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Background: Accidental or unintentional poisoning in young children (under the age of 5 years) is a common health related problem all over the world. The data resources by the World Health Organization stated unintentional poisoning is the third leading cause of death caused by unintentional injuries. Thus, this study aimed to assess how the hospital outpatient visitors deal with home medication in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and to explore the relationship between how they deal with the home medications and gender. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Jazan. The study was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire via Google Form. Results: About 404 participants were enrolled in the current study. Almost 203 (50.2%) were males. Most of them were in the age group of 26-35 years (35.9%), were bachelor's degree holders (50.5%) and married (76%). Around 365 (90.3%) participants kept medicines at any location inside their home. Of them, 149 (36.9%) kept medicines in the cabinet or safe locker. Majority (70.3%) of the participants ensured that medicines were placed out of the reach of children. The most common types of medicines stored at home were analgesics (70%) followed by cough cold and congestion medicines (55.9%). The height at which medicines were stored was equal to the adult height as stated by 236 (58.4%) participants. About 58 (14.4%) participants had previously witnessed incidents where children accidentally put medicines in their mouths. Only 63 (15.6%) participants had previously attended awareness session about the safe storage of medicines at home, while 295 (73%) participants were willing to attend a training session about the safe storage of medicines at home. Further, females tended to ensure that medicines were placed out of the reach of children more than males (P value = 0.026). Conclusion: Good level of knowledge and awareness about safe storage of medicines at home was found. The most frequently reported storage sites for medicines were found to be fridge and bedrooms. Few knowledge gaps were noted regarding the correct procedures adopted in a confirmed or suspicious case of medicine ingestion by children. Keywords: Awareness, family, medications safety, Sabya, Jazan

Four simple, precise, accurate and validated spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of ofloxacin (OFL) and bromfenac sodium (BROM). Firstly, first and second derivative spectrophotometric methods (

The Nile River is the soul of Egypt, providing more than 95% of its freshwater demand. However, it receives different pollutants discharged into the water body along its stretch from Aswan (downstream of the High Dam) to Cairo, which is approximately 950 km. Alternatively, sediments play an important role in the dynamics of the entire aquatic environment and act as a sink or a source of pollution in the overlying water under various conditions. This study assessed sediment quality and its heavy metal levels. Several indices and human health risks were determined to assess the potential ecological risk of the Nile River sediment. On the basis of the index results, Cd registered the highest pollution ranking, whereas Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Ni had the lowest effect. In another context, southern sites represented the lowest ecological risk relative to the central and northern sectors. The results of the noncarcinogenic hazard indices, hazard quotient, and hazard index in addition to the lifetime cancer risk were below the acceptable international limits, confirming that there are no adverse effects on the exposed population due to the Nile sediment.

Background: Atrial-fibrillation is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia and a significant public health issue. Recently,radiofrequency current ablation and cryoballoon ablation are frequently used for rhythm control in symptomatic paroxysmal AF patients who are resistant to anti-arrhythmic drugs or even as a firstline rhythm control strategy. Several studies have demonstrated an increase in heart rate and a decrease in heart rate variability after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation due to vagal denervation. Aim of the work: to Assess the incidence and the value of postAF ablation cardiac autonomic dysfunction after Pulmonary vein isolation using radiofrequency and cryoballoon ablation techniques. Patients and Methods: This study enrolled 40 patients who underwent paroxysmal AF ablation at Ain Shams University hospitals. Patients were randomized into 2 groups, Radiofrequency ablation guided by 3D mapping (RF group; n=20) and Cryoballoon ablation using 2nd generation balloons (CB group; n=20). Valid 24-hour Holter for heart rate variability analysis was done for each patient pre ablation, after 1 month, after 3 months and after 12 months. Statistical comparison between both groups regarding HRV changes and clinical outcome was done. Results: The efficacy data in the form of freedom from AF at one year using radiofrequency technique was slightly higher than cryoballoon technique (75% Vs 65% respectively). However, this difference wasn’t statistically significant (P-value 0.490). During the 3-point follow up of HRV parameters (month-1, month-3 and month-12), changes in time domain and frequency domain parameters persisted for 12 months after both techniques, being more pronounced in RF group than CB group. The change in HRV parameters was in favour of vagal withdrawal and sympathetic dominance (there was a Significant decrease in SDNN, rMSSD and triangular index, on the other hand there was a significant increase in LF/HF).Conclusion: Cardiac autonomic dysfunction _assessed by Changes in time domain and frequency domain heart rate variability parameters_ persisted for 12 months after both techniques, being more pronounced in radiofrequency group than cryoballoon group.

Direct discharge of treated effluent containing pharmaceuticals compounds (PCs) to natural water bodies raised concern regarding the effect of these persistent (escaped) compounds on the aquatic ecosystem. The presence of these PCs in the receiving environment causes disturbance of aquatic flora and fauna and risk to human health. Our study was concerned about removal efficiency of the removal comparing to Egyptian guidelines. Conventionally treated methods as physical, chemical, biological and reverse osmosis technologies were tested. The effectiveness of this system was verified by observing the effluent content such as microbial load during an operation period and total element content by ICP-MS. A result of adjusting pH and start mixing with sewage waste water showed the values for different item were decreased by 81%, 89 %, 63%, 52%, 44%, 95%, and 44 % for BOD, COD, TSS, oil and grease, TP, TPH and H2S, respectively. The results showed the optimum removing for contamination between (16 hours to 36 hour) from start treatment, and the optimum pH ranged from 7 to 8 in case for biological treatment of pharmaceutical waste water and TDS decreased by 69 % by RO system.

Lithium is registered as a serious pollutant that causes environmental damage to an irrigation water supply. Freshwater green alga (Oocystis solitaria) was studied for its potential to remove lithium ions from aqueous solutions. The Plackett-Burman design was applied for initial screening of six factors for their significances for the removal of lithium from aqueous solutions using Oocystis solitaria cells. Among the variables screened, pH, lithium concentration, and temperature were the most significant factors affecting lithium removal. Hence, the levels of these significant variables were further investigated for their interaction effects on lithium removal using the Box-Behnken statistical design. The optimum conditions for maximum lithium removal from aqueous solutions by Oocystis solitaria were the initial lithium concentration of 200 mg/L, contact time of 60 min, temperature of 30 °C, pH 5, and biomass of Oocystis solitaria cells of 1 g/L with agitation condition. Under the optimized conditions, the percentage of maximum lithium removal was 99.95% which is larger than the percentage of lithium removal recorded before applying the Plackett-Burman design (40.07%) by 2.49 times. The different properties of Oocystis solitaria, as an adsorbent, were explored with SEM and via FTIR analysis. The spectrum of FTIR analysis for samples of Oocystis solitaria cells before lithium biosorption showed different absorption peaks at 3394 cm-1, 2068 cm-1, 1638 cm-1, 1398 cm-1, 1071 cm-1, and 649 cm-1 which has been shifted to 3446 cm-1, 2924 cm-1, 1638 cm-1, 1384 cm-1, 1032 cm-1, and 613 cm-1, respectively, after lithium biosorption by the alga. The treatment of aqueous solution containing lithium with Oocystis solitaria cells immobilized in alginate beads removed 98.71% of lithium at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L after 5 h. Therefore, Oocystis solitaria may be considered as an alternative for sorption and removal of lithium ions from wastewaters.

This study investigates the effect of palladium (Pd) form on the electrochemical degradation of chlorobenzene in groundwater by palladium-catalyzed electro-Fenton (EF) reaction. In batch and flow-through column reactors, EF was initiated via in-situ electrochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) supported by palladium on alumina powder or by palladized polyacrylic acid (PAA) in a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Pd-PVDF/PAA). In a mixed batch reactor containing10 mg L(−1) Fe(2+), 2 g L(−1) of catalyst in powder form (1% Pd, 20 mg L(−1) of Pd) and an initial pH of 3, chlorobenzene was degraded under 120 mA current following a first-order decay rate showing 96% removal within 60 min. Under the same conditions, a rotating Pd-PVDF/PAA disk produced 88% of chlorobenzene degradation. In the column experiment with automatic pH adjustment, 71% of chlorobenzene was removed within 120 min with 10 mg L(−1) Fe(2+), and 2 g L(−1) catalyst in pellet form (0.5% Pd, 10 mg L(−1) of Pd) under 60 mA. The EF reaction can be achieved under flow, without external pH adjustment and H(2)O(2) addition, and can be applied for in-situ groundwater treatment. Furthermore, the rotating PVDF-PAA membrane with immobilized Pd-catalyst showed an effective and low maintenance option for employing Pd catalyst for water treatment.

Biological degradation of pharmaceutical wastewater followed by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane technology was investigated. The Membrane separation of Dextromethorphan was performed in a continuous mode operation. Synthetic wastewater was prepared by addition of desired amounts of Dextromethorphan to deionized water. Experiments were performed at room temperature and the pH correction. The effective operational parameters included pH correction; contact times, Dextromethorphan concentration and RO were studied consecutively.The effect of mixing various techniques by chemical, biological treatment (aerobic and anaerobic) and physical processes had good opportunity to get more removal%. The final step was reverse osmosis membrane to remove all suspended and dissolved solids. The efficiency of full treatment plant was 20.9%, 99.9%, 99.5% and 93.9% for pH, COD, TSS and TDS respectively. The produced water could be reused and recycled.

Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of spearmint oil revealed that the oil of this species has 13 different derivatives. The untreated control plants expressed all of them except phellandrene, which present in the bioagents treatment; the later showed the absence oflimonene and menthone. The least concentration value was noticed with caryophellene (1.072 %). Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of peppermint oil expressed different 13 derivatives. s-purine was detected in this species but not in spearmint one. Menthol showed the highest concentrations were 10.333 and 10.255 respectively. The least values were recorded with Limonene (1.804 and 0.325 %) for the control and bioagent treated plants respectively.

Surface water and ground water are the basic resources of drinking water insuburban area. Three kinds of waters and were monitored to differentiate its suitability for drinking waters through different technologies used to treat. For three waters characterized results, biological indicators were moderate loads. While, chemical analyses were recorded different water quality indices (WQI). All of the collected samples showed significant improvements in total solids. The only sample that showed slight increases in total solids was the raw water from the surface compared to the other two groundwater resources. In case of system operating with only chlorination for groundwater, increased dosing loads resulted in a bad taste that required GAC filtration units after. In a GAC/RO system operating in water conditions (

Cadmium is a global heavy metal pollutant. Marine green algae were used as efficient, low cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for cadmium ions removal from aqueous solutions. Plackett-Burman design was applied to determine the most significant factors for maximum cadmium removal from aqueous solutions using dry Ulva fasciata biomass. The most significant factors affecting cadmium removal process were further optimized by the face centered central composite design. The results indicated that 4 g of dry Ulva fasciata biomass was found to successfully remove 99.96% of cadmium from aqueous solution under the conditions of 200 mg/L of initial cadmium concentration at pH 5, 25 °C for 60 min of contact time with static condition. Dry Ulva fasciata biomass samples before and after cadmium biosorption were analyzed using SEM, EDS and FTIR. Furthermore, the immobilized biomass in sodium alginate-beads removed 99.98% of cadmium from aqueous solution at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L after 4 h which is significantly higher than that for control using sodium alginate beads without incorporation of the algal biomass (98.19%). Dry biomass of Ulva fasciata was proven to be cost-effective and efficient to eliminate heavy metals especially cadmium from aquatic effluents and the process is feasible, reliable and eco-friendly.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is infested by cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) which occurs mainly on the growing tips of vines, sucking nutrients from the plant resulting in distortion, leaf curling, and yield loss. Horticultural plastic films with modified light regimes were selected to control aphid in the greenhouses for the production of cucumber. The covers have specific UV radiation diffusion properties. Two cucumber cultivars (Aseel and Safa 62) were planted during two spring seasons (2014 and 2015) with two new cladding materials (UV transmitting cover (UVT) and UV opaque cover (UVO)) compared to Egyptian (Local) and British (STD) materials as controls. Cotton aphid infestations were examined weekly during both seasons. There were no significant differences in relative humidity and light intensity throughout both seasons between the new design and the control cover materials. In contrast, there were significant differences in temperature for all three months and the UVO had the lowest air temperature compared to other cover types during both seasons. At the beginning of experiments, the numbers of aphids on leaves in UVT and UVO were significantly lower than the controls. Chemical analyses of cucumber leaves associated with manipulation of UV showed that total phenolics levels were lower under new materials compared to the control. Chlorophyll and phosphorus content were significantly lower the Aseel compared to the Safa 62 cultivar. At the end of experiments, the type of cover had a significant effect on the number of fruits/m2, early yield/m2 and total yield/m2 for both seasons and the UVO and UVT were superior in this respect for the Safa 62 cultivar. Compared to Local, the total yield/m2 of the Safa 62 cultivar was found to be increased by 13%, 21%, and 25% for STD, UVT and UVO covers, respectively. These results suggest that the new greenhouses plastic covering materials can be used safely in semi-arid climates and have a great influence on the productivity of both cucumber cultivars via controlling UV radiation and aphid infestation.

Background: The recently developed 128 row multidetector CT had made a revolution in coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) patency evaluation due to high temporal and spatial resolution beside it is being non invasive. Subjects and Methods: 50 patients were enrolled for ECG gated CT of coronary arteries bypass grafts between January 2015 and May 2017. Patients underwent conventional coronary angiography within 2 weeks of MDCT exam. Administration of beta blocker and nitroglycerin was done prior to CT exam. Breath hold training was mandatory. Results: 46 grafts were arterial and 74 were venous. 36 of the arterial grafts (78.2 %) were patent, 6 (13 %) were significantly narrowed and 4 (8.8 %) were completely occluded. Regarding venous grafts, 52 (70.2 %) of them were patent, 14 (19 %) were significantly narrowed and 8 (10.8 %) were completely occluded. CT angiography compared to the conventional angiography as a gold standard technique gave us a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of about 98% and an accuracy of about 93.6% in the assessment of any type of coronary artery grafts. Conclusion: MDCT is considered the imaging modality of choice at the current days to evaluate the patency and stenosis of coronary artery bypass grafts than the conventional coronary angiography due to its multiple drawbacks. Keywords: MDCT, global left ventricular function, Coronary Artery Disease

Purpose: Is to compare the role of 128 MDCT in quantitative evaluation of left ventricle function in patients with coronary artery disease compared to 2D echocardiography. Patients and methods: Fifty patients with suspected coronary artery disease underwent contrast enhanced MDCT using retrospective gating without dose modulation. Ten phases of cardiac cycle were processed to assess end-systolic and end-diastolic phase at LV short-axis view. 2DSE was performed in the same day. LVSV, LVDV, LFEF, LVSV were calculated using the Simpson's method in MDCT and modified Simpson's method in echocardiography. Results: LVSV, LVDV, LVSV, LFEF were 74.30 ± 24.92, 185.46 ± 56.25, 84.15 ± 33.16, 48.88 ± 13.32 respectively on MSCT and 71.43 ± 21.93, 182.31 ± 56.49, 81.74 ± 32.88, 47.82 ± 13.64 respectively on echocardiography with excellent correlation between the modalities (P

Fungal plant diseases are one of the major concerns to agricultural Verticilliumwhich cause wilt disease ofmint, attack most of the economically important crop plants resulting in loss of billions of dollars. Application of Trichoderma harzianum to the infested soil, at the same time, didn't affect plant height; 30 days after transplanting except with Fusarium oxysporum which resulted significantly higher plants, however after 60 days from planting, total mint plants were higher than control. The most effect was noticed with spearmint plants treated with Verticillium dahlia followed by Fusarium oxysporum.Trichodermahamatumincreased plant height compared withcontrol in most cases of soil infestation, after 30 days fromplanting. The same effect was noticed after 60 days and the bestin both mint species.

The conventional drinking water treatment plant is depending on coagulation as the main step. In semiarid countries, Quality of produced sludge is major challenges in terms of assessing its optimal operation and performance due to temperature and inappropriate technologies. We study the removal efficiencies of the different designed clarifiers fed with same water comparing to WHO environmental guidelines. According to the analysis of water produced from different clarifiers in El-Asher Water Treatment Plant, the water quality of one clarifier was better than other one. While, nitrate and total phosphate were recorded higher values according to low formation rate of sludge. Improper coagulant dosage is another probable cause production of high aluminum content sludge especially if the coagulant is not dosed optimally. This is depending on the clarifier design and operation and maintenance problems.

A common treatment strategy for iron and manganese control in drinking water includes oxidation of dissolved iron and manganese followed by separation of oxidized particles from water by reverse osmosis technology. The samples are analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. Further the correlation studies among the heavy metals of water were estimated. The results were compared with drinking water standards of World Health Organization. The analytical data of pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) showed that all samples of ground water are suitable as drinking water according to the World Health Organization standards (WHO 2011). Nevertheless, Fe and Mn were noted higher than the WHO allowable limits, what would be ascribed to erosion and leaching of soil and rocks. The total removal% of TDS resulted from three compact RO units were 42.0%, 46.8% and 63.1%, respectively. In addition, our results showed that the change in ground water quality did not an influence on the quality and safety of produced water, and our study identified that Fe and Mn removal filters could play an important role in the pretreatment and quality development of final products.

Understanding the impacts of seasonal variations on fate and distribution of natural and introduced microbes are important for proper public health, risk assessment and water management of Lake Burullus, Egypt (LB) as water receiving body. The effects of mixing processes on microbial loads in Lake and discharged aquacultural wastewater (AQ) and agricultural drainages (AG) were assessed. Microbiological examinations of discharged waters in this study revealed that total bacterial count (TBC), and total coliform count (TCC) were significantly high at P ≤ 0.05 in aquacultural wastewater than both LB and AG. Total fecal coliform count (TFC) and total fecal streptococcus (TFS) were determined and showed that AG has significantly high at P ≤ 0.05 comparing to both LB and AQ. No seasonal differences in-between all indictors values of LB, while AG wastewater values were mostly higher than both AQ and LB water samples with declining attitude between sampling points. In case of TBC, TCC and TFC, the microbial loads of lake water were highly affected by receiving water but in case of TSF, the water shows no affects. Contrary, for discharged waters, both show reduction in count that is meaning of dilution processes. As excessive discharge of raw wastewater may present a risk related to high increased rate of TBC and TCC in lake water annually by 27.8 and 33.0% at 500 m points, respectively.

The crude oil drilling and extraction operations are aimed to maximize the production may be counterbalanced by the huge production of contaminated produced water (PW). PW is conventionally treated through different physical, chemical, and biological technologies. The efficiency of suggested hybrid electrobiochemical (EBC) methods for the simultaneous removal of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and sulfate from PW generated by petroleum industry is studied. Also, the factors that affect the stability of PW quality are investigated. The results indicated that the effect of biological treatment is very important to keep control of the electrochemical by-products and more TPH removal in the EBC system. The maximum TPH and sulfate removal efficiency was achieved 75% and 25.3%, respectively when the detention time was about 5.1min and the energy consumption was 32.6mA/cm(2). However, a slight increasing in total bacterial count was observed when the EBC compact unit worked at a flow rate of average 20L/h. Pseudo steady state was achieved after 30min of current application in the solution. Also, the results of the study indicate that when the current intensity was increased above optimum level, no significant results occurred due to the release of gases.

In this study, many findings were observed by monitoring seasonal variations of physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of raw water of seven main canals used by Water Purification Plants in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate; those findings elucidated the quality of these resources and how would they become affected by pollutants especially during winter season and low demand period of Nile River. This study discussed nitrification process occurrence and how would this process and those characteristics affect each other. These seasonal changes during winter season are affecting and altering physicochemical and microbiological parameters of raw water in a bad way causing many problems especially in drinking water purification plants located on Nile River and main canals. Identification of ammonia oxidation and degradation responsible bacteria revealed that Nitrosomonas europaea and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were involved in ammonia removal and nitrification process.

Groundwater is one of the most important sources of fresh water in Egypt with specific reference to cities located away from the Nile River such as in Sadat city where groundwater constitutes the main source for drinking water. The present study pertains to the evaluation of the physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater in and around an industrial zones located in a semi-arid region wherein the people of the terrain are entirely dependent on the groundwater for their needs. The data obtained shows that the average concentration of 0.0018 for of NO3-, 0.028 for Cu, 0.013 for Pb, 0.0019 for Cd, 0.15 for Zn and non-detected for Cr6+ in groundwater wells and pipelines during the period of 2006 to 2008. These results revealed that although the levels of nitrite, lead and cadmium of most samples in the groundwater and pipelines undergoes the Egyptian limits but it sometimes exceeds more than the limits of WHO health-based guideline for drinking water by double to three fold.

Lead (Pb2+) is among the most toxic heavy metals even in low concentration and cause toxicity to human’s health and other forms of life. It is released into the environment through different industrial activities. The biosorption of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by biomass of commonly available, marine alga Gelidium amansii was studied. The effects of different variables on Pb2+ removal were estimated by a two-level Plackett–Burman factorial design to determine the most significant variables affecting Pb2+ removal % from aqueous solutions. Initial pH, Pb2+ concentration and temperature were the most significant factors affecting Pb2+ removal chosen for further optimization using rotatable central composite design. The maximum removal percentage (100%) of Pb2+ from aqueous solution by Gelidium amansii biomass was found under the optimum conditions: initial Pb2+ concentration of 200 mg/L, temperature 45 °C, pH 4.5, Gelidium amansii biomass of 1 g/L and contact time of 60 minutes at static condition. FTIR analysis of algal biomass revealed the presence of carbonyl, methylene, phosphate, carbonate and phenolic groups, which are involved in the Pb2+ ions biosorption process. SEM analysis demonstrates the ability of Gelidium amansii biomass to adsorb and removes Pb2+ from aqueous solution. EDS analysis shows the additional optical absorption peak corresponding to the Pb2+ which confirms the involvement of Gelidium amansii biomass in the adsorption of Pb2+ ions from aqueous solution. Immobilized Gelidium amansii biomass was effective in Pb2+ removal (100%) from aqueous solution at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L for 3 h. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the red marine alga Gelidium amansii biomass is a promising, efficient, ecofriendly, cost-effective and biodegradable biosorbent for the removal of Pb2+ from the environment and wastewater effluents.

This review reports the literature survey of 1,2,4-triazepines. The investigated heterocycles are monocyclic and fused 1,2,4-triazepines. The different sections cover theoretical calculations of conformations and tautomerism, and synthesis and reactions of monocyclic and fused heterocycles incorporating 1,2,4-triazepines. The biological evaluation of the target compounds and related compounds is described, as well as the synthetic applications. The reaction mechanisms are discussed. The bibliography includes 152 references.

This review highlighted the methods used for the synthesis of different heterocyclic compounds derived from 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile. The reactivity and their synthetic importance were investigated. In this context, recent progress in the synthesis and use of 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile as precursors for heterocyclic compounds is reviewed.

Review: theoretical calculations of conformations and tautomerism, syntheses, reactions and biological activities; 152 refs.

The Nile is the main source of drinking water in Egypt. Alexandria water Company (AWCO) depends on the surface water only as canals fed by the Nile River. AWCO has 8 water treatment plants (WTP), 6 of which are located on Mahmoudia canal. AWCO has a monthly comprehensive program to survey canals supplying water to Alexandria water treatment plants (WTP), where all parameters of Mahmoudia canal and drain discharges are measured. This study was carried out during the period from March 2008 to Jan. 2010 and the program is still implemented until now. AWCO regularly monitors the water quality in the canals in the Rosetta branch of the Nile, all the way up to the Delta Barrage near Cairo. The water quality in Mahmoudia canal is stable at a manageable level. The raw water of WTPs has faced serious problems that are affected by the increasing free ammonia and nitrite in winter season. Many corrective steps (hourly free ammonia detection, break point of chlorination and prefiltration powdered activated carbon installation) were taken to overcome these problems. The main objective of this study was to identify long term feasible solutions for the drinking water quality problems on the basis of physical and chemical water parameters. The which are corrective actions had reduced the free ammonia values by more than 75% for WTPs distributed drinking water all over the years.

The study aims to identify the importance of statistical analysis, and the concern of the students of higher education with it. Moreover how far they apply it in their scientific research. The Descriptive Analysis method was used, beside a Questionnaire to collect data . The subjects of the study were the students of higher education in different Educational Faculties. 80 students were randomly chosen from, Sudan University, Khartoum university, and Omdurman Islamic university. SPSS program was used for analysis. Person, Spearman and Brown Correlation-Coefficient was used to measure the reliability and validity. For tests the mathematical medium, the arithmetic mean, and the standard deviation were used. The study reported that The students of higher education benefit a lot from the statistical analysis in their studies and in practical life ,The Statistic subject develop the mathematical skills in students, and therefore they can solve problems. suggested recommendation to all professors, students of higher education and statisticians.

This study was carried out to evaluate an existing treatment technology for wastewater treatment unit from a paint production factory. Biological aerated filter is a good technique for reducing land used in the purpose of wastewater treatment. Influent discharged from this factory ranged between 50–120 m 3 /day with an average of 70 m 3 /day. This unit composed of primary and secondary sedimentation tanks, gravel filter and finally sand anthracite (3:1 by volume) filter. Aeration units and two submersible pumps were equipped for aerobic treatment and sediments removal. The unit influent was characterized by average values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) and total suspended solids (TSS) were 1711±795, 748±180 and 3821±1621 mg/l, respectively. Primary sedimentation of the wastewater for six hours reduced the COD, BOD, and TSS by 43, 26, and 76%, respectively. The treated wastewater characteristics are in compliance with the Egyptian law which regulates the discharge of industrial wastewater to the sewerage system. The results from each treatment process proved to be efficient for the treatment of such wastewater. Keywords: Paints wastewater treatment, Biological aerated filter and water quality

This review highlighted the methods used for the synthesis of different heterocyclic compounds derived from 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile. The reactivity and their synthetic importance were investigated. In this context, recent progress in the synthesis and use of 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile as precursors for heterocyclic compounds is reviewed.

Psychrotrophic bacteria have been recognized as a recurring problem in refrigerated storage and distribution of perishable food products. This study was performed to isolate, characterize and evaluate the prevalence of Pseudomonas spp. in pasteurized milk. Thirty five (35) pasteurized milk samples were collected aseptically from different dairy shops, supermarkets and groceries in different areas in Sadat City, Menuofiya Governorate, Egypt and analyzed for total viable count and Pseudomonas spp. occurrence and explain their proteolytic and lipolytic activities. The results showed thatPseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the predominant from the Pseudomonasspp. followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens. The total viable count was (3.50 ± 0.085)´ 104 cfu/ml. Out of 10 Pseudomonas spp. isolates that were examined for proteolytic and lipolytic activities; two isolates had proteolytic activity, while three had lipolytic activity and five isolates had both. Key words: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, proteolytic, lipolytic activities.

This study sheds lights on the image of Jerusalem in Mahmoud Darwish’s Poetry from a stylistic perspective in two sections: the first concentrates on “ history and identity” phenomenon which has its deep roots in the Palestinian history and geography. This formed the National identity and the cultural being for the Palestinian as a response to the enemy’s attempts to confiscate the identity of the Palestinian Place. The second section reveals “occupation and resistence” the tragic Palestinian life represented in the occupation’s cruelty and displacement of a whole nation. However , this will not prevent the Palestinian from clinging to his right in defending his land and his Jerusalem since defending them is an obvious manifestation guarding of his memory and human existence.