric pressure and draining cerebrospinal fluid in an attempt to reverse the edema. We describe a case of basal cisternostomy combined with decompressive craniectomy. A 35-year-old man with severe TBI following a road vehicle accident presented with acute subdural hematoma, Glasgow coma scale score of 6, fixed pupils and no corneal response. Opening of the basal cisterns and placement of a temporary cisternal drain led to immediate relaxation of the brain. The patient had a Glasgow coma scale score of 15 on postoperative day 6 and was discharged on day 10. We think basal cisternostomy is a feasible and effective procedure that should be considered in the management of TBI.

A novel three-parameter lifetime model called the Marshall Olkin power Ailamujia (MOPA) distribution is developed. The statistical qualities and reliability characteristics of the proposed model are examined, including moment, generating function, incomplete moments, mean deviation, Bonferroni, and Lorenz curves. The maximum likelihood technique has been used to investigate the estimate of underlying parameters. Finally, two real-world datasets are utilized to show the model’s applicability.

In this study, we investigate the flow of electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid (Ag+Cu/H2O), due to rotating disks, along with thermal slip, heat generation, and viscous dissipation. The nonlinear differential system is modelled and transformed into dimensionless partial differential equations using suitable dimensionless variables. To obtain solutions for the considered model, a finite difference toolkit is implemented, and numerical solutions are achieved. Graphical results are presented to display the influences of different dimensionless variables on flow velocity and temperature. This research contributes to a better understanding of hybrid nanofluid flows and can inform the design of cooling systems and other practical applications.

Objectives: Variations in the morphological anatomy of the median nerve such as formation, distribution, and communication have been well documented. All these variations should be taken into account when practicing any surgical approach for the treatment of injuries affecting the median nerve. Furthermore, they are of the utmost importance for interpretation of the clinical presentation. Methods: The objective of this investigation was to determine the anatomical variations in the formation of the median nerve in cadavers at the Forensic Pathology department in Central Clinical Hospital of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation between January 2022 and April 2022. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective information source study was conducted on 42 anatomical bodies (corpses) and 84 brachial plexuses. Results: After analyzing the results obtained in this investigation, we concluded that the median nerve presented variation in its formation in 22.6% of the investigated cases. These variations were more common in males (81.8%) than females (18.2%). The anatomical variation was unilateral in 7.1% and bilateral in 19% of all anatomical bodies examined. Conclusions: The median nerve presented a great number of variations in its formation in roughly 23% of the anatomical bodies, with male being the predominant gender. Furthermore, the most frequent region of formation was the axillary region (92.9%). For clinicians, it is important to remember these variations during surgical procedures in this area and during brachial plexus block.

Abstract Background Pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) is an uncommon, devastating illness with significant mortality. Liver transplantation remains the mainstay of treatment for irreversible PALF. The purpose of this study was to determine the etiology and prognostic factors associated with outcome of PALF in South Africa and to evaluate prognostic scoring systems used. Methods Records of 45 pediatric patients younger than 16 years of age who presented with PALF from 1 January 2015 till 31 October 2020 were analysed. Patients were divided into two groups with one group consisting of patients with spontaneous recovery of the liver with supportive treatment (6/45:13.3%) and the second group consisting of patients with poor outcomes who demised (19/45: 42%) or underwent liver transplantation (20/45: 44%). Results The median age of presentation was 3.3 years (IQR 1.8–6.9) with the 1–5 years age group constituting majority of patients (55.6%). Median time to follow up was 6.1 months (IQR 0.2–28.8). Higher liver injury unit scores were observed in patients who had poorer outcomes (P = 0.008) with a threshold of greater than 246 having a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 83% (P

In Egypt, Dracaena sanderiana (lucky bamboo) is an ornamental plant imported from several countries. Two weeks after they arrived at the nurseries, anthracnose indications were detected on the shoots of imported D. sanderiana samples. Four Colletotrichum spp. isolates were obtained from the symptomatic lucky bamboo plants. The obtained isolates belonged to the species of C. gloeosporioides or C. dracaenophilum based on their morphological characteristics and molecular biology analyses. Pathogenicity tests reveal that C. dracaenophilum isolate 4 was found to be more pathogenic than the other isolates. The in vitro investigation was conducted with the objectives of evaluating six systemic fungicides for their inhibitory effect against C. dracaenophilum. Data reveal that, thiophanate-methyl and difenoconazole + azoxytrobin at ≥15 ppm completely inhibited the pathogen growth. Tebuconazole and flusllazole inhibited growth completely at ≥20 ppm, whereas iprodione and cyprodinil + fludioxonil had a lower effect (56.6 and 54.4% reduction, respectively) at this dose. The in vivo investigation was conducted with the objectives of evaluating the preventive and curative effects of the most effective fungicides against anthracnose disease. Lucky bamboo plants were treated with fungicide and either inoculated or not with C. dracaenophilum before being left for 25 or 60 days. On both insidiously infected and vaccinated lucky bamboo plants, the combination of difenoconazole, azoxytrobin, and thiophanate-methyl at 20 ppm greatly reduced the development of anthracnose. Tebuconazole and flusllazole were found to be phytotoxic.

Due to the complexity of the protein secretory pathway, strategy suitable for the production of a certain recombination protein cannot be generalized. Here, the authors construct a proteome-constrained genome-scale protein secretory model for yeast and show its application in the production of different misfolded or recombinant proteins.

Emad Ibrahim,1,2 Nancy L Brackett,1,2 Charles M Lynne1,2 1The Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; 2The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USACorrespondence: Emad Ibrahim, The Desai Sethi Urology Institute/The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1611 NW 12th Ave, 2nd floor, Rm 2.147, Miami, FL 33136, USA, Tel +1 305 243 9083, Fax +1 305 243 3913, Email eibrahim@miami.eduAbstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic event with sequelae that are not often apparent. For the spinal cord injured man, the inability to become a biologic father because of reproductive dysfunction becomes a major negative factor in his self-esteem and a hindrance to his social rehabilitation. Approximately, 90% of men with SCI develop ejaculatory dysfunction and only 10% can ejaculate by masturbation or during sexual activity. It is only over the last 40 years that it has been possible to properly study and understand the various factors contributing to the problem. Advances have been made in governmental and societal attitudes that have led to improvements in the treatment and rehabilitation of persons with SCI and other disabilities. It is now possible to retrieve sperm reliably and safely from men with SCI. Although their semen quality is often impaired, there is a very reasonable chance for achieving biologic fatherhood using assisted reproductive techniques. Penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) is a safe, reliable, efficient, and cost-effective, method of sperm retrieval that will produce an ejaculate in up to 86% of the patients with a level of injury T10 or rostral, which accounts for approximately 80% of the SCI population. Some motile sperm will be present in 90% of these ejaculates. In approximately 75% of the ejaculates, there will be greater than 5 million motile sperm, allowing a couple to explore all the options available to a couple seeking help in conceiving a child. The Male Fertility Program of the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis is at the leading edge of basic and clinical research contributing to the management of infertility in men with SCI. This review will outline “how we got there” enabling us to recommend PVS as the first choice in assisting men with SCI to become biologic parents.Keywords: anejaculation, fertility, sperm, conception, reproduction, child

Abstract Background Increasing cultivation of strawberry in Egypt has boosted efforts to increase its yield. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) may avoid side effects and health risks caused by chemical fungicides used to control black root rot disease in strawberry. Some BCAs control the disease and augment strawberry yield, but additional research is needed to fit BCAs into emerging control strategies. The impact of six bacterial isolates of Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus brevis on this disease and on berry yield is reported and compared to a common chemical fungicide. Results The bacterial isolates reduced the growth of the black root rot causal agents Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina, in dual culture bioassays. The greatest fungal inhibition was caused by P. polymyxa isolates 1 and 2 and B. brevis isolate 2. They suppressed the growth of F. solani, R. solani, and M. phaseolina by more than 74, 76, and 79%, respectively. Disease severity and incidence were significantly reduced on naturally infected strawberry plants in the field by the six isolates. The best results were obtained by the superior bioassay isolates which suppressed the disease incidence by 73, 77, and 71%, and its severity by 72, 78, and 70%, respectively. Disease suppression by bacteria was comparable to that by fungicide Actamyl. Bacteria surpassed Actamyl with regard to strawberry yield and enhancement of peroxidase and chitinase activities in the leaves. Conclusions These isolates are potential benign alternatives to fungicides used against black root rot in strawberry in Egypt. More studies are needed to examine their economic use on a wider scale.

Background and Objectives: Neurosurgery has been underrepresented in the medical school curriculum. Advances in augmented reality and 3D printing have opened the way for early practical training through simulations. We assessed the usability of the UpSurgeOn simulation-based training model and report first experiences from a hands-on neurosurgery course for medical students. Materials and Methods: We organized a two-day microneurosurgery simulation course tailored to medical students. On day one, three neurosurgeons demonstrated anatomical explorations with the help of life-like physical simulators (BrainBox, UpSurgeOn). The surgical field was projected onto large high-definition screens by a robotic-assisted exoscope (RoboticScope, BHS Technologies). On day two, the students were equipped with microsurgical instruments to explore the surgical anatomy of the pterional, temporal and endoscopic retrosigmoid approaches. With the help of the RoboticScope, they simulated five clipping procedures using the Aneurysm BrainBox. All medical students filled out a digital Likert-scale-based questionnaire to evaluate their experiences. Results: Sixteen medical students participated in the course. No medical students had previous experience with UpSurgeOn. All participants agreed that the app helped develop anatomical orientation. They unanimously agreed that this model should be part of residency training. Fourteen out of sixteen students felt that the course solidified their decision to pursue neurosurgery. The same fourteen students rated their learning experience as totally positive, and the remaining two rated it as rather positive. Conclusions: The UpSurgeOn educational app and cadaver-free models were perceived as usable and effective tools for the hands-on neuroanatomy and neurosurgery teaching of medical students. Comparative studies may help measure the long-term benefits of UpSurgeOn-assisted teaching over conventional resources.

Metabolically active organelles compete for cytosolic space and resources during metabolism rewiring. Here, the authors develop a computational model of yeast metabolism and resource allocation to predict condition- and compartment-specific proteome constraints that govern metabolic strategies.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal tract disorder characterized by periods of exacerbations and remissions that affect multiple aspects of a pediatric patient's quality of life. The purpose of this study is to describe the health-related quality of life of Saudi pediatric IBD patients and to determine the influencing factors which can affect it. Methods: This is a single center cross-sectional descriptive study, conducted between December 2019 and December 2021. Patients aged between 9 and 16 years diagnosed with IBD were included; IMPACT III quality of life questionnaire was used. Results: Thirty-eight patients participated in the study, 57.9 % being male, with a mean age of 12.48 ± 2.72 years, and 55.3 % of patients were diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD). The most frequent medications were aminosalicylic acids derivatives, followed by immune-modulators and biologics. The IMPACT III quality of life questionnaire has shown lower scores in IBD patients in comparison to healthy control groups. Patients with active disease have lower total and sub-domain scores than patients with inactive disease. We found no correlation between health-related quality of life (HrQOL) and the number of medications used, disease duration, or gender. Conclusions: Pediatric IBD patients have significantly lower HrQOL scores than healthy children. Disease activity was found to be a predictor for poor HrQOL outcome.

BackgroundAnterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is an often performed procedure in spine neurosurgery. These are often performed using an operating microscope (OM) for better illumination and visualization. But its use is limited to the surgeon and the assistant. There is difficulty in maneuvering long surgical instruments due to the limited space available. Exoscope (EX) has been used as an alternative to microscopes and endoscopes. We used an EX in patients undergoing ACDF for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.MethodsA prospective comparative trial was conducted to test the safety and usability of a low-cost EX compared to a conventional surgical binocular OM in ACDF. Twenty-six patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy symptoms were operated by ACDF assisted by the EX and OM between December 2021 and June 2022. The authors collected and compared data on operative time, intraoperative hemorrhage, hospital admission, and complications in the two groups.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in mean operative time, hospital stay, or postoperative complications. The average intraoperative blood loss was significantly more in the OM group. There were no surgical complications related to the use of the EX or OM. The comfort level, preoperative setup and intraoperative adjustment of position and angle of the EX were rated higher than the OM group. The image quality, depth perception, and illumination were rated as inferior to that of the OM. The low-cost EX was rated to be superior to that of the OM with regard to education and training purposes.ConclusionOur study showed that the low-cost EX appears to be a safe and effective alternative for OM-assisted ACDF with great comfort and ergonomics and serves as an essential tool for education and training purposes. However, some limitations of our EX included slightly inferior image quality and illumination when compared with the OM.

Aroylation of m-xylene by phthalic anhydride under Friedel craft’s reaction conditions to afford the corresponding o-aroylbenzoic acid derivative (2), which followed by cyclization reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to produce the correlating benzoxazinone derivative (3), which was utilized as a precursor for the formation of some novel phthalazinone derivatives (4˗6). This transformation was achieved by interactions with thiosemicarbazide, thiocarbohydrazide, and hydrazine monohydrate and/or ammonium acetate under suitable conditions. 4-Substituted-1(2H)- phthalazinone derivative (6), which undergoes N-alkylation using ethyl bromoacetate to produce the phthalazinone acetic acid ethyl ester derivative (7), that followed by the interaction with hydrazine monohydrate to afford the phthalazinone acetic acid hydrazide derivative (8). The latter product was conducted with different aromatic acid compounds in presence of POCl3, to give the correlating oxadiazoles (9,10). The chemical structures of all the synthesized compounds are confirmed using physical and spectral data analyses like FT- IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term clinical efficacy of temporary, Allium round posterior stent (RPS) used for treatment of recurrent bladder neck contracture (BNC). Methods: Records of 42 patients with recurrent BNC who underwent Allium RPS placement after bladder neck incision, between 2009 and 2019, were analyzed. After stent removal, the success criteria for Allium RPS treatment were defined as: no evidence of stricture on urethrogram or endoscopy; more than 12 ml/sec of urinary peak flow; and no recurrent urinary tract infections. Based on clinical success, patients were divided into two groups and compared. Clinical success was evaluated with particular regard to stent indwelling time and contracture etiology. Results: The mean ± standard deviation age, stricture length, and indwelling time were 66.7 ± 9 years, 2.4 ± 1.4 cm, and 7.7 ± 2.2 months, respectively. Median (range) follow-up was 59 (8–73) months. The etiologies of BNC in this cohort were 57.1% retropubic radical prostatectomy; and 42.9% transurethral resection of prostate. Overall clinical success was achieved in 64.3% and the success rates did not differ by etiology. The success rates were 54.2% and 77.8% (P = 0.118) for retropubic radical prostatectomy and transurethral resection of prostate, respectively. Longer indwelling time (8–14 vs 3–7, months) was significantly associated with clinical success (78.3% vs 47.4%, P = 0.040). Conclusion: Our data suggest that better clinical success was associated with longer indwelling time for stent in BNC treatment. In BNC management, Allium RPS treatment may be considered since its clinical efficacy is acceptable and tolerable.

In Egypt, faba bean plants are severely damaged by charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and root-knot, caused by Meloidogyne incognita. The current study was aimed to control these diseases using silver nanoparticles that were biologically synthesized from Moringa oleifera leaf extract. In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared with trisodium citrate as a reducing agent to produce chemo-AgNPs and, using an environ- mentally eco-friendly method, an aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves under visible light radiation to produce bio-AgNPs. The obtained colloidal solutions of AgNPs were identified by UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectral analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses. The antifungal and anti-nematode activities of chemo- and bio-AgNPs as well as an aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves were checked in vitro against M. phaseolina and M. incognita. The obtained results showed that bio-AgNPs were more effective than chemo-AgNPs. Under greenhouse conditions, bio-AgNPs showed a significant reduction in the incidence of damping-off and charcoal rot caused by M. phaseolina. This treatment also reduced the number of juveniles in the soil, the number of galls and the number of egg-masses of M. incognita in comparison to plants treated with nematodes. Moreover, the protein profile using SDS-PAGE was performed for determining the effect of the studied treatments on the expression of some genes compared with untreated plants the alteration in gene expression led to the formation of different proteins and the loss of others. The pro- teins which were formed or lost caused a significant variation in all growth and physiologi- cal parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, proline content and antioxidant enzymes of faba bean plants.

Abstract The minimum dominating set (MDSet) comprises the smallest number of graph nodes, where other graph nodes are connected with at least one MDSet node. The MDSet has been successfully applied to extract proteins that control protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks and to reveal the correlation between structural analysis and biological functions. Although the PPI network contains many MDSets, the identification of multiple MDSets is an NP‐complete problem, and it is difficult to determine the best MDSets, enriched with biological functions. Therefore, the MDSet model needs to be further expanded and validated to find constrained solutions that differ from those generated by the traditional models. Moreover, by identifying the critical set of the network, the set of nodes common to all MDSets can be time‐consuming. Herein, the authors adopted the minimisation of metabolic adjustment (MOMA) algorithm to develop a new framework, called maximisation of interaction adjustment (MOIA). In MOIA, they provide three models; the first one generates two MDSets with a minimum number of shared proteins, the second model generates constrained multiple MDSets (k‐MDSets), and the third model generates user‐defined MDSets, containing the maximum number of essential genes and/or other important genes of the PPI network. In practice, these models significantly reduce the cost of finding the critical set and classifying the graph nodes. Herein, the authors termed the critical set as the k‐critical set, where k is the number of MDSets generated by the proposed model. Then, they defined a new set of proteins called the (k−1)‐critical set, where each node belongs to (k−1) MDSets. This set has been shown to be as important as the k‐critical set and contains many essential genes, transcription factors, and protein kinases as the k‐critical set. The (k−1)‐critical set can be used to extend the search for drug target proteins. Based on the performance of the MOIA models, the authors believe the proposed methods contribute to answering key questions about the MDSets of PPI networks, and their results and analysis can be extended to other network types.

The breakdown of organic waste, through anaerobic digestion, is a temperature dependent process. Attaining the temperature required for this process, under normal conditions, is a challenging task. Hence, the development of an effective heating system is necessary. In this paper, a solar heater's computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, with water as working fluid, is prepared to estimate the temperatures of the absorber plate and that of the water available at the outlet. The validations of the numerical results were done by conducting experimental trials and a fair agreement between them was observed. For the examined solar collector, with outlet temperature of 61°C, the maximum thermal efficiency was estimated as 71%. The effects of operating parameters (like transmissivity coefficient, ambient temperature, wind speed, inlet water temperature and sun's insolation), were explored. It was predicted that 30–60°C tank water temperature can be attained at flow rates of 0.00833, 0.0167, and 0.021 kg/s. The bent-tube Flat Plate Colector (FPC) model, proposed in the present work, increases the residence time of water in the collector. It also increases the outlet temperature. Hence, the developed FPC model may be considered as an alternative solution for growing thermophilic bacteria during the anaerobic digestion in biogas production.

The marine environment is a rich source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the sea cucumber was isolated from the Red Sea at the Al-Ain Al-Sokhna coast and it was identified as surf redfish (Actinopyga mauritiana). The aqueous extract of the surf redfish was utilized as an ecofriendly, novel and sustainable approach to fabricate zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were physico-chemically characterized and evaluated for their possible antibacterial and insecticidal activities. Additionally, their safety in the non-target organism model (Nile tilapia fish) was also investigated. ZnO-NPs were spherical with an average size of 24.69 ± 11.61 nm and had a peak at 350 nm as shown by TEM and UV-Vis, respectively. XRD analysis indicated a crystalline phase of ZnO-NPs with an average size of 21.7 nm. The FTIR pattern showed biological residues from the surf redfish extract, highlighting their potential role in the biosynthesis process. DLS indicated a negative zeta potential (−19.2 mV) of the ZnO-NPs which is a good preliminary indicator for their stability. ZnO-NPs showed larvicidal activity against mosquito Culex pipiens (LC50 = 15.412 ppm and LC90 = 52.745 ppm) and a potent adulticidal effect to the housefly Musca domestica (LD50 = 21.132 ppm and LD90 = 84.930 ppm). Tested concentrations of ZnO-NPs showed strong activity against the 3rd larval instar. Topical assays revealed dose-dependent adulticidal activity against M. domestica after 24 h of treatment with ZnO-NPs. ZnO-NPs presented a wide antibacterial activity against two fish-pathogen bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila. Histopathological and hematological investigations of the non-target organism, Nile tilapia fish exposed to 75–600 ppm ZnO-NPs provide dose-dependent impacts. Overall, data highlighted the potential applications of surf redfish-mediated ZnO-NPs as an effective and safe way to control mosquitoes, houseflies and fish pathogenic bacteria.