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High organic pollutant in tofu wastewater (TWW) raises a negative impact on environmental sustainability and health. Therefore, the TWW must be treated before it is discharged into the environment. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is one of the green technologies that can be used to treat wastewater and generate hydrogen as well. This work tries to investigate the performance of MEC based on the decrement of organic pollutants in TWW. Some important parameters of organic pollutants in TWW such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solid (TS), and pH were evaluated before and after MEC operation. The results showed that the COD and BOD levels decreased around 56% and 35% while pH increased from 7.90 to 7.16. Additionally, the TSS, TDS, and TS decreased by around 35.0%, 45.5%, and 33.2%. In addition, the optimum hydrogen yield (YH2) and hydrogen production rate (QH2) were obtained at 114 ± 0.1 mL H2/g COD 360 ± 20 mL H2/L/d. Overall, the MEC system could be used to reduce the level of organic pollutants in TWW and generated H2 at the same time.

The main components for tablet formulations are the fillers, binders, crushers, thinners and lubricants. Among these components, the binders play a key role on the powder cohesion properties during the formation of tablet granules. In this study, turmeric extract tablets were formulated using 15 g of turmeric extract, 35 g of aerosil, 12.8 g of lactose, 1% magnesium stearate, 200 ml of aquadest and gelatin as a binder. To evaluate the effect of gelatin on the tablet formulation, the gelatin was then prepared in different formulation namely 0.1 g (formulation A), 0.2 g (formulation B) and 0.5 g (formulation C), respectivley. Based on the tablet properties, the turmeric tablet with formulation C met the standard requirements of friability less than 1%, the hardness in the range of 4 -8 kg and disintegration time under 15 minutes.

Cashew fruit contains high levels of vitamin C and has a high antioxidant content. This study aims to determine the acceptance of analog meat, the number of bacteria, and to determine the shelf life of analog meat made from cashew fruit (Anacardium occidentale L.) and red bean flour (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The experiment used in this study was a single factor Completely Randomized (CRD) with 5 treatment levels %w/w design of cashew nuts and red bean flour, namely F1 (60%:20%); F2 (50%:30%); F3 (40%:40%); F4 (30%:50%); and F5 (20%:60%) with the addition of 20% white oyster mushroom for each formulation. The method used in this research is a sensory test, total plate number test, and observation of shelf life, then the data obtained will be analyzed by one way ANOVA test and further tests are carried out using Duncan to determine the significant difference between each treatment. The results showed that the sensory properties of the color parameter which had the highest value were F4 which had a significant effect on an average of 3.77, the aroma parameter which had the highest value was F3 which had a significant effect on an average of 3.80, the taste parameter which had the highest value was F1. significant effect on an average of 3.70, the texture parameter which has the highest value is F3 which has a significant effect on an average of 3.83, and the overall preference level parameter which has the highest value is F3 which has a significant effect on an average of 3.6. Be based 2019 BPOM regulations (ISO 4833-1; SNI 2897), the analogue meat of red bean flour F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 has met the SNI 2897 standard requirements for analoge meat, and does not exceed the microbial contamination threshold with a vulnerability of 3.0 x 103 cfu/gto 18, 3 x 103 cfu/g. The shelflife prediction was 3-7days at room temperature, in which the analog meat has experienced changes in smell and appearance, however there was no change in smell and appearance upon stored at cold temperature for 1 -7 days.

Tofu is one of the favorable food products that is produced from soybeans. It can be easily produced, contains high nutrition, is cheap, and its raw material is abundant. Unfortunately, a lot of wastewaters are generated during the tofu production process. Generally, tofu wastewater (TWW) contains high organic pollutants which can reduce the water quality when it is directly discharged into the river. This work tries to reduce the organic pollution levels in TWW by using a green technology of microbial fuel cell (MFC) system. The eficiency of TWW treatment was determined based on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) levels, decrement of total suspended solid (TSS) and pH changes. In addition, the amount of the electrical generated by MFC during the TWW treatment was investigated as a value added. The results showed that maximum COD and BOD removals were obtained 60.2 ± 2.0% and 61.5 ± 7.6%, respectively. Whereas, the decrement of TSS was observed at 42.7 ± 1.6%. Moreover, the electrical generation involves the current density the power and of MFC were obtained 389.9 ± 23.0 mA/m2 and 110.8 ± 9.1 mW/m2, respectively. These results indicate the MFC could be used to treat the TWW and generate the electrical power at the same time.

Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) have been experimentally proven as a versatile bioelectrochemical system (BES). They have the potential to alleviate environmental pollution, reduce water scarcity and save energy and operational costs. However, MDCs alone are inadequate to realise a complete wastewater and desalination treatment at a high-efficiency performance. The assembly of identical MDC units that hydraulically and electrically connected can improve the performance better than standalone MDCs. In the same manner, the coupling of MDCs with other BES or conventional water reclamation technology has also exhibits a promising performance. However, the scaling-up effort has been slowly progressing, leading to a lack of knowledge for guiding MDC technology into practicality. Many challenges remain unsolved and should be mitigated before MDCs can be fully implemented in real applications. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive chronological-based review that covers technological limitations and mitigation strategies, which have been developed for standalone MDCs. We extend our discussion on how assembled, coupled and scaled-up MDCs have improved in comparison with standalone and lab-scale MDC systems. This review also outlines the prevailing challenges and potential mitigation strategies for scaling-up based on large-scale specifications and evaluates the prospects of selected MDC systems to be integrated with conventional anaerobic digestion (AD) and reverse osmosis (RO). This review offers several recommendations to promote up-scaling studies guided by the pilot scale BES and existing water reclamation technologies.

Electrodes are important components of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), such as the microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The low-cost cathodes of titanium–nickel (Ti/Ni) and graphite felt-nickel (GF/Ni) are important to be evaluated as cathodes for MFCs. In this study, Ni particles are deposited onto the Ti and GF surface using a simple and low-cost electrodeposition technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyse the cathode surfaces. The electrodeposition of Ni onto GF appears more uniform without significant agglomeration compared with that onto Ti. This uniform deposition is perhaps the reason for a higher maximum power density (Pmax), lower internal resistance (Rin) and higher Columbic efficiency (CE) for MFC with GF/Ni cathode (113.4 ± 0.6 mW/m2, 1264.4 Ω and 29.6%, respectively) than those measured with Ti/Ni cathode (110.7 ± 8.0 mW/m2, 3375.8 Ω and 23.7%, respectively). However, the performance of these cathodes remains lower compared with the GF/Pt cathode (140.0 mW/m2, 845.7 Ω and 42.0%, respectively). Based on the preparation technique, material cost and performance, both Ti/Ni and GF/Ni cathodes can be considered as alternative to Pt catalyst for MFC application.

Microbial fuel cell consisting two main components which are anode and cathode materials. In the microbial fuel cell, both anode and cathode compartments are separated with a separator. Anode generates the protons and electrons while cathode converts protons into water with the presence electrons and oxygen. During the Microbial fuel cell operation, the performance of anode is very crucial due to it provides the protons and electrons. Hence, the high efficiency microbial fuel cell is very related with the high anode performance. This work addressed to the enrichment process of electroactive bacteria (EAB) in anode of microbial fuel cell. In this work, some parameters such as current generations, , and pH changes were used to assess the enrichment process of EAB was reached. In addition, the presence of EAB on the anode surface was identified based on the morphology of anode surface. The removal of COD and the pH value were determined by using the American public health analysis method and pH tester, respectively. The morphology of anode surface was analysed by using a scanning electron microscope. Whereas, current generation was tested by using a mustimeter. The removal of COD and final pH were obtained 71.4 % and 5.7, respectively. The optimum current generation was observed 0.19 mA. The surface morphology of anode before enriched with microbes was clear surface, while after enriched with microbes was attached by microbes. The removal of COD, pH changes, current generation and morphology of anode surface could be used to assess the EAB in the anode compartment. Keywords: Microbial fuel cell; anode; cathode; electroactive bacteria; pH changes.

Immobilized cell technology is a new technique to produce biogas. In the present study, an immobilized mixed-culture reactor (IMcR) in batch-mode operation was used for the production of hydrogen and methane simultaneously from glucose. Several factors, such as glucose concentration, temperature and fermentation time, were evaluated to determine the optimal conditions for hydrogen and methane production. Gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector (GC-TCD) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyse the gas and effluent. The morphologies of the immobilized cells were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal conditions for hydrogen and methane production were obtained using a substrate with 5.0 g/L glucose at 60 °C for fermentation times of 48.0 h (hydrogen) and 72.0 h (methane). The maximum yields of hydrogen and methane at these optimal conditions were 37.0 ± 0.0 (×10 −3 ) mol/mol glu and 39.0 ± 0.0 (×10 −3 ) mol/mol glu, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand ( COD ) and pH gradually decreased with increasing fermentation time and temperature. However, the performance of the IMcR decreased over time due to cell damage and microorganism detachment from the cell. In conclusion, the IMcR system is a potential system for the simultaneous production of hydrogen and methane.

The production of hydrogen from glucose by using Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 (E. aerogenes) in an immobilized cell reactor (ICR) was investigated. The effect of several factors, such as the glucose concentration, feed flow rate, and fermentation time were examined. The highest amount of hydrogen (9.44 mmol H2/g glucose) was obtained at a glucose concentration of 8 g/L, flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, retention time of 24 h and at a temperature of 30 °C. Meanwhile, the highest amount of carbon dioxide (1.68 mmol CO2/g glucose) was obtained at a glucose concentration of 10 g/L, flow rate of 0.7 mL/min, hydraulic retention time of 24 h and at a temperature of 30 °C. The hydrogen and carbon dioxide production were affected by glucose concentration, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and fermentation time. This study showed that the ICR was a very efficient method for the production of hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases.

Upscaling bioelectrochemical systems needs a proper operational mode to integrate them to the units operating in pilot and industrial scales. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation on combining the advantages of conventional batch and continuous operational modes in form of a simple and efficient looped configuration system, while reducing the drawbacks of each. In this regard, nine various recirculation batch (RB) systems with various recirculation to reactor volume ratios and with different recirculation flow rates were thoroughly evaluated and compared to the results of batch and continuous modes of operation. Recirculation rate and volume were both effective factors on system performance. The highest power density of 38 W/m3 was achieved amongst the various studied RB systems, which showed 40% and 32% of improvement compared to batch and continuous systems respectively. Cyclic voltammetry test approved 3.6 and 2.1 times increment of oxidation peak in the optimised RB system compared to the batch and continuous systems respectively. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed the significant reduction of charge transfer resistance in RB system. Rather than high energy outputs, the proposed operational mode showed promising results on reducing the waste treatment duration by 12.5 and 3 times compared to the batch and continuous systems respectively while achieving the COD and pH close to the releasing requirements.

Turmeric Extract Tablet Formulation (Curcuma Longa L) As An Anti-Dementia Candidate Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L ) is an herbal plant commonly used as a cooking spice to provide a savory taste and an attractive color. Moreover, it is also used in the field of medicine due to its curcumin bioactive compounds which are useful as anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotectors for dementia. Therefore, this research aims to formulate turmeric extract tablets that meets physical test standards using the wet granulation method. The extract tablet formulation was made into three formulas, namely F1, F2 and F3, where the composition of aerosol, lactose, gelatin and distilled water of the three formulas was designed based on the results of the parameters in sequence. The printed tablets were then tested using a disintegration, dual friability and hardness tester to determine the disintegration time, brittleness, hardness, as well as uniformity of weight and size. The F3 formulation with the composition of turmeric extract (15 g), aerosol (35 g), lactose (12.8 g), gelatin (0.5 g), magnesium stearate (1%) and aquadest (200 ml) fulfilled the standard physical tablet requirements. Furthermore, the results of repeated tablets (three times) obtained values namely weight (0.616 ± 0.355 mg), diameter (1.334 ± 0.280 cm), thickness (0.518 ± 0.039), friability (0.065 ± 0.074%), hardness (4.635 ± 0.234 kg)) and time destroyed (9,918 ± 4,386). Therefore, based on the results, the F3 turmeric extract tablet formulation shows the quality which meets the tablet physical test standards. Keywords : Curcumin, Dementia, Turmeric Extract Tablets, Wet Granulation Kunyit ( Curcuma longa L) merupakan tanaman herbal yang sering digunakan sebagai bumbu masak yang dapat memberikan rasa gurih dan warna yang menarik. Selain itu, kunyit juga dapat dimanfaatkan dalam bidang obat-obatan karena ia mengandung senyawa bioaktiv kurkumin yang bermanfaat sebagai anti oksidan, anti peradangan dan neuroprotektor untuk demensia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan tablet ekstrak kunyit yang memenuhi standar uji fisik dengan menggunakan metode granulasi basah. Formulasi tablet ekstrak kunyit dibuat ke dalam tiga formula yaitu F1, F2 dan F3, dimana komposisi aerosol, laktosa, gelatin dan aquades dari ketiga formula tersebut dirancang dengan mempertimbangkan hasil dari pengujian parameter tablet ekstrak kunyit secara urut. Tablet ekstrak kunyit yang telah dicetak kemudian diuji menggunakan alat disintegration tester , dual friability tester dan hardness tester untuk menentukan waktu hancur, kerapuhan, kekerasan, keseragaman bobot dan keseragaman ukuran. Tablet ekstrak kunyit pada formulasi F3 dengan komposisi ekstrak kunyit (15 g), aerosol (35 g), laktosa (12,8 g), gelatin (0.5 g), magnesium stearate (1%) dan aquadest (200 ml) memenuhi persyaratan uji fisik standar tablet. Hasil replikasi (tiga kali) dari tablet tersebut diperoleh nilai bobot (0,616 ± 0,355 mg), diameter (1,334 ± 0,280 cm), tebal (0,518 ± 0,039), kerapuhan (0,065 ± 0,074 %), kekerasan (4,635 ± 0,234 kg) dan waktu hancur (9,918 ± 4,386). Tablet ekstrak kunyit dengan Formulasi F3 ini menunjukkan kualitas yang memenuhi standar uji fisik tablet. Kata kunci : Kurkumin, Demensia, Tablet Ekstrak Kunyit, Granulasi Basah

The latest Approach in the teaching-learning process called “Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics” (STEM) has become the most recent trend in this decade. STEM aims not only to process and produce talents with expertise in education but also to function as a catalyst for economic growth and national development. However, there are still impending issues associated with the usage of STEM in secondary school, one of which is related to the quality of teachers. Previous research was used as a reference to discuss each of the problems analysed using NVIVO 12.0 software. The result showed that (i) an effective curriculum and (ii) increased motivation and teacher assistance in implementing STEM were the basis for improving teacher quality in STEM-based learning. STEM is useful in science learning, used in applying knowledge and skills for problem solving in everyday life. To improve teacher quality in the STEM-based teaching and learning process, teachers must master the conceptual model, design, implementation and evaluation of an integrated curriculum. Ongoing assistance to teachers to increase motivation in the STEM-based teaching and learning process also needs attention.

The high cost of Pt-based cathode, and its possibility of being poisoned by the presence of buffer in the electrolyte are two paramount issues in the BES system. The Ni-Fe has become one of the good alternatives because it has excellent catalytic properties, inexpensive, commercially available and low toxicity to microorganisms. In this study, Ni-Fe foam applied as a cathode in dual-chamber BES, while effluent of glucose fermentation as a substrate in the anode side. The characteristic of Ni-Fe surface was analyzed by using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Whereas, the catalytic property of Ni-Fe was evaluated by using linear sweep voltammetry test. The maximum hydrogen production rate and yield obtained were 500 ± 80 m3/m3/d and 470.2 ± 11.2 mL/g COD, respectively. The results show that the Ni-Fe has comparable performance to GF/Pt. Hence it could be used as an alternative cathode in BES application.

The latest approach in the learning process of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) has become the most recent trend in this decade. STEM not only for processing and producing the talents with expertise in education but also acts as a catalyst to the economic growth and national development. However, there are still impending issues associated with the usage of STEM in secondary schools, which one of the main issues is related with the quality of teachers. Previous studies were used as a reference to discuss respective issues. Previous studies showed that (i) effective curriculum, (ii) improvement of teacher’s motivation and mentoring in the usage of STEM are the foundation for the enhancement of teacher’s quality in the teaching of STEM.

Biodiesel (B2γ-300) derived from second-generation gamma-irradiated Jatropha curcas (JCO2γ-300) was analyzed. HPLC and NMR were used to determine the purity of B2γ-300, and a value of greater than 99.0% was verified. Phorbol ester (PE) composition in B2γ-300 was analyzed by HPLC but could not be detected. Elemental content of nitrogen (N), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), sulfur (S) and oxygen (O) were analyzed by using NCHS. No sulfur content in B2γ-300 could be detected, but N, C, H and O had values of 0.24%, 80.54%, 6.65% and 12.57%, respectively. Overall, it was concluded that the physicochemical properties of B2γ-300 have potential as source of alternative fuels.