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Home birth is a widely practised norm among women in most developing countries. Studies continue to evaluate the safety of planned home birth (PHB) for low-risk women in high-income countries. However, such studies are scarce in Africa and other developing countries. The study examined PHB as a safe alternative to planned hospital birth for low-risk women. An electronic search was carried out on databases such as Medline database, Cochrane, Google Scholar, PubMed, and CINAHL to identify studies published in English from January 2007 to December 2017. A Meta-analytic study, systematic reviews, and observational (prospective and retrospective) studies were included in the literature reviews. The studies were analyzed using descriptive and narrative synthesis. The strength and or limitations of each study were assessed. Sixteen eligible articles were finally reviewed. PHB is equally safe in terms of complication (especially postpartum haemorrhage) compared to planned hospital birth. PHB would have a similar outcome in reducing maternal death for low-risk women if compared with planned hospital birth. Although neonatal asphyxia is mixed across studies, PHB is associated with a similarly low rate of neonatal intensive care unit admission. It was also indicated that there was no increase in neonatal mortality for PHB, especially for parous women. PHB compared to the hospital is associated with a similar low risk of maternal complications, maternal deaths, newborn complications, and newborn deaths, especially for parous women. Therefore, PHB is a safe alternative to hospital birth for low-risk women. While studies that are more recent are required to evaluate its feasibility and safety in developing countries, PHB (if properly attended) may reduce maternal and newborn complications and death associated with unplanned home births.

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Background: The negative public image of Nurses is not in agreement with the important work they do. There is therefore a need to investigate what attracted this negative image to Nurses. Aim: The study aims to investigate patients’ perception of nurses’ attitudes and how that impact on their perception of the public image of nurses Method: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to select 380 patients attending clinics/admitted in the wards in a tertiary hospital, Zaria systematically. The ensuing data was subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Result: While the majority of the respondents were of the opinion that nurses are not friendly or tend to shout at them (166 or 51.4% and 165 or 51% respectively), the majority were also of the view that the nurses were competent and efficient in professional service delivery such as; administering the medication on time (117 or 87%, n=134), doing the necessary temperature checks (239 or 74%, n=323), and overall dedication to duty (294 or 91%, n=323). Conclusion: Patients have negative perceptions towards nurses’ attitudes as such; nurses need to work on their social skills and attitudes in order to complement their technical competence as a way of improving patient perception and public image. Among the recommendations for achieving this are training of nurses on positive attitude and stress management, formal recognition of friendly Nurses, and wearing of name tags to easy identified by patients. Keywords: Perception, Public image, Nursing, Patient.

Background: Little is known about the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A viruses circulating in poultry in Iraq. Objective: This study describes the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the detected avian influenza H9N2 viruses in Iraq during 2016. Methods: Full genome sequences of two H9N2 viruses isolated from chickens in Iraq during 2016 were assembled. Antigenic analyses of Iraqi H9N2 viruses and contemporary H9N2 isolates from Lebanon and Egypt were performed by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Results: Phylogenetic analysis of surface glycoproteins and internal segments (PB2, PA, NP, M, and NS) indicated that the Iraqi H9N2 viruses were closely related to G1-like lineage of H9N2 viruses isolated from Pakistan and Iran indicating possible epidemiological links. The PB1 segments of the current characterized H9N2 viruses were not related to any of the previously characterized H9N2 viruses and closely similar to H7N7 virus detected in chickens in Germany in 2015. Multiple genetic determinants for virulence and mammalian transmission were characterized in the characterized H9N2 viruses in Iraq. The antigenic analysis showed a close relationship between H9N2 viruses in Iraq and contemporary H9N2 viruses in Egypt and Lebanon. Like H9N2 viruses, Iraqis H9N2 virus bound to human-like receptor rather than avian-like receptor thus represent a public health risk. Conclusion: Active surveillance of avian influenza virus in poultry and migratory birds should be adopted to monitor the genesis and emergence of new viruses in Iraq. Keywords: Avian influenza virus, H9N2, Iraq

İnovasyon, kapsamlı biçimde, bir şirketin örgütsel yapısı, süreçleri, ürünleri ve hizmetlerinde gömülü olan etkin entelektüel sermayenin nihai çıktısı ve rekabetçiliğin temel bileşeni olarak görülmektedir. Bu araştırma, entelektüel sermayenin inovasyon türleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Literatüre uygun olarak, insan sermayesi, sosyal sermaye ve örgütsel sermaye entelektüel sermaye olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, literatürdeki birçok araştırmada ifade edildiği gibi, ürün inovasyonu, süreç inovasyonu, pazarlama inovasyonu ve örgütsel inovasyon inovasyon türleri olarak kabul edilmişlerdir. Çalışmanın temel amacına dayanarak Libya'da Ulusal Petrol Kurumu'na bağlı yedi firmayı içine alan ampirik bir araştırma yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın verileri bu şirketlerin üst düzey yöneticilerinden anket tekniği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Entelektüel sermayenin (insan sermayesi, sosyal sermaye ve yapısal sermaye) farklı türlerdeki inovasyonların (ürün inovasyonu, süreç inovasyonu, pazarlama inovasyonu ve örgütsel inovasyon) uygulanmasındaki rolünü anlamak için korelasyon analizi ve regresyon analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Böylece çalışmanın hipotezleri istatistiksel analizler aracılığıyla test edilmiştir. Bulgular, insan sermayesinin, sosyal sermayenin ve yapısal sermayenin inovasyon türleri üzerinde farklı etkileri olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, insan sermayesi inovasyon türleri üzerinde en yüksek etkiye sahiptir ve bu etki, ürün inovasyonundan ve süreç inovasyonundan ileri gelmektedir, sosyal sermaye düşük düzeyde bir etkiye sahiptir ve bu etki süreç inovasyonundan kaynaklanmaktadır, oysaki yapısal sermayenin farklı inovasyon türleri üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Çalışmanın bu bulgularına göre, inovasyon uygulamasının bir yolu olarak entelektüel sermayeye yatırım yapmak için Libya petrol şirketlerinde acil kararlar alınmalıdır. Innovation broadly seen as the final output of the effective intellectual capital and essential component of competitiveness, embedded in the organizational structures, processes, products, and services within a company. This research aims to examine the effect of intellectual capital on types of innovation. In accordance with the literature, human capital, social capital and organizational capital were accepted as intellectual capital. However, as it was explained in many researches in the literature, product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation and organizational innovation were accepted as types of innovation. Based on the main purpose of the study an empirical research including seven firms affiliated to National Oil Corporation (NOC) in Libya was conducted. Data of the study was collected from senior managers of these companies by utilizing questionnaire technique. In order to discover the role of intellectual capital (human capital, social capital and organizational capital) on implementing different types of innovation (product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation and organizational innovation), correlation analysis and regression analysis were utilized. Thus, hypotheses of the study were tested in terms of statistical analysis. Findings reveal that human capital, social capital and organizational capital have different effects on types of innovation. In this context, human capital has the highest effect on types of innovation and this role is stemming from product innovation and process innovation, social capital has a slight effect and this role is stemming from process innovation, whereas organizational innovation hasn't any statistically significant effect on different types of innovation. According to the findings of the study, urgent procedures must be taken from Libyan oil companies for making investment to intellectual capital as a way of implentation of innovation. 155

International audience

International audience

This study presents a review of innovation models and by taking consideration and examining these models it is aimed to understand whether the model based on open innovation is a better choice among all the other models. For organizations, innovation models generally demonstrate how to work in an innovative point of view. Companies of today’s business life are striving to develop their capabilities and their activities to become innovative companies. Many of the organizations try to find the most suitable and effective innovation model for themselves to create a difference in their long-term business life. Success of innovation process of companies basically depends on success of their innovation model. Innovation models started with simple linear models and up to this point, they became complex interactive models. Within these models, the main focus points of open innovation can be explained as interactive processes, knowledge and technology. Open innovation has its own characteristics like as other innovation models. It is important to emphasize that open innovation requires innovative ideas, knowledge from companies, and so managing wide technological relationships. Becoming as a popular phenomenon in innovation studies it is also need to be examined. When all innovation models are evaluated, generally, it can not be said that the open innovation model can be a better choice despite the fact that open innovations create new or modified logics and promote collaboration and openness. Therefore, as a remarkable answer of the problem of this study, strategies of the companies should be analyzed. In other words, strategies of companies play very important role while determining the form of innovation process.

International audience

This study assesses how Kaduna Metropolis have been affected by flood menace incidences as it takes a look at the devastating impacts, remedial and management strategies at curbing flooding in Kaduna Metropolis which has almost become a yearly occurrence. Data for this study were obtained from questionnaires, interviews, personal observation, archival records of ministries and newspaper reports. A total of 196 respondents, drawn from residents in flood prone areas, were sampled for this study. Descriptive statistics and Likert Rating System were used in the analyses of the data. The results of analyses show that floods in Kaduna Metropolis occur mostly at the event of rainfall intensity, especially at the peak of rainy season (September, 2015). And it takes 3 - 5days for the flood water to recede depending on the magnitude of event and receding factors in different areas. Factors other than rainfall identified to substantially influenced flooding in the study area are: Lack of and poor drainage networks, dumping of wastes/refuse in drainage and water channels, topographic characteristics, overflowing of river banks, low infiltration due to high water table and degree of built or up areas leading to increased runoffs, and climate change. Despite the flood hazards, occupants in flood prone have remained on the basis of having no alternative, cultural ethnic affinity, family home place where parent were buried, used to flooding as the whole area suffers from flooding, nature of occupation, and cheaper houses to rent. Personal properties and public infrastructures suffer all forms of flood damages. Flood remedial and management strategies include river re-channelization, raising house foundations, land use planning and management and public enlightenment are recommended measure to checkmate activities aiding flooding in Kaduna metropolis.Keywords: Flood, Menace, Infrastructure, Impacts, Remedial and Management Strategies.

In this paper, the functional variable method is proposed to seek the exact solutions of some nonlinear evolution equations. The validity and advantages of the proposed method is illustrated by the applications to the Asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Vesselov equation, the breaking soliton equation, the Nizhnik-Novikov-Vesselov equation and the Painleve integrable Burgers equations, which play an important role in mathematical physics. It is shown that the proposed method provides a very effective and powerful tool for solving nonlinear evolution equations.