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The 15 May 2020 Mw 6.5 Monte Cristo Range earthquake (MCRE) in Nevada, United States, is the largest instrumental event in the Mina deflection—a zone of east-trending left-lateral faults accommodating a right step between northwest-trending right-lateral faults of the Walker Lane. The MCRE ruptured a highly distributed faulting area with muted geomorphic expressions, motivating us to characterize the behavior of an earthquake on a structurally immature fault system. Inverse modeling of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) displacements reveals left-lateral slip on an east-striking, eastern fault and left-lateral–normal slip on an east-northeast-striking, western fault. Unusually, the two faults cross one another and ruptured together in the mainshock. The maximum slip of 1 m occurs at 8–10 km depth, but less than 0.1 m of slip reaches the surficial model fault patches, yielding a pronounced shallow slip deficit (SSD) of 91%. Relocated hypocenters indicate that the mainshock initiated at 9 km depth and that aftershocks span depths of 1–11 km, constraining the local seismogenic thickness. Our new field observations of fracturing and pebble-clearing in the western MCRE characterize a third, shorter, northern fault that is at the resolution limit of the InSAR–GNSS modeling. The segmented and intersecting fault geometry, off-fault aftershocks with variable mechanisms, distributed surface fractures, limited long-term geomorphic offsets, and a 600–700 m (cumulative) bedrock offset are all characteristic of a structurally immature fault system. However, the large SSD is not unusual for an earthquake of this magnitude, and a larger compilation of InSAR models (28 Mw≥6.4 strike-slip events) shows that SSDs correlate with magnitude rather than structural maturity. This study demonstrates the importance of integrating geodesy, seismology, and field observations to capture the full complexity of large earthquakes, and further suggests that seismic hazard assessments in shattered crustal regions consider the potential for multi- and cross-fault rupture.

Quaternary convergence at rates of ~10 mm/yr between the Arabian and Eurasian plates is largely accommodated by the Kura fold-thrust belt at the longitude of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan and eastern Georgia. Here we present the results of the first paleoseismic study of the Kura fold-thrust belt in Azerbaijan. A single paleoseismic trench was excavated across a 2-m-high fault scarp near Agsu revealing evidence of two recent surface rupturing earthquakes. Radiocarbon dating of the faulted sediments places limits of earthquake timing of AD 1713-1895 and AD 1872-2003 for the two events. Allowing for uncertainties in radiocarbon dating, the two events likely correspond to historical destructive M~7 earthquakes near Shamakhi, Azerbaijan in AD 1668 and 1902. Holocene shortening and dip-slip rates for the Kura fold-thrust belt are 8 and 8.5 mm/yr, respectively, based on the depositional age of an abandoned uplifted strath terrace in a water gap to the west of Agsu. These rates should be treated as maxima, as they are ~100% of the previously determined structurally and geodetically measured shortening across the belt, and were measured from only one of two primary structures in this part of the belt. The lack of reported historical ruptures from the past 8 centuries to the west of Agsu, in contrast with the numerous recorded destructive earthquakes of the Shamakhi region, suggests that the central and western parts of the Kura fold-thrust belt produce less frequent, but more destructive earthquakes, and may have accumulated sufficient strain to produce a M>8 earthquake.

The M 6.5 Monte Cristo Range earthquake that occurred in the central Walker Lane on 15 May 2020 was the largest earthquake in Nevada in 66 yr and resulted in a multidisciplinary scientific field response. The earthquake was the result of left-lateral slip along largely unmapped parts of the Candelaria fault, one of a series of east–northeast-striking faults that comprise the Mina deflection, a major right step in the north–northwest structural grain of the central Walker Lane. We describe the characteristics of the surface rupture and document distinct differences in the style and orientation of fractures produced along the 28 km long rupture zone. Along the western part of the rupture, left-lateral and extensional displacements occurred along northeasterly and north-striking planes that splay off the eastern termination of the mapped Candelaria fault. To the east, extensional and right-lateral displacements occurred along predominantly north-striking planes that project toward well-defined Quaternary and bedrock faults. Although, the largest left-lateral displacement observed was ∼20 cm, the majority of displacements were

The Tien Shan are an intracontinental mountain belt experiencing shortening as a result of far field deformation from the ongoing India-Eurasian collision. At the longitude of Kyrgyzstan the Tien Shan accommodate ~20 mm/yr of shortening. In central Kyrgyzstan, the most well studied faults include the northwest-striking right-lateral Talas Fergana fault and the series of east-striking reverse & thrust faults that form the basins and subranges that accommodate most of this compression. Yet in satellite imagery, some of the most prominent fault ruptures appear on a series of east-northeast-striking left-lateral strike slip faults. Little is known about the paleoseismology, rate of slip, or tectonic role of these faults. Here we present new drone-based high resolution topography and imagery along with geomorphic, geochronology, paleoseismic, and slip rate data for four of these sinistral faults. The studied faults are in the Aksay, Kazarman, Issyk Kul, and Song Kol basins. These data reveal that each fault has produced Holocene surface ruptures with single event displacements as great as 5-7 m along faults as long as ~100 km, corresponding to M~7.5 earthquakes. We propose a structural model to explain how these faults may have evolved from reverse faults that have rotated about their horizontal axis and then reactivated as strike slip faults due to their optimal alignment in the current stress field. How the existence of these faults affects seismic hazards is a question of discussion, as they are currently not considered in the regional strain budget that is largely based on compression.

The 1949 Mw7.4 Khait and 1907 Mw7.6 Karatag earthquakes are the two largest earthquakes of the last ~100 years within Tajikistan, in a zone of convergence between the Pamir and Tian Shan ranges at a rate of ~1cm/yr. The historical nature of these events means seismological and geodetic data are lacking. As such, their locations and source parameters have been very uncertain – preventing our understanding of how they fit into the tectonic model of the north-western Pamir. Here we present calibrated earthquake relocations for the 1949 earthquake and focal mechanisms determined from digitised seismograms for the 1949 and 1907 earthquakes. We also present a catalog of precise relocations for moderate magnitude earthquakes from 1949 to the present in vicinity of the Vakhsh Thrust. Finally, we present earthquake surface rupture mapping from the Vakhsh Valley, determined from ultra-high resolution elevation models derived from satellite stereo-imagery. We find that the 1949 Khait earthquake did not occur on the Vakhsh Fault, a major right-lateral fault that bounds the northern margin of the Pamir, as previously thought. Instead it occurred on an unmapped fault in the Tian Shan basement. However, 10-20m scarps observed on the south Vakhsh valley show this fault is capable of producing large earthquakes. This tells us the Pamir–Tian Shan convergence is distributed across several basement faults capable of producing large earthquakes. It also tells us that the largest earthquakes may occur on faults which may appear minor in the landscape, which has implications for seismic hazard in the region.

Global surface temperatures are expected to rise throughout the 21st century, and negatively impact plant growth and reproduction. Thus, it is imperative that we deepen our understanding of plant thermotolerance. The examination of native plant species that have evolved tolerance to high temperatures can provide crucial information on how plants can adapt to climate change. Boechera (Brassicaceae), a large genus that is native to North America, is highly thermotolerant, and can maintain photosynthetic activity at high temperatures. Here we report results of transcriptomic studies that seek to reveal possible thermotolerance mechanisms in B. depauperata (A.Nelson & P.B.Kenn.) Windham & Al-Shehbaz. Analysis of RNA-seq datasets from heat stressed B. depauperata and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants identified significant differences in how each of these species responds to identical heat stress conditions. The most highly upregulated heat-stress genes in A. thaliana includes the well-characterized heat-shock genes. In contrast, the Boechera heat-stress response is composed of: novel genes that lack orthologs in other genomes; genes coding for proteins of uncharacterized function; and genes coding for proteins associated with the unfolded protein and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. In addition, genes that are protective of photosynthetic capacity are also differentially upregulated in B. depauperata.

In Conway’s game, Sylver Coinage, the set of legal plays forms the complement of a numerical semigroup after a finite number of turns. Our goal is to show how the tools and techniques of numerical ...

The Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence occurred on 4 and 5 July 2019 within the eastern California shear zone of southern California. Both events produced extensive surface faulting and ground deformation within Indian Wells Valley and Searles Valley. In the weeks following the earthquakes, more than six dozen scientists from government, academia, and the private sector carefully documented the surface faulting and ground-deformation features. As of December 2019, we have compiled a total of more than 6000 ground observations; approximately 1500 of these simply note the presence or absence of fault rupture or ground failure, but the remainder include detailed descriptions and other documentation, including tens of thousands of photographs. More than 1100 of these observations also include quantitative field measurements of displacement sense and magnitude. These field observations were supplemented by mapping of fault rupture and ground-deformation features directly in the field as well as by interpreting the location and extent of surface faulting and ground deformation from optical imagery and geodetic image products. We identified greater than 68 km of fault rupture produced by both earthquakes as well as numerous sites of ground deformation resulting from liquefaction or slope failure. These observations comprise a dataset that is fundamental to understanding the processes that controlled this earthquake sequence and for improving earthquake hazard estimates in the region. This article documents the types of data collected during postearthquake field investigations, the compilation effort, and the digital data products resulting from these efforts.

The July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes in southeastern California were characterized as surprising by some, because only ∼35% of the rupture occurred on previously mapped faults. Employing more detailed inspection of pre-event high-resolution topography and imagery in combination with field observations, we document evidence of active faulting in the landscape along the entire fault system. Scarps, deflected drainages, and lineaments and contrasts in topography, vegetation, and ground color demonstrate previous slip on a dense network of orthogonal faults, consistent with patterns of ground surface rupture observed in 2019. Not all of these newly mapped fault strands ruptured in 2019. Outcrop-scale field observations additionally reveal tufa lineaments and sheared Quaternary deposits. Neotectonic features are commonly short (

Surface rupture in the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence occurred along two orthogonal cross faults and includes dominantly left-lateral and northeast-striking rupture in the Mw 6.4 foreshock and dominantly right-lateral and northwest-striking rupture in the Mw 7.1 mainshock. We present >650 field-based, surface-displacement observations for these ruptures and synthesize our results into cumulative along-strike displacement distributions. Using these data, we calculate displacement gradients and compare our results with historical strike-slip ruptures in the eastern California shear zone. For the Mw 6.4 rupture, we report 96 displacements measured along 18 km of northeast-striking rupture. Cumulative displacement curves for the rupture yield a mean left-lateral displacement of 0.3–0.5 m and maximum of 0.7–1.6 m. Net mean vertical displacement based on the difference of down-to-the-west (DTW) and down-to-the-east (DTE) displacement curves is close to zero (0.02 m DTW). The Mw 6.4 displacement distribution shows that the majority of displacement occurred southwest of the intersection with the Mw 7.1 rupture. The Mw 7.1 rupture is northwest-striking and 50 km long based on 576 field measurements. Displacement curves indicate a mean right-lateral displacement of 1.2–1.7 m and a maximum of 4.3–7.0 m. Net vertical displacement in the rupture averages 0.3 m DTW. The Mw 7.1 displacement distributions demonstrate that maximum displacement occurred along a 12-km-long portion of the fault near the Mw 7.1 epicenter, releasing 66% of the geologically based seismic moment along 24% of the total rupture length. Using our displacement distributions, we calculate kilometer-scale displacement gradients for the Mw 7.1 rupture. The steepest gradients (∼1–3 m/km) flank the 12-km-long region of maximum displacement. In contrast, gradients for the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers and 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes are

At least five surface rupturing earthquakes that occurred during a

Aerial photographs were collected in the days immediately following the 4–5 July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence (e.g., Barnhart et al., 2019) along the publically accessible sections of the surface ruptures south of California 178. These photos were then used to produce structure-from-motion point cloud models and orthophotos with resolutions varying from ∼1 to 20 cm/pixel. Here, the models are released and initial observations of the nature of the surface ruptures are presented.

There is no question that becoming a prescriber is liberating and ensures autonomous practice as well as a sense of professional pride in managing complete episodes of patient care. The decision to become a prescriber can be voluntary or an expectation of developing roles and service delivery. Either way, it is an onerous undertaking. The purpose of this article is to explore the responsibility of becoming a prescriber from the perspective of three prescribers looking at the academic expectations as well as the experiences faced by new prescribers over the first 12 months of prescribing.

The left-lateral slip rate of the Tianjingshan fault (TJSF) has been debated for several decades. Here, we measured displacements of geomorphic landforms and dated landform ages at two sites along the TJSF, to determine a late Pleistocene to Holocene slip rate of ~1.1 ± 0.2 mm/yr. We also derived a slip rate of ~1.1 ± 0.5 mm/yr using modern GPS data. Finally, by correlating available offset measurements with trenching-derived paleoseismic data, we obtained an average Holocene slip rate of ~1.2 ± 0.1 mm/yr for the TJSF. These fault slip rates over different time scales are in good agreement and are well constrained to 1.1 ± 0.2 mm/yr. The kinematics of the TJSF suggest that the TJSF has played an important role in accommodating the tectonic deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings are a tectonically complex region resulting from the continuing collision of India with Eurasia. We studied the tectonic deformation of this region using a GPS block model, which was produced using the most recently published, dense, precise, and complete GPS velocities available combined with a detailed fault geometry. The comparison between our preferred model with numerous faults and a model with fewer faults demonstrates the need for inclusion of lesser active faults affords a closer examination of strain partitioning. The predicted senses of motion and slip rates of active faults in our preferred model are consistent with the geological estimates, supporting the assumption that the decadal GPS slip rates are representative of millennial-scale geologic slip rates. The observed fault kinematics in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings can be interpreted as the consequence of relative motions between different blocks and block rotations. Published version This study was financed by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1500101), the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (2019QZKK0901), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41590861), and the Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowships for Ian K.D. Pierce. William C. Hammond acknowledges support from US National Science Foundation project 0610031 and US Geological Survey project G17AP00004.

The composition of low-Tg n-butylacrylate-block-(acetoxyaceto)ethyl acrylate block polymers is investigated as a strategy to tune the properties of dynamically cross-linked vinylogous urethane vitrimers. As the proportion of the cross-linkable block is increased, the thermorheological properties, structure, and stress relaxation evolve in ways that cannot be explained by increasing cross-link density alone. Evidence is presented that network connectivity defects such as loops and dangling ends are increased by microphase separation. The thermomechanical and viscoelastic properties of block copolymer-derived vitrimers arise from the subtle interplay of microphase separation and network defects.

The composition of low-Tg n-butylacrylate-block-(acetoxyaceto)ethyl acrylate block polymers is investigated as a strategy to tune the properties of dynamically cross-linked vinylogous urethane vitrimers. As the proportion of the cross-linkable block is increased, the thermorheological properties, structure, and stress relaxation evolve in ways that cannot be explained by increasing cross-link density alone. Evidence is presented that network connectivity defects such as loops and dangling ends are increased by microphase separation. The thermomechanical and viscoelastic properties of block copolymer-derived vitrimers arise from the subtle interplay of microphase separation and network defects.

BackgroundMany health and social needs can be assessed and met in community settings, where lower-cost, person-centered, preventative and proactive services predominate. This study reports on the development and implementation of a person-centered care model integrating dental, social, and health services for low-income older adults at a community dental clinic co-located within a senior wellness center.MethodsA digital comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) and referral system linking medical, dental, and psychosocial needs by real-time CGA-derived metrics for 996 older adults (age ≥ 60) was implemented in 2016–2018 as part of a continuous quality improvement project. This study aims to describe: 1) the development and content of a new CGA; 2) CGA implementation, workflows, triage, referrals; 3) correlations between CGA domains, and adjusted regression models, assessing associations with self-reported recent hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, and clinically-assessed dental urgency.ResultsThe multidisciplinary team from the senior wellness and dental centers planned and implemented a CGA that included standard medical history along with validated instruments for functional status, mental health and social determinants, and added oral health. Care navigators employed the CGA with 996 older adults, and made 1139 referrals (dental = 797, care coordination = 163, social work = 90, mental health = 32). CGA dimensions correlated between oral health, medical status, depressive symptoms, isolation, and reduced quality of life (QoL). Pain, medical symptoms, isolation and depressive symptoms were associated with poorer self-reported health, while general health was most strongly correlated with lower depressive symptoms, and higher functional status and QoL. Isolation was the strongest correlate of lower QoL.Adjusted odds ratios identified social and medical factors associated with recent hospitalization and ED visits. General and oral health were associated with dental urgency. Dental urgency was most strongly associated with general health (AOR = 1.78,95%CI [1.31, 2.43]), dental symptoms (AOR = 2.39,95%CI [1.78, 3.20]), dental pain (AOR = 2.06,95%CI [1.55–2.74]), and difficulty chewing (AOR = 2.80, 95%CI [2.09–3.76]). Dental symptoms were associated with recent ED visits (AOR = 1.61, 95%CI [1.12–2.30]) or hospitalizations (AOR = 1.47, 95%CI [1.04–2.10]).ConclusionCommunity-based inter-professional care is feasible with CGAs that include medical, dental, and social factors. A person-centered care model requires coordination supported by new workflows. Real-time metrics-based triage process provided efficient means for client review and a robust process to surface needs in complex cases.

Background Dental utilization patterns and costs of providing comprehensive oral healthcare for older adults in different settings have not been examined. Methods Retrospective longitudinal cohort data from Apple Tree Dental (ATD) were analyzed (N = 1,159 total; 503 outpatients, 656 long-term care residents) to describe oral health status at presentation, service utilization patterns, and care costs. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) repeated measures analysis identified significant contributors to service cost over the three-year study period. Results Cohort mean age was 74 years (range = 55-104); the outpatient (OP) group was younger compared to the long-term care (LTC) group. Half (56%) had Medicaid, 22% had other insurance, and 22% self-paid. Most (72%) had functional dentitions (20+ teeth), 15% had impaired dentitions (9-19 teeth), 6% had severe tooth loss (1-8 teeth), and 7% were edentulous (OP = 2%, LTC = 11%). More in the OP group had functional dentition (83% vs. 63% LTC). The number of appointments declined from 5.0 in Year 1 (OP = 5.7, LTC = 4.4) to 3.3 in Year 3 (OP = 3.6, LTC = 3.0). The average cost to provide dental services was $1,375/year for three years (OP = $1,427, LTC = $1,336), and costs declined each year, from an average of $1,959 (OP = $2,068, LTC = $1,876) in Year 1 to $1,016 (OP = $989, LTC = $1,037) by Year 3. Those with functional dentition at presentation were significantly less costly than those with 1-19 teeth, while edentulous patients demonstrated the lowest cost and utilization. Year in treatment, insurance type, dentition type, and problem-focused first exam were significantly associated with year-over-year cost change in both OP and LTC patients. Conclusion Costs for providing comprehensive dental care in OP and LTC settings were similar, modest, and declined over time. Dentate patients with functional dentition and edentulous patients were less costly to treat. LTC patients had lower utilization than OP patients. Care patterns shifted over time to increased preventive care and decreased restorative care visits.

Hume’s theory of justice is wonderfully rich and insightful. His appreciation of the distinction between the natural and artificial virtues, his account of the circumstances of justice, and his theory of conventions and their significance have been and remain important contributions to our thinking about justice. But not many moral and political philosophers are Humeans about justice anymore. There are two related reasons for this. First, his theory of justice has been widely misunderstood. Second, because his theory of justice has been widely misunderstood, it has been dismissed as either 1) open to some insurmountable objections or 2) simply an early and underdeveloped version of a standard view such as utilitarianism or contractarianism. My dissertation defends a novel interpretation of Hume’s theory of justice that makes his theory both more plausible than his critics typically think and importantly distinct from the more standard utilitarian and contractarian readings. According to my reading, Hume’s theory of justice is what I call Humean Functionalism. According to Humean Functionalism, justice is the product of social conventions that work to solve important shared problems in a way that would be approved from that Hume calls the General Point of View. This reading allows us to see, despite what critics have claimed, that 1) Hume’s account of the scope of justice applies much more broadly than simply to the regulation of property; 2) Hume does not think that the value of justice consists in its role in helping us promote our own self-interest; 3) Hume’s account of the circumstances of justice is much more plausible than the so-called Standard Account, which is typically attributed to him; and 4) Hume can make sense of a concern not only with the stability of goods and opportunities, but also with their distribution.

Two sets of Pleistocene moraines (Tioga and Tahoe) are preserved at Cascade Lake along the west side of Lake Tahoe. The 10 Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure ages for two younger Tioga moraines yield an average age of 22.3 ± 1.2 ka, coincident with the global Last Glacial Maximum. The ages suggest that the Tioga glaciation may have reached its maximum several thousand years earlier in the Lake Tahoe basin than to the south along the east flank of the Sierra Nevada. The oldest 10 Be age (120 ± 8 ka) determined for an additional suite of 10 boulders exhibiting significant scatter in 10 Be ages is interpreted to be the minimum age of formation for older Tahoe moraines in the Tahoe basin, suggesting they were deposited during marine oxygen isotope stage 6. The moraines at Cascade Lake are displaced by the West Tahoe Fault that strikes northward for 45 km along the western edge of the Lake Tahoe basin. Vertical displacements of the crests of the Tahoe and Tioga moraines are 59 ± 10 and 32 ± 12 m respectively. Averaged over the time since the formation of the Tahoe and Tioga moraines, the average vertical separation rates are

We present results from a detailed investigation of the horizontal displacement distribution, timing of paleoearthquakes and left-lateral slip rate on the western Tianjingshan fault. Measurements of 240 offset streams and ridges confirm that the fault is left-lateral and record evidence of repeated ∼3–4 m coseismic offsets along the 60–km–long fault. This suggests that ∼6 earthquakes may have occurred along the entire western Tianjingshan fault with repeated occurrence of earthquakes of Mw 7.2–7.5. Structural and stratigraphic relationships exposed in our five trenches in combination with previously reported studies further indicate that the fault has ruptured in as many as six paleoearthquakes since the late Quaternary. Paleoseismic data show that the average recurrence interval for Holocene earthquakes is approximately 5,000 yr. The most recent earthquake along the western Tianjingshan fault occurred ∼1.2 ± 0.1 kyr BP, indicating that this fault segment did not rupture in the M 7.5 historical earthquake of 1709 that ruptured the central Tianjingshan fault. We estimate that the Holocene slip rate of the western Tianjingshan fault is ∼1.1–1.2 mm/yr based on measurements of the age and offset of stream channels. Compared with the relatively fast slip rate of the Haiyuan fault (∼4–6 mm/yr), we suggest that the Tianjingshan fault acts as an essential active fault accommodating the sinistral displacement and crustal shortening deformation in NE Tibet.

An excavation across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust near Damak in eastern Nepal shows displacement on a fault plane dipping ~22° has produced vertical separation across a scarp equal to 5.5 m. Stratigraphic, structural, geometrical, and radiocarbon observations are interpreted to indicate the displacement is the result of a single earthquake of 11.3 ± 3.5 m of dip-slip displacement that occurred 1146 – 1256 AD. Empirical scaling laws indicate that thrust earthquakes characterized by average displacements of this size may produce rupture lengths of 450 - > 800 km and moment-magnitudes Mw of 8.6 to > 9. Sufficient strain has accumulated along this portion of the Himalayan arc during the roughly 800 years since the 1146 – 1256 AD earthquake to produce another earthquake displacement of similar size.

The 2015 Gorkha earthquake produced displacement on the lower half of a shallow decollement that extends 100 km south, and upward from beneath the High Himalaya and Kathmandu to where it breaks the surface to form the trace of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), leaving unruptured the shallowest ∼50 km of the decollement. To address the potential of future earthquakes along this section of the HFT, we examine structural, stratigraphic, and radiocarbon relationships in exposures created by emplacement of trenches across the HFT where it has produced scarps in young alluvium at the mouths of major rivers at Tribeni and Bagmati. The Bagmati site is located south of Kathmandu and directly up dip from the Gorkha rupture, whereas the Tribeni site is located ∼200 km to the west and outside the up dip projection of the Gorkha earthquake rupture plane. The most recent rupture at Tribeni occurred 1221–1262 AD to produce a scarp of ∼7 m vertical separation. Vertical separation across the scarp at Bagmati registers ∼10 m, possibly greater, and formed between 1031–1321 AD. The temporal constraints and large displacements allow the interpretation that the two sites separated by ∼200 km each ruptured simultaneously, possibly during 1255 AD, the year of a historically reported earthquake that produced damage in Kathmandu. In light of geodetic data that show ∼20 mm/yr of crustal shortening is occurring across the Himalayan front, the sum of observations is interpreted to suggest that the HFT extending from Tribeni to Bagmati may rupture simultaneously, that the next great earthquake near Kathmandu may rupture an area significantly greater than the section of HFT up dip from the Gorkha earthquake, and that it is prudent to consider that the HFT near Kathmandu is well along in a strain accumulation cycle prior to a great thrust earthquake, most likely much greater than occurred in 2015.

A reexamination of the observations and analysis recently reported to conclude that an 800 km section of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust ruptured in 1255 A.D. shows that the conclusion is flawed and without merit because of misinterpretations of trench logs and incorrect interpretation of radiocarbon statistics.

Purpose – “Inclusivity” and “empowerment” are central concepts in the philosophy of nursing practice and education. Recent professional concern has focused on the need to embed compassion in healthcare cultures where practice contributes to learning. The purpose of this paper is to explore an innovative partnership approach to undergraduate placement provision for adult-general nursing students in the context of learning disability and mental health. Design/methodology/approach – Critical discussion focuses on evaluation of a non-clinical placement centred on the health and social care of individuals with a learning disability or mental health needs. Two projects from practice around healthy living and hate crime illustrated the value of transformative learning as a pedagogic philosophy. Findings – Student feedback offered insight into social and cultural processes that impact on practice-based learning, and factors promoting inclusive engagement. Such included the context of identity formation, narrative as an evidence-base for caring, and personal/emotional growth through critical reflection. Practical implications – Evaluation provided a platform to re-think model(s) of clinical practice learning in healthcare education derived from a non-clinical placement. There are tangible benefits for sustaining value-led practice at a time of political change in the way health services are configured and delivered. Social implications – When engagement with the principles of inclusivity and empowerment become part of the lived-experience of the nursing student, longer-term recognition and retention of caring, and enabling values are more likely to endure. Originality/value – The emotional development and skills acquired by nursing students transfer to all branches of the profession by revitalising core conditions of compassion, respect, dignity, and humanity.

Fault scarps and uplifted terraces in young alluvium are frequent occurrences along the trace of the northerly dipping Himalayan frontal thrust (HFT). Generally, it was expected that the 25 April 2015 M 7.8 Gorkha earthquake of Nepal would produce fresh scarps along the fault trace. Contrary to expectation, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and aftershock studies soon indicated the rupture of the HFT was confined to the subsurface, terminating on the order of 50 km north of the trace of the HFT. We undertook a field survey along the trace of the HFT and along faults and lineaments within the Kathmandu Valley eight days after the earthquake. Our field survey confirmed the lack of surface rupture along the HFT and the mapped faults and lineaments in Kathmandu Valley. The only significant ground deformation we observed was limited to an ∼1-km-long northeast-trending fracture set in the district of Kausaltar within Kathmandu. This feature is interpreted not to be the result of tectonic displacement, but rather a localized extension along a ridge. Our survey also shows the ubiquitous presence of fallen chimneys of brick kilns along the HFT and within the Kathmandu Valley. Measurements of a small subset of fallen chimneys across the region suggest a degree of systematic fall direction of the chimneys when subdivided geographically.

The southern Liupanshan fault zone (SLFZ) has been active during the Holocene and accommodates complex deformation between the compressional Liupanshan Mountain and the extensional Weihe Graben. We characterized the active faulting of the SLFZ using interpretations of high-resolution satellite images, digital elevation models derived from structure-from-motion models, combined with field investigations. The presence of well-preserved linear fault troughs, scarps, knickpoints, offset streams and ridges, and landslides along the SLFZ indicate that surface-rupturing earthquakes have occurred along the SLFZ in the Holocene. Evidence from paleoseismic trenching indicates that the most recent earthquake occurred between 1607 ± 77 BCE and 1070 ± 90 CE, and thus may have been the 600 CE historical earthquake. The estimated magnitude of this earthquake is Mw 6.7. Radiometric dating of an offset fluvial terrace indicates a late Pleistocene to Holocene left-lateral slip rate of ~1.5 ± 0.3 mm/yr. Our geologic and geomorphic observations show that the SLFZ may extend into the Weihe Graben where the slip is transferred onto other active faults within the Weihe Graben.

It is well-known that the ordinary single-parameter Wiener space exhibits a reflection principle. In this paper we establish a reflection principle for a generalized one-parameter Wiener space and apply it to the integration of a class of functionals on this space. We also discuss several notions of a reflection principle for the two-parameter Wiener space, and explore whether these actually hold.

Let Q = [ 0 , S ] × [ 0 , T ] Q=[0,S]\times [0,T] and let C 2 ( Q ) C_2(Q) be two-parameter Wiener space. In this note we consider the ratios of the probabilities P [ x ( S , T ) ≥ c ] \mathbb {P}[x(S,T)\geq c] , P [ sup Q x ( s , t ) ≥ c ] \mathbb {P}[\sup _{Q} x(s,t)\geq c] and P [ sup ∂ Q x ( s , t ) ≥ c ] \mathbb {P}[\sup _{\partial Q} x(s,t)\geq c] .