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4. Towards a unified carbon accounting landscape.

Author

McDonald, Lewis J., Hernandez Galvan, Jose Luis, Emelue, Chukwudi, Pinto, Ariane S. S., Mehta, Neha, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Fender, Thomas, Radcliffe, Jonathan, Choudhary, Alok, and McManus, Marcelle C.

Subjects
CLIMATE justice, LIFE cycles (Biology), ACCOUNTING methods, ACCOUNTING, CARBON emissions
Abstract

The overarching purpose of carbon accounting is to reduce carbon emissions to meet net-zero targets and minimize the impact of climate change. However, the plethora of methods and approaches used means that products and systems sometimes cannot easily be compared. The mix of regional and life cycle-based systems can mean that we lack global oversight of our emissions and impact. In some situations where a regional approach is used, industry/business/regions are incentivized to reduce their own/territorial emissions, which can mean that an optimal global solution is not adopted. Countries where grid emissions are higher can be selected for production because it reduces regional (not global) carbon levels. Furthermore, these can be areas where the climate impact may be felt the most: not the just transition we aspire to. Our work provides an analysis of the current system together with its challenges and limitations, paving the way towards a more unified framework to create climate justice together with transparent and comparable accounting methodology for industry and regions alike. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Green carbon for the chemical industry of the future'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Optimal ranking and sequencing of non-domestic building energy retrofit options for greenhouse gas emissions reduction

Author

Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq

Subjects
333.79, Climate change, energy consumption, non-domestic buildings, Retrofit, operational emissions, embodied emissions, economics of climate change, low carbon technologies, multi-region input output frameworks, systems optimisation, decision support systems (DSS), DSS evaluation, verfification and validation, policy analysis, policy instruments, marginal abatement cost curves
Abstract

Whether it is based on current emissions data or future projections of further growth, the building sector currently represent the largest and singular most important contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. This notion is also supported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on projection scenarios for 2030 that emissions from buildings will be responsible for about one-third of total global emissions. As such, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has become a top priority worldwide. A significant majority of buildings that exist now will still exist in 2030 and beyond; therefore the greatest energy savings and carbon footprint reductions can be made through retrofit of existing buildings. A wide range of retrofit options are readily available, but methods to identify optimal solutions for a particular abatement project still constitute a major technical challenge. Investments in building energy retrofit technologies usually involve decision-making processes targeted at reducing operational energy consumption and maintenance bills. For this reason, retrofit decisions by building stakeholders are typically driven by financial considerations. However, recent trends towards environmentally conscious and resource-efficient design and retrofit have focused on the environmental merits of these options, emphasising a lifecycle approach to emissions reduction. Retrofit options available for energy savings have different performance characteristics and building stakeholders are required to establish an optimal solution, where competing objectives such as financial costs, energy consumption and environmental performance are taken into account. These key performance parameters cannot be easily quantified and compared by building stakeholders since they lack the resources to perform an effective decision analysis. In part, this is due to the inadequacy of existing methods to assess and compare performance indicators. Current methods to quantify these parameters are considered in isolation when making decisions about energy conservation in buildings. To effectively manage the reduction of lifecycle environmental impacts, it is necessary to link financial cost with both operational and embodied emissions. This thesis presents a novel deterministic decision support system (DSS) for the evaluation of economically and environmentally optimal retrofit of non-domestic buildings. The DSS integrates the key variables of economic and net environmental benefits to produce optimal decisions. These variables are used within an optimisation scheme that consists of integrated modules for data input, sensitivity analysis and takes into account the use of a set of retrofit options that satisfies a range of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints); hierarchical course of action; and the evaluations of ‘best’ case scenario based on marginal abatement cost methods and Pareto optimisation. The steps involved in the system development are presented and its usefulness is evaluated using case study applications. The results of the applications are analysed and presented, verifying the feasibility of the DSS, whilst encouraging further improvements and extensions. The usefulness of the DSS as a tool for policy formulation and developments that can trigger innovations in retrofit product development processes and sustainable business models are also discussed. The methodology developed provides stakeholders with an efficient and reliable decision process that is informed by both environmental and financial considerations. Overall, the development of the DSS which takes a whole-life CO2 emission accounting framework and an economic assessment view-point, successfully demonstrates how value is delivered across different parts of the techno-economic system, especially as it pertains to financial gains, embodied and operational emissions reduction potential.

Published
2014

15. Roadmap on energy harvesting materials

Author

Pecunia, Vincenzo, Silva, S. Ravi P., Phillips, Jamie D., Artegiani, Elisa, Romeo, Alessandro, Shim, Hongjae, Park, Jongsung, Kim, Jin Hyeok, Yun, Jae Sung, Welch, Gregory C., Larson, Bryon W., Creran, Myles, Laventure, Audrey, Sasitharan, Kezia, Flores-Diaz, Natalie, Freitag, Marina, Xu, Jie, Brown, Thomas M., Li, Benxuan, Wang, Yiwen, Li, Zhe, Hou, Bo, Hamadani, Behrang H., Defay, Emmanuel, Kovacova, Veronika, Glinsek, Sebastjan, Kar-Narayan, Sohini, Bai, Yang, Kim, Da Bin, Cho, Yong Soo, Zukauskaite, Agne, Barth, Stephan, Fan, Feng Ru, Wu, Wenzhuo, Costa, Pedro, del Campo, Javier, Lanceros-Mendez, Senentxu, Khanbareh, Hamideh, Wang, Zhong Lin, Pu, Xiong, Pan, Caofeng, Zhang, Renyun, Xu, Jing, Zhao, Xun, Zhou, Yihao, Chen, Guorui, Tat, Trinny, Ock, Il Woo, Chen, Jun, Graham, Sontyana Adonijah, Yu, Jae Su, Huang, Ling-Zhi, Li, Dan-Dan, Ma, Ming-Guo, Luo, Jikui, Jiang, Feng, Lee, Pooi See, Dudem, Bhaskar, Vivekananthan, Venkateswaran, Kanatzidis, Mercouri G., Xie, Hongyao, Shi, Xiao-Lei, Chen, Zhi-Gang, Riss, Alexander, Parzer, Michael, Garmroudi, Fabian, Bauer, Ernst, Zavanelli, Duncan, Brod, Madison K., Al Malki, Muath, Snyder, G. Jeffrey, Kovnir, Kirill, Kauzlarich, Susan M., Uher, Ctirad, Lan, Jinle, Lin, Yuan-Hua, Fonseca, Luis, Morata, Alex, Martin-Gonzalez, Marisol, Pennelli, Giovanni, Berthebaud, David, Mori, Takao, Quinn, Robert J., Bos, Jan-Willem G., Candolfi, Christophe, Gougeon, Patrick, Gall, Philippe, Lenoir, Bertrand, Venkateshvaran, Deepak, Kaestner, Bernd, Zhao, Yunshan, Zhang, Gang, Nonoguchi, Yoshiyuki, Schroeder, Bob C., Bilotti, Emiliano, Menon, Akanksha K., Urban, Jeffrey J., Fenwick, Oliver, Asker, Ceyla, Talin, A. Alec, Anthopoulos, Thomas D., Losi, Tommaso, Viola, Fabrizio, Caironi, Mario, Georgiadou, Dimitra G., Ding, Li, Peng, Lian-Mao, Wang, Zhenxing, Wei, Muh-Dey, Negra, Renato, Lemme, Max C., Wagih, Mahmoud, Beeby, Steve, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Mustapha, K. B., Joshi, A. P., Pecunia, Vincenzo, Silva, S. Ravi P., Phillips, Jamie D., Artegiani, Elisa, Romeo, Alessandro, Shim, Hongjae, Park, Jongsung, Kim, Jin Hyeok, Yun, Jae Sung, Welch, Gregory C., Larson, Bryon W., Creran, Myles, Laventure, Audrey, Sasitharan, Kezia, Flores-Diaz, Natalie, Freitag, Marina, Xu, Jie, Brown, Thomas M., Li, Benxuan, Wang, Yiwen, Li, Zhe, Hou, Bo, Hamadani, Behrang H., Defay, Emmanuel, Kovacova, Veronika, Glinsek, Sebastjan, Kar-Narayan, Sohini, Bai, Yang, Kim, Da Bin, Cho, Yong Soo, Zukauskaite, Agne, Barth, Stephan, Fan, Feng Ru, Wu, Wenzhuo, Costa, Pedro, del Campo, Javier, Lanceros-Mendez, Senentxu, Khanbareh, Hamideh, Wang, Zhong Lin, Pu, Xiong, Pan, Caofeng, Zhang, Renyun, Xu, Jing, Zhao, Xun, Zhou, Yihao, Chen, Guorui, Tat, Trinny, Ock, Il Woo, Chen, Jun, Graham, Sontyana Adonijah, Yu, Jae Su, Huang, Ling-Zhi, Li, Dan-Dan, Ma, Ming-Guo, Luo, Jikui, Jiang, Feng, Lee, Pooi See, Dudem, Bhaskar, Vivekananthan, Venkateswaran, Kanatzidis, Mercouri G., Xie, Hongyao, Shi, Xiao-Lei, Chen, Zhi-Gang, Riss, Alexander, Parzer, Michael, Garmroudi, Fabian, Bauer, Ernst, Zavanelli, Duncan, Brod, Madison K., Al Malki, Muath, Snyder, G. Jeffrey, Kovnir, Kirill, Kauzlarich, Susan M., Uher, Ctirad, Lan, Jinle, Lin, Yuan-Hua, Fonseca, Luis, Morata, Alex, Martin-Gonzalez, Marisol, Pennelli, Giovanni, Berthebaud, David, Mori, Takao, Quinn, Robert J., Bos, Jan-Willem G., Candolfi, Christophe, Gougeon, Patrick, Gall, Philippe, Lenoir, Bertrand, Venkateshvaran, Deepak, Kaestner, Bernd, Zhao, Yunshan, Zhang, Gang, Nonoguchi, Yoshiyuki, Schroeder, Bob C., Bilotti, Emiliano, Menon, Akanksha K., Urban, Jeffrey J., Fenwick, Oliver, Asker, Ceyla, Talin, A. Alec, Anthopoulos, Thomas D., Losi, Tommaso, Viola, Fabrizio, Caironi, Mario, Georgiadou, Dimitra G., Ding, Li, Peng, Lian-Mao, Wang, Zhenxing, Wei, Muh-Dey, Negra, Renato, Lemme, Max C., Wagih, Mahmoud, Beeby, Steve, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Mustapha, K. B., and Joshi, A. P.

Abstract

Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere.

Published
2023
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16. Publisher Correction: Wirelessly powered large-area electronics for the Internet of Things (Nature Electronics, (2022), 10.1038/s41928-022-00898-5)

Author

Portilla, Luis, Loganathan, Kalaivanan, Faber, Hendrik, Eid, Aline, Hester, Jimmy G.D., Tentzeris, Manos M., Fattori, Marco, Cantatore, Eugenio, Jiang, Chen, Nathan, Arokia, Fiori, Gianluca, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Anthopoulos, Thomas D., Pecunia, Vincenzo, Portilla, Luis, Loganathan, Kalaivanan, Faber, Hendrik, Eid, Aline, Hester, Jimmy G.D., Tentzeris, Manos M., Fattori, Marco, Cantatore, Eugenio, Jiang, Chen, Nathan, Arokia, Fiori, Gianluca, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Anthopoulos, Thomas D., and Pecunia, Vincenzo

Abstract

In the version of this article initially published, the y-axis label of Fig. 3d, now reading “Output voltage (V)” was an inadvertent duplicate of the Fig. 3a label. The figure has been updated in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Published
2023

17. Roadmap on energy harvesting materials

Author

Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Canada Research Chairs, University of Calgary, Department of Energy (US), Pecunia, Vincenzo, Silva, S.Ravi P., Phillips, Jamie D., Artegiani, Elisa, Romeo, Alessandro, Shim, Hongjae, Park, Jongsung, Kim, Jin Hyeok, Yun, Jae Sung, Welch, Gregory C., Larson, Bryon W., Brod, Madison K., Al Malki, Muath, G Jeffrey Snyder, Kirill Kovnir, Kauzlarich, Susan M., Uher, Ctirad, Lan, Jinle, Lin, Yuan-Hua, Fonseca. Luis, Morata, Alex, Candolfi, Christophe, Martín-González, Marisol, Pennelli, Giovanni, Berthebaud, David, Mori, Takao, Quinn, Robert J., Bos, Jan-Willem G., Gougeon, Patrick, Gall, Philippe, Lenoir, Bertrand, Venkateshvaran, Deepak, Kaestner, Bernd, Zhao, Yunshan, Zhang, Gang, Nonoguchi, Yoshiyuki, Schroeder,Bob C., Anthopoulos, Thomas D., Bilotti, Emiliano, Menon, Akanksha K., Urban, Jeffrey J., Fenwick, Oliver, Asker, Ceyla, Talin, A. Alec, Losi, Tommaso, Viola, Fabrizio, Caironi, Mario., Georgiadou, Dimitra G., Ding, Li, Peng, Lian-Mao, Wang, Zhenxing, Wei,Muh-Dey, Negra, Renato, Creran, Myles, Lemme, Max C., Wagih, Mahmoud, Beeby, Steve, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Mustapha, K. B., Joshi, A. P., Laventure, Audrey, Sasitharan, Kezia, Flores-Diaz, Natalie, Freitag, Marina, Xu, Jie, Brown, Thomas M., Li, Benxuan, Wang, Yiwen, Li, Zhe, Hou, Bo, Hamadani, Behrang H., Defay, Emmanuel, Kovacova, Veronika, Glinsek, Sebastjan, Kar-Narayan, Sohini, Bai, Yang, Kim, Da Bin, Cho, Yong Soo, Žukauskaitė, Agnė, Barth, Stephan, Fan, Feng Ru, Wu, Wenzhuo, Costa, Pedro, Campo, Javier del, Lanceros-Mendez, Senentxu, Khanbareh, Hamideh, Wang, Zhong Lin, Pu, Xiong, Pan, Caofeng, Zhang, Renyun, Xu, Jing, Zhao, Xun, Zhou, Yihao, Chen, Guorui, Tat, Trinny, Ock, Il Woo, Chen, Jun, Sontyana Adonijah Graham, Yu, Jae Su, Huang, Ling-Zhi, Li, Dan-Dan, Ma, Ming-Guo, Luo, Jikui, Jiang, Feng, Lee, Pooi See, Dudem, Bhaskar, Vivekananthan, Venkateswaran, Kanatzidis, Mercouri G., Xie, Hongyao, Shi, Xiao-Lei, Chen, Zhi-Gang, Riss, Alexander, Parzer, Michael, Garmroudi, Fabian, Bauer, Ernst, Zavanelli, Duncan, Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Canada Research Chairs, University of Calgary, Department of Energy (US), Pecunia, Vincenzo, Silva, S.Ravi P., Phillips, Jamie D., Artegiani, Elisa, Romeo, Alessandro, Shim, Hongjae, Park, Jongsung, Kim, Jin Hyeok, Yun, Jae Sung, Welch, Gregory C., Larson, Bryon W., Brod, Madison K., Al Malki, Muath, G Jeffrey Snyder, Kirill Kovnir, Kauzlarich, Susan M., Uher, Ctirad, Lan, Jinle, Lin, Yuan-Hua, Fonseca. Luis, Morata, Alex, Candolfi, Christophe, Martín-González, Marisol, Pennelli, Giovanni, Berthebaud, David, Mori, Takao, Quinn, Robert J., Bos, Jan-Willem G., Gougeon, Patrick, Gall, Philippe, Lenoir, Bertrand, Venkateshvaran, Deepak, Kaestner, Bernd, Zhao, Yunshan, Zhang, Gang, Nonoguchi, Yoshiyuki, Schroeder,Bob C., Anthopoulos, Thomas D., Bilotti, Emiliano, Menon, Akanksha K., Urban, Jeffrey J., Fenwick, Oliver, Asker, Ceyla, Talin, A. Alec, Losi, Tommaso, Viola, Fabrizio, Caironi, Mario., Georgiadou, Dimitra G., Ding, Li, Peng, Lian-Mao, Wang, Zhenxing, Wei,Muh-Dey, Negra, Renato, Creran, Myles, Lemme, Max C., Wagih, Mahmoud, Beeby, Steve, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Mustapha, K. B., Joshi, A. P., Laventure, Audrey, Sasitharan, Kezia, Flores-Diaz, Natalie, Freitag, Marina, Xu, Jie, Brown, Thomas M., Li, Benxuan, Wang, Yiwen, Li, Zhe, Hou, Bo, Hamadani, Behrang H., Defay, Emmanuel, Kovacova, Veronika, Glinsek, Sebastjan, Kar-Narayan, Sohini, Bai, Yang, Kim, Da Bin, Cho, Yong Soo, Žukauskaitė, Agnė, Barth, Stephan, Fan, Feng Ru, Wu, Wenzhuo, Costa, Pedro, Campo, Javier del, Lanceros-Mendez, Senentxu, Khanbareh, Hamideh, Wang, Zhong Lin, Pu, Xiong, Pan, Caofeng, Zhang, Renyun, Xu, Jing, Zhao, Xun, Zhou, Yihao, Chen, Guorui, Tat, Trinny, Ock, Il Woo, Chen, Jun, Sontyana Adonijah Graham, Yu, Jae Su, Huang, Ling-Zhi, Li, Dan-Dan, Ma, Ming-Guo, Luo, Jikui, Jiang, Feng, Lee, Pooi See, Dudem, Bhaskar, Vivekananthan, Venkateswaran, Kanatzidis, Mercouri G., Xie, Hongyao, Shi, Xiao-Lei, Chen, Zhi-Gang, Riss, Alexander, Parzer, Michael, Garmroudi, Fabian, Bauer, Ernst, and Zavanelli, Duncan

Abstract

Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere.

Published
2023

18. Wirelessly powered large-area electronics for the Internet of Things

Author

Portilla, Luis, primary, Loganathan, Kalaivanan, additional, Faber, Hendrik, additional, Eid, Aline, additional, Hester, Jimmy G. D., additional, Tentzeris, Manos M., additional, Fattori, Marco, additional, Cantatore, Eugenio, additional, Jiang, Chen, additional, Nathan, Arokia, additional, Fiori, Gianluca, additional, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, additional, Anthopoulos, Thomas D., additional, and Pecunia, Vincenzo, additional

Published
2022
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20. Research and development to enable the conversion of low quality scrap into high quality steel in the UK

Author

Li, Zushu, Zhang, Wanrong, Duan, Jiaqi, Hall, Russell, Spooner, Stephen, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Davis, Claire, and Godsell, Janet

Subjects
TN
Abstract

Converting steel scrap with varying quality to high quality steel and minimising virgin materials-based steel production is an indispensable approach to a circular steel economy and a practical pathway to achieve net zero emissions for the steel industry. This article briefly introduces the research and development undertaken by the present authors to increase the scrap utilisation in the UK steel production. This includes a state-of-the-art analysis on the UK steel scrap supply and utilisation; current scrap supply chain practice and circular scrap supply chain design; fundamental understanding and technology development to improve scrap quality, remove impurities and increase residual tolerance in steel; and opportunities and challenges identified for increasing scrap utilisation in the UK steel industry.

Published
2021

24. The Role of Cycle Life on the Environmental Impact of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 based Solid‐State Batteries.

Author

Smith, Lucy, Ibn‐Mohammed, Taofeeq, Astudillo, Dolores, Brown, Solomon, Reaney, Ian M., and Koh, S. C. Lenny

Subjects
TANTALUM, ELECTRICAL energy, LITHIUM-ion batteries, STORAGE batteries, SENSITIVITY analysis, ENVIRONMENTAL sciences
Abstract

This study compares the environmental impacts of a lithium‐ion battery (LiB), utilizing a lithium iron phosphate cathode, with a solid‐state battery (SSB) based on a Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 garnet‐structured electrolyte. It uses a hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA), according to two functional units, delivery of 50 MJ of electrical energy and kg of battery, to expand the system boundary. The results of the process LCA indicate that the environmental impact of LiBs is lower than SSBs across most environmental impact categories. Conversely, the input–output upstream global warming potential (GWP) of the LiBs, calculated by hybrid LCA, is higher than that of the SSBs. Sensitivity analysis shows that the SSB cycle life must increase from 100 to 2800 to achieve a GWP impact lower than that of LiBs and therefore outperform LiBs in this environmental impact category. The study, therefore, demonstrates that research into SSBs must be accelerated to achieve a functional and safe battery technology with a reduced impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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25. Perovskite solar cells: An integrated hybrid lifecycle assessment and review in comparison with other photovoltaic technologies

Author

Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Koh, S.C. L., Reaney, I. M., Acquaye, A., Schileo, G., Mustapha, K. B., and Greenough, R. M.

Abstract

Solar cells are considered as one of the prominent sources of renewable energy suitable for large-scale adoption\ud in a carbon-constrained world and can contribute to reduced reliance on energy imports, whilst improving the\ud security of energy supply. A new arrival in the family of solar cells technologies is the organic-inorganic halide\ud perovskite. The major thrust for endorsing these new solar cells pertains to their potential as an economically\ud and environmentally viable option to traditional silicon-based technology. To verify this assertion, this paper\ud presents a critical review of some existing photovoltaic (PV) technologies in comparison with perovskitestructured\ud solar cells (PSCs), including material and performance parameters, production processes and\ud manufacturing complexity, economics, key technological challenges for further developments and current\ud research efforts. At present, there is limited environmental assessment of PSCs and consequently, a\ud methodologically robust and environmentally expansive lifecycle supply chain assessment of two types of\ud PSC modules A and B is also undertaken within the context of other PV technologies, to assess their potential for\ud environmentally friendly innovation in the energy sector. Module A is based on MAPbX3 perovskite structure\ud while module B is based on CsFAPbX3 with improved stability, reproducibility and high performance efficiency.\ud The main outcomes, presented along with sensitivity analysis, show that PSCs offer more environmentally\ud friendly and sustainable option, with the least energy payback period, as compared to other PV technologies.\ud The review and analysis presented provide valuable insight and guidance in identifying pathways and windows\ud of opportunity for future PV designs towards cleaner and sustainable energy production.

Published
2017

28. Integrating economic considerations with operational and embodied emissions into a decision support system for the optimal ranking of building retrofit options

Author

Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Greenough, Rick, Taylor, S., Ozawa-Meida, Leticia, Acquaye, Adolf, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Greenough, Rick, Taylor, S., Ozawa-Meida, Leticia, and Acquaye, Adolf

Abstract

In the UK, 87% of dwellings and 60% of non-domestic buildings that will be standing in 2050 have already been built. Therefore, the greatest energy savings and emissions reductions will be achieved through retrofit of existing buildings. This usually involves decision-making processes targeted at reducing operational energy consumption and maintenance bills. For this reason, retrofit decisions by building stakeholders are typically driven by financial considerations. However, recent trends towards environmentally conscious design and retrofit have focused on the environmental merits of these options, emphasising a lifecycle approach to emissions reduction. Building stakeholders cannot easily quantify and compare the sustainability impacts of retrofit options since they lack the resources to perform an effective decision analysis. In part, this is due to the inadequacy of existing methods to assess and compare the cost, operational performance and environmental merit of the options. Current methods to quantify these parameters are considered in isolation when making decisions about energy conservation in buildings. To effectively manage the reduction of lifecycle environmental impacts, it is necessary to link financial cost with both operational and embodied emissions. This paper presents a robust Decision Support System which integrates economic and net environmental benefits (including embodied and operational emissions) to produce optimal decisions based on marginal abatement cost methods and Pareto optimisation. The implication of the DSS within the current climate change policies is also discussed. Overall, the methodology developed provides stakeholders with an efficient and reliable decision process that is informed by both environmental and financial considerations.

Published
2014

29. Operational vs. Embodied Emissions in Buildings — A Review of Current Trends

Author

Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Greenough, Rick, Taylor, S., Ozawa-Meida, Leticia, Acquaye, Adolf, Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq, Greenough, Rick, Taylor, S., Ozawa-Meida, Leticia, and Acquaye, Adolf

Abstract

Global awareness of environmental impacts such as climate change and depletion of ozone layer has increased significantly in the last few years and the implication for emissions reductions in buildings are widely acknowledged. The goal, therefore, is to design and construct buildings with minimum environmental impacts. Lifecycle emissions resulting from buildings consist of two components: operational and embodied emissions. A great deal of effort has been put into reducing the former as it is assumed that it is higher than the latter. However, studies have revealed the growing significance of embodied emissions in buildings but its importance is often underestimated in lifecycle emissions analysis. This paper takes a retrospective approach to critically review the relationship between embodied and operational emissions over the lifecycle of buildings. This is done to highlight and demonstrate the increasing proportion of embodied emissions that is one consequence of efforts to decrease operational emissions. The paper draws on a wide array of issues, including complications concerning embodied emissions computation and also discusses the benefits that come with its consideration. The implication of neglecting embodied emissions and the need for an urgent policy framework within the current climate of energy and climate change policies are also discussed.

Published
2013

30. Towards a unified carbon accounting landscape.

Author

McDonald LJ, Hernandez Galvan JL, Emelue C, Pinto ASS, Mehta N, Ibn-Mohammed T, Fender T, Radcliffe J, Choudhary A, and McManus MC

Abstract

The overarching purpose of carbon accounting is to reduce carbon emissions to meet net-zero targets and minimize the impact of climate change. However, the plethora of methods and approaches used means that products and systems sometimes cannot easily be compared. The mix of regional and life cycle-based systems can mean that we lack global oversight of our emissions and impact. In some situations where a regional approach is used, industry/business/regions are incentivized to reduce their own/territorial emissions, which can mean that an optimal global solution is not adopted. Countries where grid emissions are higher can be selected for production because it reduces regional (not global) carbon levels. Furthermore, these can be areas where the climate impact may be felt the most: not the just transition we aspire to. Our work provides an analysis of the current system together with its challenges and limitations, paving the way towards a more unified framework to create climate justice together with transparent and comparable accounting methodology for industry and regions alike. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Green carbon for the chemical industry of the future'.

Published
2024
Full Text
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