Search

Abstract Jordan's energy sector faces significant challenges due to rising fuel prices, making the exploration of local energy resources crucial. The abundant oil shale deposits in Wadi Thamad present a promising opportunity. Since Wadi Thamad oil shale has never been studied before, this research focuses on the Wadi Thamad basin near Madaba, Jordan, aiming to comprehensively characterize its oil shale using advanced analytical techniques. Using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry, this study assesses the mineralogical, chemical, and thermal properties of Wadi Thamad oil shale. The findings reveal calcite and quartz as the primary minerals, with significant aliphatic, CO2, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups. Elemental analysis highlights essential oxides, such as CaO and SiO2. Fischer assay results indicate an oil content of 5.3–10.1 wt%, a gross‐calorific value of 4.56–7.69 MJ/kg, and a sulfur content of 1.77–2.10 wt%. The peak pyrolysis temperature is 432.4°C from TGA. This research's novelty lies in its comprehensive approach to characterizing the underexplored Wadi Thamad oil shale basin. The findings enhance the understanding of Wadi Thamad's geological composition and underscore its potential as a local energy resource, contributing valuable data to Jordan's energy portfolio and offering economic benefits.

Background: Vigna unguiculata, belonging to the Fabaceae family, commonly known as cowpea is an important edible legume, distributed mainly across the African and Asian countries. Traditionally, the plant has an outstanding background for the management of multiple diseases, animal feeding and human consumption. Objective: This review aims to mainly focus on the traditional applications, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry as well as nutritious composition of the V. unguiculata. Methods: Data present in the literature on the V. unguiculata, were collected from major scientific databases including Science Direct, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, Medline Plus, Web of Science, PubMed and Elsevier. Results: Number of compounds have been isolated including flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins, fatty acids, tannins, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, carotenoids and fibers from various parts of plant. These compounds exhibit widespread pharmacological potentials both in-vitro and in-vivo including anthelmintic, antibacterial, antinociceptive, thrombolytic, antidiabetic, hypocholestrolemic and antiatherogenic effect, antimicrobial, anti-sickling, antioxidant, anti-covid activity, anticancer and neurobehavioral activities. These compounds have strong pharmacological background and might be responsible for the traditional uses of this plant that are not investigated. Conclusion: It is concluded that V. unguiculata possessed strong pharmacological, nutritious and phytochemical potential, therefore, it is strongly recommended for additional comprehensive investigations in order to determine its clinical utility.

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer nanoparticles are efficient drug delivery vectors with potential clinical applications in nanomedicine. However, PAMAMs can compromise heart function, and strategies to mitigate cardiotoxicity would be beneficial. In this study, we investigated whether the adjunct use of three key cardioprotective agents could prevent the cardiac injury induced by a seventh-generation cationic PAMAM dendrimer (G7). Isolated rat hearts were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in the presence or absence of G7 or the cardioprotective agents Losartan, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), or S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). I/R injury significantly compromised cardiac function, in terms of left ventricular hemodynamics, contractility, and vascular dynamics, which were markedly improved (p

Over the past decade, safeguarding marine life and aquatic ecosystems against deleterious dye pollutants has emerged as a paramount concern. Methylene blue dye stands out as one such pollutant capable of inflicting irreversible damage to marine ecosystems even at minute concentrations. Addressing this pressing issue, we synthesized a novel CoMnFe2O4/graphene oxide nanocomposite employing a microwave-ultrasonic method. This composite, comprising soft superparamagnetic CoMnFe2O4 hollow microstructures integrated onto graphene oxide surfaces, revealed a mesoporous structure with a notably high surface area, which was about 96.4654 m2.g−1. Various analytical techniques were employed to scrutinize the crystal structure, functional groups, surface chemical composition, and morphologies of the synthesized CoMnFe2O4/graphene oxide nanocomposite (X-ray diffraction, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy). The CoMnFe2O4 crystal phase appears to be cubic in the X-ray diffraction with a 28.91 nm Avg. crystallite size. The measured band gap energies for the CoMnFe2O4, graphene oxide, and CoMnFe2O4/graphene oxide nanocomposite are 2.23 eV, 2.90 eV, and 1.89 eV, respectively. Remarkably, under visible light irradiation, the nanocomposite exhibited an impressive degradation efficiency of 97.54 % within just fifty minutes (at pH = 7, Methylene blue conc. = 15 mg/L, and catalyst dose = 0.05 g.), attributed to a photo degradation rate constant (k value) reaching 0.07330 min−1. Notably, this efficiency nearly doubled with the introduction of H2O2 peroxide. The outstanding recyclability of the CoMnFe2O4/graphene oxide nanocomposite, sustaining optimal performance over four cycles without significant degradation, underscores its potential for long-term environmental remediation efforts. Moreover, its magnetic extractability from contaminated solutions enhances its suitability for advanced environmental applications.

Aim: Despite the increasing popularity of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in recent years, its efficacy in treating T4 colon cancer remains a subject of ongoing debate. This study aimed to assess the perioperative and oncological outcomes of MIS for T4 colon cancer in comparison with open surgery (OP). Method: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis on 181 consecutive patients who underwent a T4 colon cancer resection through either MIS or OP between December 2014 and September 2021. Converted patients were evaluated in the MIS group according to the intention-to-treat principle. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed based on age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and the T-stage subgroup (T4a and T4b) to control for potentially confounding factors. Demographics short-term and long-term oncological outcomes were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Results: Post-PSM resulted in 49 patients in each group. Both groups were comparable in terms of patient demographics, clinical stage at diagnosis, and postoperative morbidity. The median operative time was longer in the MIS group (167 vs. 132 minutes, p

The periparturient period is defined as the period immediately preceding and following parturition. Dairy animals encounter obstacles during this period. The goal of the study was to identify the various physiological stressors that ewes encounter during this time and the kind of special care that should be offered to them in order to deal with this problem. Thirty fat-tailed ewes were used in this research. All animals were examined clinically and ultrasonography. Blood samples were taken firstly during the diestrus stage (group 1), then during late gestation (group 2), and finally during postpartum (Group 3). Haematological and biochemical parameters were assessed. The results revealed a significant decrease in RBCs count, haemoglobin concentrations, and hematocrite % during the periparturient phase compared to the diestrus phase. WBCs count exhibited a significant increase during the periparturient period. The metabolic profile involves total protein and albumin, which decreased significantly during the periparturient period compared to the diestrus phase, while urea concentration showed the opposite trend. Total cholesterol and triglycerides showed a significant increase over the periparturient phase. Mineral investigations indicate that ferritin and calcium concentrations decreased significantly throughout the periparturient period compared to the diestrus phase, while phosphorus and magnesium concentrations showed non-significant changes. The study revealed a wide variety of alterations in several clinical, haematological, and biochemical parameters of ewe’s blood throughout the periparturient phase. This study will provide an opportunity to identify management changes for the prophylaxis of ovine diseases, improving overall herd health and animal welfare.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is referred to as ErbB1/HER1, is the prototype of the EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases which also comprises ErbB2 (Neu, HER2), ErbB3 (HER3), and ErbB4 (HER4). EGFR, along with other ErbBs, is expressed in the kidney tubules and is physiologically involved in nephrogenesis and tissue repair, mainly following acute kidney injury. However, its sustained activation is linked to several kidney pathologies, including diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, chronic kidney disease, and renal fibrosis. This review aims to provide a summary of the recent findings regarding the consequences of EGFR activation in several key renal pathologies. We also discuss the potential interplay between EGFR and the reno-protective angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-(1–7), a heptapeptide member of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that counter-regulates the actions of angiotensin II. Ang-(1–7)-mediated inhibition of EGFR transactivation might represent a potential mechanism of action for its renoprotection. Our review suggests that there is a significant body of evidence supporting the potential inhibition of EGFR/ErbB, and/or administration of Ang-(1–7), as potential novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of renal pathologies. Thus, EGFR inhibitors such as Gefitinib and Erlinotib that have an acceptable safety profile and have been clinically used in cancer chemotherapy since their FDA approval in the early 2000s, might be considered for repurposing in the treatment of renal pathologies.

Proteoglycans (PGs), which have glycosaminoglycan chains attached to their protein cores, are essential for maintaining the morphology and function of healthy body tissues. Extracellular PGs perform various functions, classified into the following four categories: i) the modulation of tissue mechanical properties; ii) the regulation and protection of the extracellular matrix; iii) protein sequestration; and iv) the regulation of cell signaling. The depletion of PGs may significantly impair tissue function, encompassing compromised mechanical characteristics and unregulated inflammatory responses. Since PGs play critical roles in the function of healthy tissues and their synthesis is complex, the development of PG mimetic molecules that recapitulate PG functions for tissue engineering and therapeutic applications has attracted the interest of researchers for more than 20 years. These approaches have ranged from semisynthetic graft copolymers to recombinant PG domains produced by cells that have undergone genetic modifications. This review discusses some essential extracellular PG functions and approaches to mimicking these functions.

Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an important risk factor for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19), but data on the prevalence of COVID‐19 among people living with HIV (PLWH) is limited in low‐income countries. Our aim was to assess the seroprevalence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) specific antibodies and associated factors among PLWH in Sierra Leone. Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of PLWH aged 18 years or older in Sierra Leone between August 2022 and January 2023. Participants were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies using a rapid SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody (immunoglobulin M/immunoglobulin G [IgG]) kits. Stepwise logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody seroprevalence with a significance level of p

Today's world is witnessing continuous development, particularly in the construction sector, which is meeting the rising population and their need for essential facilities; this is one of the reasons why construction is witnessing such development. Different crises significantly affect this sector, including the financial crisis in different countries. This paper identifies the financial crises, their categories, and the reasons for appearing them. Inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, and the drop in global oil prices are the most important reasons for the emergence of external financial crises, especially in Iraq, which considers oil an important economic resource for its budget. The unexpected global financial events led to an economic collapse that affected the construction sector. Many large projects in Iraq have been put on hold as a result of these conditions due to the country's lack of resources to address these crises. This paper aims to study and identify potential crises and potential responses and mitigation strategies for each crisis stage.

Building Information Modelling (BIM), a new concept and methodology, has received much attention lately. Various Structural Engineering Firms (SEFs) have observed substantial competitive benefits after its deployment. BIM offers a wide range of advantages, but its capacity has not even been completely exploited. The challenges of firm implementation, a procedure that necessitates significant alterations in firm business structure, are a major factor in this. However, there hasn't been much in-depth research on the assessment and integration of the research around the application of BIM in firms. To address the planning phase's complexity, which makes implementing BIM in these workplaces challenging, this article provides a framework for BIM deployment in the SEF. Additionally, a brand-new hybrid African Buffalo and African Vulture Optimization (AB-AVO) has been created to assess the state of technology. The technique suggested for BIM execution within SEF obviously and effectively recognises the firm's expectations and resources, sets out the needs required to create the BIM technique, and offers technical and clinical suggestions for monitoring and planning the execution. It is categorised by resource utilization, versatility, and adaptability. • This paper introduces a new concept and methodology of using BIM • The technique suggested for BIM execution within SEF obviously and effectively recognises the firm's expectations and resources • The method establishes guidelines for structural firm to adopt BIM in their monitoring, and planning the execution

While resistance training promotes muscle hypertrophy and strength, accessibility of equipment is a barrier. This study evaluated a wearable VAriable Resistance Suit (VARS) as a novel and alternative method to achieve muscle strength improvement. It was hypothesized that by providing adjustable, bi-directional and speed dependent resistance, VARS can target specific muscles to improve muscle strength via an accessible and portable device. Twelve untrained healthy male adults (22.08 ± 4.1 years old) participated in an 8-week long resistance training using VARS to strengthen four muscles (biceps brachii, triceps brachii, biceps femoris, rectus femoris) of their non-dominant arm and leg using VARS. The results showed significant improvements in the muscle strength measured by isokinetic dynamometer – 49.9±9.6% increase in isokinetic force and 30.6±7.6% increase in isometric force. Muscle size and body composition were also assessed using ultrasound imaging and bioelectrical impedance analysis, which did not show significant changes. The study demonstrates the efficacy and feasibility of VARS as a resistance training tool to achieve muscle strength improvement and its potential extension to clinical populations.

Despite the health benefits of herbals, random misuse of such therapy without consult tends to participate in public health issues. This study describes the nephro-and pulmonary toxicity effects of heavy consumption of garlic (Allium sativum) during developmental period. Two groups of ten healthy pregnant female Albino rats each were formed from the 20 in total. Gavages of distilled water were administered to the control group. Since garlic group rats orally received garlic aqueous extract (GAE) 1 ml/rat daily from gestational day (GD) 6 to 19. Kidney functions and lipid biomarkers were assayed along with histopathological investigations. Our results confirmed that the group that received garlic had significantly increased serum levels of urea, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL. Moreover, the foetal and maternal tissues of the kidney and lung exhibited a varying degree of histopathological manifestations characterized by kidney necrosis and lung haemorrhage, severe congestion, and thickening of the blood vessels. Renal and pulmonary fibrosis were detectable by Masson’s trichrome. A positive expression of the foetal kidney and placental tissues towards Bax protein was noticed. In conclusion, depending on existing findings, the administration of higher concentrations of garlic could explode renal and pulmonary toxicity and decrease the rat’s weight.

Nitrate poisoning due to the consumption of cabbages was diagnosed in a small goat flock, in Qena city, Egypt. The methylene blue 1% antidote (1 mg/kg BW) was given intravenously to the poisoned goats. Nitrate poisoning was confirmed in blood plasma, saliva, urine, and cabbage dry matter samples. The dark brown blood and methemoglobin fraction were 47.25 ± 0.58%. Green cabbage containing 7.1% nitrate on dried materials was fed to the goats. The nitrate concentration in the saliva was (59.50 ± 4.67), compared to the healthy goats reared in the same area and tested positive in the plasma and urine of intoxicated goats. Intoxication induced a significant decline in the Red Blood Cells count, hemoglobin concentration, and HCT % (P

This study investigates the impact of strategic notetaking on English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners' academic performance among university students in Jordan. Thus, we hypothesized that there is a significant and positive impact of strategic note-taking on EFL learners' academic performance. To confirm this hypothesis, descriptive research design was applied in this study. 384 (three hundred and eighty-four) respondents were randomly selected from the four public universities in Jordan. This study adapted instruments which include strategic note taking and students' academic performance measurement items and the data obtained was analysed through Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS-22). The result showed that the strategic note taking (i.e. independent variable) has significant effects on EFL learners' academic performance (R2 =0.919). Moreover, the strategic notetaking made the significant contribution (Beta= 0.449; t= 18.714; P <0.05) to the prediction of EFL learners' academic performance. In line with the findings, this study emphasised and explained the impact of strategic notetaking and how to improve EFL learners' level of notetaking for better academic performance in Jordan.

Introduction Continued smoking by patients with tuberculosis (TB) and people living with HIV (PLHIV) leads to adverse treatment outcomes. Estimates of tobacco use among the population are scarce in the Eastern Mediterranean region, where the burden of TB and HIV is also low but highly variable. This study determined the prevalence of current smoking and assessed factors associated with current smoking among patients with TB and PLHIV in Jordan. Methods We analyzed data from the Jordan Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices survey in 2021. Information on current tobacco use, including products and frequency of smoking, was collected from 452 patients with TB and 152 PLHIV. We performed multivariable logistic regression to assess the sociodemographic characteristics independently associated with current smoking. Results Prevalence of current smoking was 43.8% among TB patients and 67.8 % among PLHIV, and conventional cigarettes were the most used tobacco products. The prevalence of current smoking among patients with TB was higher among males (AOR=8.20; 95% CI: 5.05–13.32), Jordanians (AOR=5.37; 95% CI: 2.66– 10.86) and Syrians (AOR=4.13; 95% CI: 1.60–10.67), and those experiencing financial difficulties (AOR=2.83; 95% CI: 1.69–4.74). The prevalence of current smoking among PLHIV was higher in those with financial difficulties (AOR=3.13; 95% CI: 1.19–8.27). Conclusions Nearly half of the patients with TB and PLHIV were current tobacco smokers, higher than the general population. There is an urgent need to investigate the reasons for such a high smoking prevalence and introduce and strengthen smoking cessation services under the TB and HIV control programs.

Abstract Background Human nucleotide triphosphate diphosphatase (NUDT15) is one of the essential proteins involved in the hydrolysis of anti-cancer drugs against leukemia. Polymorphisms in NUDT15 significantly affect the hydrolysis activity that leads to side effects, including leucopenia. Drugs having a better affinity with NUDT15 protein and contributing stable conformation may benefit patients from leucopenia. Most frequent NUDT15 polymorphisms causing structure variability and their association with leukemia were screened. The selected protein variants and anti-cancer drug structures were collected. Further, molecular docking was performed between drugs and NUDT15 variants along with the wild-type. Finally, molecular dynamics were executed for 100 ns to understand the stability of the protein with the anti-cancer drug based on molecular trajectories. Results Three-dimensional structures of NUDT15 wild, the most frequent variants (Val18Ile, Arg139Cys, and Arg139), and the anti-cancer drugs (azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine) were selected and retrieved from structure databases. On molecular docking the binding energies of anti-cancer drugs against NUDT15 structures ranged from − 5.0 to − 5.9 kcal/mol. Among them, azathioprine showed the highest affinities (− 7.3 kcal/mol) for the wild and variant structures. Additionally, the molecular dynamics suggest all analyzed NUDT15 were stable with azathioprine based on the dynamic trajectories. Conclusion Our results suggest azathioprine could be the preferable anti-cancer drug for the population with NUDT15 variants that could effectively be hydrolyzed as evidenced by molecular docking and dynamic simulation.

Oral cancer is one of the 19most rapidly progressing cancers associated with significant mortality, owing to its extreme degree of invasiveness and aggressive inclination. The early occurrences of this cancer can be clinically deceiving leading to a poor overall survival rate. The primary concerns from a clinical perspective include delayed diagnosis, rapid disease progression, resistance to various chemotherapeutic regimens, and aggressive metastasis, which collectively pose a substantial threat to prognosis. Conventional clinical practices observed since antiquity no longer offer the best possible options to circumvent these roadblocks. The world of current cancer research has been revolutionized with the advent of state-of-the-art technology-driven strategies that offer a ray of hope in confronting said challenges by highlighting the crucial underlying molecular mechanisms and drivers. In recent years, bioinformatics and Machine Learning (ML) techniques have enhanced the possibility of early detection, evaluation of prognosis, and individualization of therapy. This review elaborates on the application of the aforesaid techniques in unraveling potential hints from omics big data to address the complexities existing in various clinical facets of oral cancer. The first section demonstrates the utilization of omics data and ML to disentangle the impediments related to diagnosis. This includes the application of technology-based strategies to optimize early detection, classification, and staging via uncovering biomarkers and molecular signatures. Furthermore, breakthrough concepts such as salivaomics-driven non-invasive biomarker discovery and omics-complemented surgical interventions are articulated in detail. In the following part, the identification of novel disease-specific targets alongside potential therapeutic agents to confront oral cancer via omics-based methodologies is presented. Additionally, a special emphasis is placed on drug resistance, precision medicine, and drug repurposing. In the final section, we discuss the research approaches oriented toward unveiling the prognostic biomarkers and constructing prediction models to capture the metastatic potential of the tumors. Overall, we intend to provide a bird’s eye view of the various omics, bioinformatics, and ML approaches currently being used in oral cancer research through relevant case studies.

The clinical management of oral cancer is often frequented with challenges that arise from relapse, recurrence, invasion and resistance towards the cornerstone chemo and radiation therapies. The recent conceptual advancement in oncology has substantiated the role of cancer stem cells (CSC) as a predominant player of these intricacies. CSC are a sub-group of tumor population with inherent adroitness to self-renew with high plasticity. During tumor evolution, the structural and functional reprogramming persuades the cancer cells to acquire stem-cell like properties, thus presenting them with higher survival abilities and treatment resistance. An appraisal on key features that govern the stemness is of prime importance to confront the current challenges encountered in oral cancer. The nurturing niche of CSC for maintaining its stemness characteristics is thought to be modulated by complex multi-layered components encompassing neoplastic cells, extracellular matrix, acellular components, circulatory vessels, various cascading signaling molecules and stromal cells. This review focuses on recapitulating both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that impart the stemness. There are contemplating evidences that demonstrate the role of transcription factors (TF) in sustaining the neoplastic stem cell’s pluripotency and plasticity alongside the miRNA in regulation of crucial genes involved in the transformation of normal oral mucosa to malignancy. This review illustrates the interplay between miRNA and various known TF of oral cancer such as c-Myc, SOX, STAT, NANOG and OCT in orchestrating the stemness and resistance features. Further, the cross-talks involved in tumor micro-environment inclusive of cytokines, macrophages, extra cellular matrix, angiogenesis leading pathways and influential factors of hypoxia on tumorigenesis and CSC survival have been elucidated. Finally, external factorial influence of oral microbiome gained due to the dysbiosis is also emphasized. There are growing confirmations of the possible roles of microbiomes in the progression of oral cancer. Given this, an attempt has been made to explore the potential links including EMT and signaling pathways towards resistance and stemness. This review provides a spectrum of understanding on stemness and progression of oral cancers at various regulatory levels along with their current therapeutic knowledge. These mechanisms could be exploited for future research to expand potential treatment strategies.

Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria are small, likely episymbiotic organisms found across Earth's ecosystems. Despite their prevalence, the distribution of CPR lineages across habitats and the genomic signatures of transitions among these habitats remain unclear. Here, we expand the genome inventory for Absconditabacteria (SR1), Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria (TM7), CPR bacteria known to occur in both animal-associated and environmental microbiomes, and investigate variation in gene content with habitat of origin. By overlaying phylogeny with habitat information, we show that bacteria from these three lineages have undergone multiple transitions from environmental habitats into animal microbiomes. Based on co-occurrence analyses of hundreds of metagenomes, we extend the prior suggestion that certain Saccharibacteria have broad bacterial host ranges and constrain possible host relationships for Absconditabacteria and Gracilibacteria. Full-proteome analyses show that animal-associated Saccharibacteria have smaller gene repertoires than their environmental counterparts and are enriched in numerous protein families, including those likely functioning in amino acid metabolism, phage defense, and detoxification of peroxide. In contrast, some freshwater Saccharibacteria encode a putative rhodopsin. For protein families exhibiting the clearest patterns of differential habitat distribution, we compared protein and species phylogenies to estimate the incidence of lateral gene transfer and genomic loss occurring over the species tree. These analyses suggest that habitat transitions were likely not accompanied by large transfer or loss events but rather were associated with continuous proteome remodeling. Thus, we speculate that CPR habitat transitions were driven largely by availability of suitable host taxa and were reinforced by acquisition and loss of some capacities. IMPORTANCE Studying the genetic differences between related microorganisms from different environment types can indicate factors associated with their movement among habitats. This is particularly interesting for bacteria from the Candidate Phyla Radiation because their minimal metabolic capabilities require associations with microbial hosts. We found that shifts of Absconditabacteria, Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria between environmental ecosystems and mammalian mouths/guts probably did not involve major episodes of gene gain and loss; rather, gradual genomic change likely followed habitat migration. The results inform our understanding of how little-known microorganisms establish in the human microbiota where they may ultimately impact health.