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Meso dobiveno od goveda hranjenih voluminoznim krmivima, odnosno, na paši premium je proizvod, poboljšanih nutritivnih i osjetilnih karakteristika. Navedeno je potaknulo i veliko zanimanje za metode identifikacije i provjere autentičnosti kojima se garantiraju tvrdnje o podrijetlu takvog mesa. Ovaj rad daje pregled trenutnih saznanja o identifikaciji autentičnosti mesa goveda hranjenih, dominantno travama, odnosno, pašnim načinom proizvodnje. Razvijen je niz analitičkih metoda, samih ili kombiniranih, koje uključuju analize elementarnih ili molekularnih sastojaka animalnih proizvoda i u kombinaciji s kemometrijom, koji su se pokazali korisnima za razlikovanje različitih sistema hranidbe uz provjeru autentičnosti mesa goveda držanih na pašnjacima. Neke od ovih analiza uključuju određivanje sastava masnih kiselina, hlapljivih i fenolnih spojeva, karotenoida, stereoizomera vitamina E, omjera stabilnih izotopa, proteinskih markera i drugih bioaktivnih spojeva. Opisana je primjena spektroskopskih metode u identifikaciji podrijetla goveđeg mesa, te suvremena funkcionalna genomika, kao jedan od najnovijih pristupa u identifikaciji mesa proizvedenog na paši. Njihova identifikacijska pouzdanost u složenijim uvjetima hranjenja, kao što su promjene u dostupnosti krmiva i/ili kada paša čini samo dio hranidbe životinje i dalje se nadgrađuju i aktivno se istražuju. Opisuju se metode kroz njihove mogućnosti i potencijalna ograničenja, a što je najčešće uzrokovano varijacijama u količini, karakteristikama i sastavu hrane s pašnjaka koju konzumiraju životinje, a koje su ipak svojstvene sustavima proizvodnje na travnjacima, varijacijama u reakcijama životinja unutar i između pasmina i poteškoće u otkrivanju konzumacije hrane koja nije trava od strane životinje. Također, ističe niz pitanja za razmatranje, točke opreza i upozorenja u primjeni ovih metoda. Provjera autentičnosti životinja, povijest hranidbe kroz životinjske proizvode, a posebno provjera autentičnosti mesa od životinja hranjenih travom, suočava se s izazovima svojstveno praksama u uzgoju stoke, uglavnom zbog varijacija u sastavu obroka i varijacijama tijekom proizvodnog života. Velik dio dosadašnjih istraživanja bavio se dokazivanjem sistema identifikacije proizvoda, dok bi se budućnosti trebalo uložiti više resursa za razvoj baza podataka kako bi se stekla jednostavnost primjene i sigurnost sustava kontrole animalnih proizvoda., Beef obtained by feeding on pasture is a premium product, with improved nutritional and sensory characteristics, which has stimulated great interest in methods of identification and verification of authenticity that guarantee claims of the origin of such meat. This paper provides an overview of current knowledge on the identification of the authenticity of beef fed, predominantly, on grass, that is, on the grazing method of production. A number of analytical methods have been developed, alone or in combination, involving analyzes of the elemental or molecular constituents of animal products and combined with chemometry, which have proved useful in distinguishing different feeding systems while verifying the authenticity of beef kept on pasture. Some of these analyzes include the determination of the composition of fatty acids, volatile and phenolic compounds, carotenoids, stereoisomers, protein markers and other bioactive compounds. The application of spectroscopic methods in the identification of the origin of beef is described, as well as modern functional genomics, as one of the latest approaches in the identification of meat produced on pasture. For identification methods to be generally accepted and standardized in the changing feeding conditions and availability of different feeds they need to be reliable and accurate, and existing ones are still being actively researched and upgraded. The paper presents a series of analyzes with their possibilities of identification and potential limitations, which most often refer to many variables of agrotechnics on the pasture areas and their influence on feed composition, cattle breed differences, nutrition management, and many individual and interconnected relationships of the meals and the animals that eat it, all through the obtained results of the composition of the produced beef on pasture. Animal authentication, the history of feeding through animal products, and in particular the authenticity of meat from grass fed animals, faces challenges inherent in livestock practices, mainly due to variations in ratio composition and variations during production. Most of the described research focused on proving product identification systems, while in the future more resources should be invested in the development of common databases with the results of standardized methods, so that they can be analyzed and thus have the simplest possible application of analytical methods and secure animal product control system., Rindfleisch aus Weidehaltung ist ein hochwertiges Produkt mit verbesserten ernährungsphysiologischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften, das großes Interesse an Methoden zur Identifizierung und Überprüfung der Echtheit geweckt hat, welche die Herkunftsangaben für solches Fleisch garantieren. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Wissensstand zur Identifizierung der Echtheit von Rindfleisch, das überwiegend mit Gras gefüttert wurde, d.h. von Rindfleisch aus der Weidehaltung. Es gibt mehrere Laboranalysen zur Feststellung der Echtheit von deklarierten Mahlzeiten. Bei einigen von ihnen werden nur einzelne Elemente und chemische Verbindungen bestimmt, während andere komplexer sind und die Ergebnisse mehrerer Analysen zum Nachweis der Herkunft der Futtermittel kombinieren. Damit die Identifizierungsmethoden unter den sich ändernden Fütterungsbedingungen und der Verfügbarkeit verschiedener Futtermittel allgemein akzeptiert und standardisiert werden können, müssen sie zuverlässig und genau sein, wobei die bestehenden Methoden immer noch aktiv erforscht und verbessert werden. Der Beitrag stellt eine Reihe von Analysen mit ihren Identifizierungsmöglichkeiten und potenziellen Einschränkungen vor, die sich meist auf viele Variablen der Agrotechnik auf den Weideflächen und deren Einfluss auf die Futterzusammensetzung, die Unterschiede zwischen den Rinderrassen, das Ernährungsmanagement und viele individuelle und miteinander verknüpfte Beziehungen zwischen den Mahlzeiten und den Tieren beziehen, und zwar durch die erzielten Ergebnisse der Zusammensetzung des durch Weidefütterung erzeugten Rindfleischs. Die meisten der beschriebenen Forschungsarbeiten konzentrierten sich auf den Nachweis von Produktidentifikationssystemen, während in Zukunft mehr Ressourcen in die Entwicklung gemeinsamer Datenbanken mit den Ergebnissen standardisierter Methoden investiert werden sollten, damit diese analysiert werden können und man somit über eine möglichst einfache Anwendung von Analysemethoden und ein sicheres Kontrollsystem für tierische Produkte verfügt., La carne de res producida en pastoreo es un producto premium, con características nutricionales y sensoriales mejoradas, lo que ha despertado un gran interés en métodos de identificación y verificación de la autenticidad que garanticen declaraciones sobre el origen de dicha carne. Este trabajo da una revisión del conocimiento actual sobre la identificación de la autenticidad de la carne de res alimentada predominantemente de pasto, es decir, sobre los métodos de la producción en pastoreo. Hay una serie de análisis de laboratorio para identificar la autenticidad de las comidas declaradas. Algunos de ellos implican la determinación solamente de los elementos individuales y compuestos químicos, mientras que otros son más complejos y combinan los resultados de múltiples análisis para probar el origen de la alimentación animal. Para estar generalmente aceptados y estandarizados en las condiciones cambiantes de alimentación y la disponibilidad de diferentes alimentos, los métodos de identificación deben ser confiables y precisos, y los existentes aún están bajo investigación y actualización. El trabajo presenta una serie de análisis con sus posibilidades de identificación y posibles limitaciones, que en la mayoría de los casos se refieren a una serie de variables de agrotécnicas de áreas agrícolas y su impacto en la composición de los alimentos, las diferencias de razas, el manejo del ganado, el manejo nutricional, de las relaciones individuales e interrelaciones de los alimentos y de los animales que lo consumen, a través de los resultados obtenidos de la composición de la carne producida en pastoreo. La mayoría de las investigaciones descritas tuvo como el objetivo probar sistemas de identificación de productos, mientras que en el futuro debería invertir más recursos en el desarrollo de bases de datos comunes con los resultados de los métodos estandarizados para poder analizarlos y así tener la aplicación más simple de los métodos analíticos y un sistema de control seguro para productos animales., La carne bovina di animali alimentati al pascolo è un prodotto “premium”, dalle caratteristiche nutritive e organolettiche migliorate, il che ha acceso un grande interesse per i metodi di identificazione e verifica dell’autenticità con cui si garantiscono le dichiarazioni sull’origine di tale carne. Questo studio offre una panoramica sulle attuali conoscenze circa l’identificazione dell’autenticità della carne di bovini alimentati, prevalentemente, con erba, ovverosia di bovini allevati al pascolo. Nella identificazione dell’autenticità dei pasti dichiarati esiste tutta una serie di analisi di laboratorio. Alcune di esse includono soltanto l’accertamento di certi elementi e composti chimici, mentre altre sono più complesse e, nel processo di accertamento dell’origine del mangime per gli animali, combinano i resultati di più analisi. Affinché i metodi di identificazione siano genericamente accettati e standardizzati nelle condizioni variabili di alimentazione e di accessibilità di differenti mangimi, devono essere affidabili ed esatti, per cui quelli esistenti sono ancora attivamente studiati e integrati. Nello studio si fa riferimento ad una serie di analisi con le loro possibilità d’identificazione e i loro potenziali limiti, che più spesso si riferiscono ad una serie di variabili agrotecniche delle superfici coltivabili ed il loro impatto sulla composizione del mangime di cui gli animali si nutrono, sulle differenze di razza del bovino, sul management alimentare e su una serie di rapporti singoli e reciproci tra i pasti e gli animali che se ne nutrono, il tutto attraverso i risultati ottenuti della composizione della carne bovina prodotta da animali al pascolo. La maggior parte dello studio descritto si è occupata di provare il sistema di identificazione del prodotto, mentre in futuro si dovrebbero investire maggiori risorse nello sviluppo di comuni banche dati con i risultati dei metodi standardizzati, in modo tale da poterli analizzare e, così facendo, disporre dell’applicazione più semplice possibile dei metodi analitici e un sistema sicuro di controllo dei prodotti d’origine animale.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dry ageing on the yield and physical quality indicators of beef neck and to determine the sensory characteristics of burgers. Neck meat from castrated male Angus steers weighing 600 kg and 22 months old was used for the study. Neck samples (N = 12) were hung for 7 days (group Z-7) and 21 days (group Z-21) in a dry ageing chamber at a temperature of 2 °C ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 77 % ± 3 %. Weight and pH of the meat were measured at the beginning and end of the ageing period. After ageing, the neck was dissected into muscle, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat, bone, and remaining parts. Burgers were prepared from the ground neck meat (73.9%) and fat (24.6%) to which 1.2% sea salt and 0.3% ground black pepper were added. The burgers (average weight 150 g) were then heat treated in a steam convection oven at a temperature of 230°C until an internal temperature of 64°C was reached. After heat treatment, the burgers were weighed again to calculate cooking weight loss and their diameter was measured in two perpendicular dimensions to calculate surface area reduction. Quantitative descriptive analysis and likability test were performed with nine trained sensory assessors in the sensory laboratory. The study revealed no significant differences in the proportions of each tissue obtained during dissection. The necks from group Z-21 had significantly higher pH (6.16) and weight loss (12.23%) at the end of dry aging. Significantly lower cooking loss was observed in group Z-21 (26.52%) compared to group Z-7 (31.31%), but no significant difference was observed in the reduction of the surface area of the burger. The descriptive sensory attributes and likeability traits of the burgers were not significantly different between groups Z-7 and Z-21. In view of this, it is considered that a shorter maturation period of beef necks should be used for the production of burgers., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinke suhog zrenja na prinos i fizičke pokazatelje kakvoće mesa goveđeg vrata te odrediti senzorske karakteristike burgera. U istraživanju je korišteno meso vrata kastrirane muške junadi pasmine Angus prosječne tjelesne mase 600 kg i dobi oko 22 mjeseca. Uzorci vratine (N = 12) odležavani su 7 dana (skupina Z-7) i 21 dan (skupina Z-21) u komori za suho zrenje na temperaturi od 2 °C ± 1 °C i relativnoj vlažnosti od 77 ± 3 %. Masa i pH vratine mjereni su na početku i na kraju zrenja. Nakon zrenja provedena je disekcija vratine na mišićno, potkožno i međumišićno masno tkivo, kost i preostale dijelove. Potom su pripremljeni burgeri od mljevenog mišićnog (73,9 %) i masog tkiva (24,6 %) čemu je dodano 1,2 % morske soli i 0,3 % mljevenog crnog papra. Burgeri pojedinačne mase 150 g zatim su toplinski obrađeni u parno-konvekcijskoj pećnici na temperaturi 230 °C do postizanja unutarnje temperature 64 °C. Nakon toplinske obrade, burgeri su ponovo izvagani kako bi se izračunao gubitak mase kuhanjem, a promjer im je izmjeren u dvije okomite dimenzije kako bi se izračunalo smanjenje površine. Kvantitativna deskriptivna analiza i test dopadljivosti provedeni su korištenjem panela od devet educiranih senzorskih ocjenitelja u senzornom laboratoriju. Istraživanjem nisu utvrđene značajne razlike između skupina u udjelima svakog pojedinog tkiva dobivenog disekcijom. Meso vrata iz skupine Z-21 imalo je značajno veći pH (6,16) i gubitak mase (12,23 %) na kraju suhog zrenja. Značajno manji gubitak mase kuhanjem utvrđen je u skupini Z-21 (26,52 %) u odnosu na skupinu Z-7 (31,31 %), ali nije utvrđena značajna razlika u smanjenju površine burgera. Deskriptivna senzorska svojstva i svojstva dopadljivosti burgera nisu se značajno razlikovala između skupina Z-7 i Z-21. Temeljem rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da je za proizvodnju burgera preporučljivo koristiti kraći period zrenja goveđeg vrata, Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen der Trockenreifung auf den Ertrag und die physikalischen Qualitätsindikatoren von Rindernacken zu ermitteln und die sensorischen Eigenschaften von Burgern zu bestimmen. Für die Studie wurde Nackenfleisch von kastrierten männlichen Angus-Ochsen mit einem Gewicht von 600 kg und einem Alter von 22 Monaten verwendet. Die Nackenproben (N = 12) wurden 7 Tage (Gruppe Z-7) und 21 Tage (Gruppe Z-21) in einer trockenen Reifekammer bei einer Temperatur von 2 °C ± 1 °C und einer relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit von 77 % ± 3 % aufgehängt. Gewicht und pHWert des Fleisches wurden zu Beginn und am Ende der Reifezeit gemessen. Nach der Reifung wurde der acken in Muskel, subkutanes und intermuskuläres Fett, Knochen und übrige Teile zerlegt. Aus dem gemahlenen Nackenfleisch (73,9 %) und dem Fett (24,6 %) wurden Burger zubereitet, denen 1,2 % Meersalz und 0,3 % gemahlener schwarzer Pfeffer zugesetzt wurden. Die Burger (Durchschnittsgewicht 150 g) wurden dann in einem Dampfkonvektionsofen bei einer Temperatur von 230 °C bis zu einer Innentemperatur von 64 °C hitzebehandelt. Nach der Wärmebehandlung wurden die Burger erneut gewogen, um den Gewichtsverlust beim Kochen zu berechnen; außerdem wurde ihr Durchmesser in zwei senkrechten Dimensionen gemessen, um die Verringerung der Oberfläche zu berechnen. Eine quantitative deskriptive Analyse und ein Geschmackstest wurden mit neun geschulten sensorischen Prüfern im Sensoriklabor durchgeführt. Die Studie ergab keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Anteilen der einzelnen Gewebe, die bei der Zerlegung gewonnen wurden. Die Nacken der Gruppe Z-21 hatten am Ende der Trockenreifung einen signifikant höheren pH-Wert (6,16) und einen Gewichtsverlust (12,23 %). In der Gruppe Z-21 wurde ein signifikant geringerer Kochverlust (26,52 %) im Vergleich zur Gruppe Z-7 (31,31 %) festgestellt, jedoch wurde kein signifikanter Unterschied bei der Verringerung der Oberfläche des Burgers beobachtet. Die beschreibenden sensorischen Attribute und die Geschmackseigenschaften der Burger waren zwischen den Gruppen Z-7 und Z-21 nicht signifikant unterschiedlich. Daher wird davon ausgegangen, dass für die Herstellung von Burgern die Reifezeit von Rindernacken gekürzt werden sollte., El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los efectos de la maduración en seco sobre los indicadores de rendimiento y calidad física del cuello de res, tanto como determinar las características sensoriales de las hamburguesas. La investigación utilizó carne de cuello de novillos Angus macho castrados, con un peso corporal promedio de 600 kg y una edad de aproximadamente 22 meses. Las muestras del cuello (N = 12) fueron envejecidas durante 7 días (grupo Z-7) y 21 días (grupo Z-21) en una cámara de envejecimiento en seco a una temperatura de 2 °C ± 1 °C y una humedad relativa de 77 ± 3 %. El peso y el pH de la carne fueron medidos al inicio y al final del período de envejecimiento. Después del envejecimiento, el cuello se diseccionó en músculo, tejido adiposo subcutáneo e intermuscular, hueso y partes restantes. Las hamburguesas se prepararon a partir de carne de cuello molida (73,9 %) y grasa (24,6 %), a los que se añadió un 1,2 % de sal marina y un 0,3 % de pimienta negra molida. A continuación, hamburguesas con una masa única de 150 g se trataron térmicamente en un horno de convección y vapor a una temperatura de 230 °C hasta alcanzar la temperatura interna de 64 °C. Después del tratamiento térmico, las hamburguesas se pesaron nuevamente para calcular la pérdida de masa por cocción y se midió su diámetro en dos dimensiones perpendiculares para calcular la reducción del área superficial. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos cuantitativos y pruebas de palatabilidad utilizando un panel de nueve evaluadores sensoriales capacitados en un laboratorio sensorial. La investigación no encontró diferencias significativas en las proporciones de cada tejido obtenido durante la disección. La carne de cuello del grupo Z-21 tuvo un pH significativamente mayor (6,16) y una pérdida de masa (12,23%) al final de la maduración en seco. Se observó una pérdida de masa por cocción significativamente menor en el grupo Z-21 (26,52 %) en comparación con el grupo Z-7 (31,31 %), pero no se encontró una diferencia significativa en la reducción de la superficie de la hamburguesa. Las propiedades sensoriales y de palatabilidad de las hamburguesas no difirieron significativamente entre los grupos Z-7 y Z-21. En base a los resultados de la investigación, se puede concluir que para la elaboración de hamburguesas es recomendable utilizar un período de maduración más corto del cuello de res, Lo scopo di questa ricerca consisteva nel determinare gli effetti della frollatura a secco sulla resa e sugli indicatori di qualità fisica della carne di collo di manzo e nel determinare le caratteristiche sensoriali degli hamburger. Ai fini della ricerca è stata utilizzata carne di collo di bovino Angus maschio castrato con una massa corporea media di 600 kg e un'età di circa 22 mesi. I campioni di collo di manzo (N = 12) sono stati frollati per 7 giorni (gruppo Z-7) e 21 giorni (gruppo Z-21) in una camera di frollatura a secco a una temperatura di 2 °C ± 1 °C e un'umidità relativa di 77 ± 3 %. La massa e il pH della carne sono stati misurati all'inizio e alla fine della frollatura. Dopo la frollatura, il collo è stato sezionato in muscoli, tessuto adiposo sottocutaneo e intermuscolare, ossa e parti rimanenti. Si è proceduto poi alla preparazione degli hamburger con muscolo macinato (73,9%) e tessuto adiposo (24,6%), a cui sono stati aggiunti l'1,2% di sale marino e lo 0,3% di pepe nero macinato. Gli hamburger, di 150 g ciascuno, sono stati poi trattati termicamente in un forno a convezione e vapore alla temperatura di 230 °C fino al raggiungimento della temperatura interna di 64 °C. Dopo il trattamento termico, gli hamburger sono stati ripesati per calcolare la perdita di massa durante la cottura, mentre il loro diametro è stato misurato in due dimensioni verticali per calcolare la riduzione di superficie. L'analisi descrittiva quantitativa e il test di appetibilità sono stati condotti utilizzando un gruppo di nove valutatori sensoriali addestrati in un laboratorio sensoriale. La ricerca non ha rilevato differenze significative tra i gruppi nelle proporzioni di ogni singolo tessuto ottenuto per dissezione. La carne del collo del gruppo Z-21 presentava un pH (6,16) e una perdita di massa (12,23%) significativamente più alti alla fine della frollatura a secco. È stata riscontrata una perdita di massa significativamente inferiore durante la cottura nel gruppo Z-21 (26,52 %) rispetto al gruppo Z-7 (31,31 %), ma non è stata rilevata alcuna differenza significativa riguardo alla riduzione della superficie dell'hamburger. Le proprietà descrittive sensoriali e di appetibilità degli hamburger non differivano significativamente tra i gruppi Z-7 e Z-21. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, si può concludere che per la produzione degli hamburger fatti con la carne del collo di manzo è consigliabile utilizzare un periodo di frollatura più breve.

Kako bi potrošačima bila zajamčena kvaliteta autohtonih mesnih proizvoda, odnosno vjerodostojnost podataka koje podrazumijeva zaštita izvornosti i zemljopisnog podrijetla, potrebna je stalna provjera sukladnosti njihovih svojstava s obzirom na dodijeljenju im oznaku odnosno specifikaciju proizvoda. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati sukladnost fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava sa specifikacijama odabranih zaštićenih hrvatskih autohtonih mesnih proizvoda. Trajni suhomesnati proizvodi i trajne kobasice (n = 18) uzorkovani su tijekom razdoblja 2019. - 2020. godine na hrvatskim obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima (OPG) s područja Slavonije, Istre i Dalmacije. Nabavljeni proizvodi imaju oznaku izvornosti (Istarski pršut) odnosno oznaku zemljopisnog podrijetla (Drniški pršut, Dalmatinski pršut, Slavonski kulen, Baranjski kulen i Slavonska kobasica). Ovisno o vrsti proizvoda, odnosno njegovoj specifikaciji, uz primjenu validiranih i akreditiranih analitičkih metoda, analizirana su fizikalno-kemijska svojstva koja su definirana specifikacijama ovih proizvoda, uključujući aktivitet vode (aw) te maseni udio vode, soli, masti i bjelančevina. Svi mesni proizvodi udovoljavali su proizvođačkim specifikacijama, a za samo po jedan uzorak Dalmatinskog i Drniškog pršuta utvrđene su granične vrijednosti analiziranih parametara (udio soli i udio vode). Značajno variranje u udjelima vode i masti uočeno je kod Slavonskog kulena, iako su vrijednosti bile u granicama određenim specifikacijama., The aim of this study was to examine the compliance of physico-chemical properties with the specifications of selected protected Croatian indigenous meat products. Dry-cured meat products and fermented sausages (n = 18) were sampled during the period 2019-2020 on Croatian family farms (CFF) from the area of Slavonia, Istria and Dalmatia. The purchased products have a designation of origin (Istrian prosciutto) or a geographical indication („Drniški pršut“, „Dalmatinski pršut“, „Slavonski kulen“, „Baranjski kulen“ and „Slavonska kobasica“). Depending on the type of product, i.e. its specification, using validated and accredited analytical methods, physico-chemical properties defined by the specifications of these products were analyzed, including water activity (aw) and mass fraction of water, salt, fat and protein. All meat products met the manufacturer's specifications, and for some of them the limit values of the analyzed parameters and significant variation in water and fat content were determined. In order to guarantee consumers the quality of indigenous meat products, i.e. the authenticity of data implied by the protection of origin and geographical origin, it is necessary to constantly control the conformity of their properties with regard to assigning them a label or product specification, Um den Verbrauchern die Qualität der einheimischen Fleischprodukte zu garantieren, d.h. die Authentizität der Angaben, die durch den Schutz der Herkunft und des geografischen Ursprungs impliziert sind, ist es notwendig, die Konformität ihrer Eigenschaften im Hinblick auf die Zuweisung eines Labels oder einer Produktspezifikation ständig zu kontrollieren. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Übereinstimmung der physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften mit den Spezifikationen ausgewählter geschützter kroatischer einheimischer Fleischprodukte zu untersuchen. Trocken gepökelte Fleischprodukte und Dauerwürste (n = 18) wurden im Zeitraum 2019-2020 auf kroatischen Familienbetrieben (CFF) aus dem Gebiet von Slawonien, Istrien und Dalmatien untersucht. Die gekauften Produkte haben eine Ursprungsbezeichnung (istrischer Prosciutto) oder eine geografische Angabe ("Drniški pršut", "Dalmatinski pršut", "Slavonski kulen", "Baranjski kulen" und "Slavonska kobasica"). Je nach Produkttyp, d.h. seiner Spezifikation, wurden mit Hilfe von validierten und akkreditierten Analysemethoden die durch die Spezifikationen dieser Produkte definierten physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften analysiert, einschließlich der Wasseraktivität (aw) und des Massenanteils von Wasser, Salz, Fett und Protein. Alle Fleischprodukte entsprachen den Spezifikationen des Herstellers; nur bei je einer Probe des Dalmatinski und Drniški pršut wurden Grenzwerte der analysierten Parameter und signifikante Abweichungen im Wasser- und Fettgehalt festgestellt. Beim slawonischen Kulen wurden erhebliche Schwankungen des Wasser- und Fettgehalts beobachtet, obwohl die Werte innerhalb der in den Spezifikationen festgelegten Grenzen lagen., Para garantizar a los consumidores la calidad de los productos cárnicos autóctonos, es decir, la autenticidad de los datos que implican la denominación de origen e indicación geográfica, es necesario verificar constantemente la conformidad de sus propiedades en cuanto a las denominaciones asignadas o la especificación del producto. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la conformidad de las propiedades físico-químicas con las especificaciones de los productos cárnicos autóctonos croatas protegidos seleccionados. Fueron tomadas las muestras de productos cárnicos crudo-curados y embutidos (n = 18) durante el período de 2019 a 2020, en granjas familiares croatas de las zonas de Eslavonia, Istria y Dalmacia. Los productos adquiridos tienen una denominación de origen (jamón de Istria) o una indicación geográfica (el jamón de Drniš, el jamón de Dalmacia, el kulen de Eslavonia, el kulen de Baranja y el embutido de Eslavonia). Dependiendo del tipo de producto, o sea, su especificación, utilizando métodos analíticos validados y acreditados, fueron analizadas las propiedades físico-químicas definidas por las especificaciones de estos productos, incluida la actividad del agua (aw) y el contenido de agua, sal, grasa y proteína . Todos los productos cárnicos cumplieron con las especificaciones del productor, y solo para una muestra de jamón de Dalmacia y de Drniš fueron determinados los valores límite de los parámetros analizados (el contenido de sal y el contenido de agua). Fue observada una variación significativa en el contenido de aguas y de grasas en el kulen de Eslavonia, aunque los valores estaban dentro de los límites determinados por las especificaciones., Al fine di garantire ai consumatori la qualità dei prodotti autoctoni a base di carne, ovvero l'autenticità dei dati impliciti nella tutela dell'origine e della provenienza geografica, è necessario effettuare una costante verifica della conformità delle loro proprietà rispetto all'assegnazione delle etichette o della specifica del prodotto. Questa tesi è stata elaborata con lo scopo di esaminare la conformità delle proprietà fisico-chimiche con le specifiche dei determinati prodotti autoctoni croati protetti a base di carne. I prodotti di salumeria a lunga conservazione e le salsicce a lunga durata (n=18) sono stati sottoposti a campionamento durante il periodo tra il 2019 e il 2020 nelle aziende agricole familiari della Croazia (OPG) sul territorio della Slavonia, dell'Istria e della Dalmazia. I prodotti ottenuti hanno una denominazione di origine (Prosciutto istriano) ovvero l’indicazione geografica (Prosciutto di Drniš, Prosciutto dalmato, Kulen della Slavonia, Kulen della Baranja e la salsiccia della Slavonia). A seconda del tipo di prodotto, ovvero della sua specifica, utilizzando i metodi analitici convalidati e accreditati, sono state analizzate le proprietà fisico-chimiche definite dalle specifiche di questi prodotti, compresa l'attività dell'acqua (aw) e aventi tenore, in peso, d’acqua, di sale, grassi e proteine. Tutti i prodotti a base di carne sono stati conformi alle specifiche del produttore, tranne un campione del prosciutto dalmato e del prosciutto di Drniš, nei quali sono stati determinati i valori limite dei parametri analizzati (il tenore di sale e il tenore d’acqua). Una variazione significativa nel contenuto d’acqua e dei grassi è stata notata nel kulen della Slavonia, sebbene i valori rientrano nelle determinate specificazioni.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of partial replacement of NaCl with KCl on the physical and sensory properties of dry-cured loin. The dry-cured loins were prepared after three treatments, where treatment C served as a control without NaCl replacement, while in treatments F1 and F2, 25 and 37.5 % NaCl was replaced by KCl, respectively. A significant difference (P

The aim of this paper was to determine the sensory profiles and likeability of two types of traditional dry-cured meat products from four Croatian regions (Central and Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern Croatia). For this purpose, 24 samples of dry-cured ham and 26 samples of dry-cured bacon were evaluated by a trained panel of 9 judges using quantitative descriptive analysis. It was found that the sensory profiles of dry-cured ham and bacon differed significantly in 12 and 13 of the 22 sensory traits, respectively. Nearly all likeability traits of dry-cured ham differed significantly between regions, with the exception of the cross-section likeability which was the only trait that differed among dry-cured bacon samples between regions. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the attributes of odour and aroma were most important for characterizing and differentiating dry-cured meat products. PCA analysis revealed a strong separation of samples between the Western Croatia region, where aromatic and spicy herb aroma was most important, and the Southern Croatia region, where buttery aroma and smoky odour were most important. Samples from the Central and Northern Croatia region were well recognized within the Southern Croatia region, possibly due to the use of smoke, but with less buttery aroma. Samples from the Eastern Croatia region were poorly recognized, having much overlap with other regions. It can be concluded that the influence of regions on sensory traits is evident regardless of the product, but the contribution of the region should be well defined and robust.

The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of production season on sensory attributes of artisanal smoked dry-cured ham and to elaborate findings by non-parametric testing and principal component analysis. Artisanal drycured hams (73 samples) were collected on open market during five consecutive production seasons from the year 2011 to 2015, and quantitative descriptive analysis was performed. The results showed that 10 out of 18 sensory attributes were significantly different (P

The present study focused on the use of sewage sludge (SS) as a casing material amendment and the potential uptake of metal elements by the cultivated white button (

This study aimed to identify surface mould species overgrowing the Croatian protected meat products “Istarski pršut” and “Dalmatinski pršut” and their effect on sensory properties. Dry-cured hams were produced in 2018/2019 and obtained from annual fairs. The predominant surface species found on “Dalmatinski pršut” were Aspergillus chevalieri, Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus cibarius, whereas those overgrowing “Istarski pršut” were Aspergillus proliferans, P. citrinum and Penicillium salamii. The results show species diversity, higher presence, and greater variety of Aspergillus species in “Dalmatinski pršut” in comparison to “Istarski pršut”, and significant variations in 9 of 20 sensory attributes. Principal component analysis revealed a clear distinction between the two, and a large contribution of P. salamii and Penicillium bialowienzense to one principal component. The texture traits, smoky odour, muscle and subcutaneous fatty tissue colour, and mould species found are valuable for product characterisation. The results also indicate that mould species may be responsible for some sensory traits, such as tenderness, juiciness, and lesser freshness.

SUMMARY Research background As fermentation is an integral feature of both, dry sausage and cheese production, this has led to the evaluation of bacterial cultures Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris (LL8307) and Enterococcus durans (ED0207) originally isolated from artisanal Croatian hard type cheese to diversify the range of flavours of dry fermented sausages and to increase their microbiological safety. Both strains were chosen for their high or medium acidifying, proteolytic and/or lipolytic activity and bioprotective potential after step-by-step selection of wild isolates. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the survival rate of selected starter cultures in wild boar meat sausages during the ripening period of 40 days at a local small-scale facility under artisanal conditions as well as their influence on sausage quality parameters. Experimental approach Safety, biotechnological and probiotic properties of twenty-three enterococcal and lactococcal isolates of dairy origin were studied. Based on the results, two best candidates were selected and added to the meat batter during the artisanal wild boar meat sausage preparation where their survival rate, effect on physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial properties and histamine content were evaluated. Results and conclusions As revealed by repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), native starter cultures survived up to 15 days of ripening and were either absent from (LL8307) or reduced by 80% (ED0207) in final products. The application of native starter cultures rapidly decreased pH (p

In this study, the influence of meat batter composition and sausage diameter on the development of microbiota and sensory traits of traditional, spontaneously fermented wild boar meat sausages are evaluated. This research also demonstrates how principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to relate product sensory properties to particular microbial genotype and to select potential starter or adjunct culture. Generally, similar microbiological results were obtained in all types of products. The undesirable microbiota was either not detected at any sausage production stage or its number decreased below the detection limit in ripened sausages. The low growth rate of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was consistent with the obtained pH and slow acidification rate. Although no differences in the composition of LAB species were noticed between sausage types (50S=50 % wild boar meat in small casing, 50L=50 % wild boar meat in large casing, 100S=100 % wild boar meat in small casing), a clear separation based on LAB genotypes could be observed. Upon quantitative descriptive analysis, significant differences in sensory attributes between sausage types were established. According to the PCA, the overall acceptability traits of sausages are closely linked to one Leuconostoc mesenteroides genotype (LM_4). Of all tested technological properties, LM_4 strains showed remarkable acidification ability, lowering the pH from pH=5.41 to 3.74, and pronounced proteolytic activity on skimmed milk as well as antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus (DSM 20231) and Brochothrix thermosphacta (LMG 17208). Lipolytic and haemolytic activities were not detected, and all analyzed strains were susceptible to tested antibiotics and possessed no biogenic amine genes.

This study addresses the application of native, multiple strain starter cultures for standardization of game meat sausages production. The designed starter cultures consisting of two indigenous Lactobacillus sakei and one Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains. These strains were used in both, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated form, in the game meat dough, individually or in combination, with eight treatments in total. Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of the sausages were monitored throughout the manufacturing process, while sensory properties, biogenic amine content, and volatile compounds were evaluated in the final products. As revealed by rep-PCR, native starter cultures, encapsulated or non-encapsulated, had survived the whole sausage production process; however, to varying degrees. The application of indigenous decarboxylase negative Lb. sakei strains significantly (P 0.05) between tested treatments were found, although treatment with the Lb. sakei strains received the highest scores for the sensory traits including cross-section, odour, hardness, aroma, and overall acceptability. Combination of multi-strain Lb. sakei starter cultures resulted in growth prevention of undesirable microbiota, reduction of tyramine content and increased the acceptability parameters of full-ripened sausages, which make them good candidates for industrial as well as artisanal application. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-020-04587-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The aim of this study was to elaborate on the mineral content variability of two dry-cured ham types for better understanding of the contribution of minerals to reference daily intake (RDI). These two ham types were based on Istrian and Dalmatian ham manufacturing process. Significantly higher (P, Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi varijabilnost sadržaja minerala u dva tipa pršuta radi boljeg razumijevanja doprinosa minerala preporučenom unosu (PU). Ova dva tipa pršuta temeljila su se na postupku proizvodnje Istarskog i Dalmatinskog pršuta. Značajno veći (P, Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Variabilität des Mineralstoffgehalts von zwei luftgetrockneten Rohschinken festzustellen, um den Beitrag der Mineralstoffe zur empfohlenen täglichen Verzehrmenge (RDA) besser zu verstehen. Diese zwei Schinkensorten basieren auf dem Herstellungsprozess von istrischem und dalmatinischem Schinken. Signifikant höhere (P, El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variabilidad del contenido mineral en dos tipos de jamón para comprender mejor la contribución de los minerales a la ingesta recomendada (IDR). Estos dos tipos de jamón se basaron en el proceso de producción del jamón de Istria y Dalmacia. Se encontró un contenido significativamente mayor (P, Il presente lavoro di ricerca è stato elaborato con lo scopo di determinare la variabilità del contenuto di minerali in due tipi di prosciutto per meglio comprendere il contributo dei minerali all’assunzione di riferimento (*AR in croato: PU). Questi due tipi di prosciutto si sono basati sul processo produttivo del Prosciutto istriano e del Prosciutto dalmato. Significamente più alto il valore (P

Research background. As fermentation is an integral feature of both, dry sausage and cheese production this has led to the evaluation of bacterial cultures Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris (LL8307) and Enterococcus durans (ED0207) originally isolated from artisanal Croatian hard type cheese to diversify the range of flavours of dry fermented sausages and to increase their microbiological safety. Both strains were chosen for their high or medium acidifying, proteolytic and/or lipolytic activity and bioprotective potential after step-by-step selection of wild isolates. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the survival rate of selected starter cultures in wild boar meat sausages during the ripening period of 40 days at a local small-scale facility under artisanal conditions as well as their influence on sausage quality parameters. Experimental approach. Safety, biotechnological and probiotic properties of twenty-three enterococcal and lactococcal isolates of dairy origin were studied. Based on the results, two best candidates were selected and added to the meat batter during the artisanal wild boar meat sausage preparation where their survival rate, the effect on physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial properties and histamine content were evaluated. Results and conclusions. As revealed by repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), native starter cultures survived up to 15 days of ripening and were either absent from (LL8307) or reduced by 80 % (ED0207) in final products. The application of native starter cultures rapidly decreased pH (p

This study aimed to identify surface mould species overgrowing the Croatian protected meat products “Istarski pršut” and “Dalmatinski pršut” and their effect on sensory properties. Dry-cured hams were produced in 2018/2019 and obtained from annual fairs. The predominant surface species found on “Dalmatinski pršut” were Aspergillus chevalieri, Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus cibarius, whereas those overgrowing “Istarski pršut” were Aspergillus proliferans, P. citrinum and Penicillium salamii. The results show species diversity, higher presence, and greater variety of Aspergillus species in “Dalmatinski pršut” in comparison to “Istarski pršut”, and significant variations in 9 of 20 sensory attributes. Principal component analysis revealed a clear distinction between the two, and a large contribution of P. salamii and Penicillium bialowienzense to one principal component. The texture traits, smoky odour, muscle and subcutaneous fatty tissue colour, and mould species found are valuable for product characterisation. The results also indicate that mould species may be responsible for some sensory traits, such as tenderness, juiciness, and lesser freshness.

The influence of the drying technique on certain quality attributes of dried grapes was analysed. Five varieties of grape were used in this study (Bezsemenn&eacute, Perlette, Vrboska, Beauty seedless, and Jakubsk&eacute, ). All the varieties were dried using four methods: drying at 40 &deg, C, combined drying (70, 65, and 60 &deg, C), drying at 70 &deg, C, and lyophilisation. The quality attributes such as total soluble solids, water activity, content of vitamin C, the colour parameters (L*, a*, b*), and microbiological (colony forming units, moulds, yeasts) and sensory (smoothness, gloss, colour, odour, chewability, juiciness, flavour, and overall impression) analysis were determined, depending on the method of drying. Lyophilised grapes from the Jakubsk&eacute, variety had the highest vitamin C content. They contained 0.58 mg of vitamin C per 100 g of dried grapes. However, no significant differences between varieties in vitamin C content were found. This confirmed concerns about the negative impact on the nutritional quality of dried grapes with increasing temperature. The lowest total count of microorganisms (CFU), moulds, and yeasts were determined after using highest drying temperature (70 &deg, C). Higher CFU values were determined in lyophilised grapes, and then followed by grapes dried at 40 &deg, C. Lyophilised grapes and grapes dried at 40 &deg, C achieved the best sensory rating in general. The final product was intended to have a unique appearance while maintaining the evaluated quality parameters.

The aim of the study was monitoring of phthalic acid esters in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic over the period of 6 years, namely dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Monitoring took place in twelve regions of the Czech Republic. Soil samples were taken evenly from the top and bottom soil horizons using a zig-zag pattern. Soil samples were taken from arable land, permanent grassland, and hop field. Lyophilisation of the samples was done by ultrasound-assisted extraction using a mixture acetone-hexane (1:1). Phthalic acid esters were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Subsequently, the results were statistically compared by analysing the principal components (PCA) to determine the effect of individual factors on the content of phthalic acid esters in agricultural soil. Factors such as precipitation, distance from a pollution source, amount of pesticides, and amount of artificial and organic fertilizers were taken into account. If we compare the concentrations established in this study with the limits set out in the Methodological Instruction of the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic based on RSLs (Regional Screening Levels) issued by the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), none of these values were exceeded.

The aim of this paper was to determine basic technological traits and sensory acceptance of dry game sausages with addition of bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) essential oil. For that purpose, three treatments were established: controlled C, L1 with addition of 0.005% of bay leaf essential oil, and L2 with addition of 0.01% of bay leaf essential oil. Measurement of pH, water activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were performed at the end of production, while after storage for 2 months in vacuum and cold sensory hedonic test on 106 subjects was done. It was found that sausages with added bay leaf essential oil had significantly lower pH values (L1 and L2 treatment), water activity (L1 treatment) and TBARS values (L1 and L2 treatment) compared to control treatment C. Statistical analysis of sensory data revealed that sausages from C treatment were rated with significantly higher acceptability and willingness to buy than L1 and L2 treatments. It was established that sensory traits of sausages from treatment C were liked in 98.61% of consumers, from treatment L1 in 90.93%, while sausages from treatment L2 were liked in 85.71% of consumers. The highest proportion of consumers willing to buy sausages were in treatment C (91.11%), followed by sausages in treatment L1 (84.31%), and the lowest proportion were in treatment L2 (66.67%). Although beneficial impact of addition of bay leaf essential oil on technological traits was found, there was an unfavorable effect on sensory traits and willingness to buy sausages possibly due to the consumers’ existing expectation of sensory characteristics of dry game sausages.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi koncentraciju kadmija i žive u 10 vrsta jestivih gljiva i supstratu tla sa područja Žumberka te prikladnost gljiva kao bioakumulatora navedenih elemenata. Analitički postupak određivanja koncentracija teških metala proveden je metodom induktivno spregnute plazme optičkom emisijom spektrometrije (ICP-OES; Optima 8000, Perkin Elemer, SAD) sa ugrađenim uređajem za automatsko uzorkovanje. Najviša prosječna koncentracija kadmija od 1,83 mg kg-1 ustanovljena je u vrsti Agaricus campestris, dok je najviša vrijednost žive utvrđena u vrsti Boletus aestivalis (1,32 mg kg-1). Koncentracija kadmija i žive utvrđena u anatomskim djelovima istraživanih vrsta gljiva bila je različita, pri čemu je značajno veća (p < 0,05) koncentracija navedenih metala utvrđena u klobuku u odnosu na stručak. Biokoncentracijski faktor za kadmij i živu u analiziranim gljiva bio je veći od 1. Istraživane saprotrofne vrste gljiva akumulirale su veće koncentracije ispitivanih metala u odnosu na simbiontske, izuzev vrsta roda Boletus, koje su se pokazale najbolji akumulacijski potencijal prema živi. Usporedbom koncentracija kadmija i žive u gljivama i propisanim zakonskim odredbama, može se zaključiti da konzumacija istih ne predstavlja negativan učinak na zdravlje ljudi.

Heavy metals cause serious problems in the environment, and they can be accumulated in organisms, especially in the higher fungi. The concentration of Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg in 10 species of edible mushrooms in Medvednica Nature Park, Croatia was therefore determined. In addition, the similarity between the studied species was determined by cluster analysis based on concentrations of the aforementioned metals in the fruiting bodies. The contents of nickel, chromium, lead, cadmium, and mercury in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms were obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The highest concentrations of Ni (3.62 mg kg(-1)), Cr (3.01 mg kg(-1)), and Cd (2.67 mg kg(-1)) were determined in Agaricus campestris. The highest concentration of Pb (1.67 mg kg(-1)) was determined in Macrolepiota procera, and the highest concentration of Hg (2.39 mg kg(-1)) was determined in Boletus edulis. The concentration of all heavy metals significantly differed (p 0.001) between examined saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Considering anatomical part of the fruiting body (cap-stipe), a considerably higher concentration of the analyzed elements was found in the cap for all mushroom species. According to calculated bioconcentration factors, all the examined species were found to be bioexclusors of Ni, Cr, and Pb and bioaccumulators of Cd and Hg. Cluster analysis performed on the basis of the accumulation of the studied metals revealed great phenotypic similarity of mushroom species belonging to the same genus and partial similarity of species of the same ecological affiliation.

Characterization of five types of traditional Croatian dry-fermented sausages produced by family farms was performed via identification of superficial mycobiota, physicochemical, sensory, instrumental color, fatty acids &amp, fat quality indices. Detailed characterization of these sausages aimed to achieve standardization of their production and composition and to establish and/or improve their specification protocols. Traditional sausages varied significantly (p &lt, 0.05) in all analyzed parameters except for the number of mold isolates. Sausages coming from eastern Croatia had a greater mold species diversity, with the highest number of isolated mycotoxigenic species in Slavonian domestic sausage. Sensory evaluation showed good acceptability of all sausages. According to health recommendations, Kulenova Seka showed the most representable values for most of fat quality indices. The results suggest the need for certain modifications in fat &amp, fatty acid composition and, to a lesser extent, in salt content, however not at the expense of product safety, quality and acceptability.

Spontaneously fermented wild boar and deer meat sausages produced in Croatia were physicochemically and microbiologically investigated at different time points of their production. Final products resulted with pH and aw values between 5.04–5.53 and 0.83–0.87, respectively. The histamine concentration was below 5.0 mg/kg whereas tyramine content ranged from 47.3 to 219.0 mg/kg. A total of 917 isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were genotyped by rep-PCR and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, Leuconostoc mesenteroides was identified as the most frequently isolated species (n = 259), followed by Lactobacillus sakei (n = 190) and Enterococcus casseliflavus (n = 106). Cluster analysis revealed a remarkable intraspecies diversity and a strong sausage-specific clustering of the LAB genotypes, indicating meat as a probable source of microbial diversity in sausages. 14.38% of LAB were positive for tyramine encoding gene and no other target biogenic amines genes were detected. Due to the elevated number of presumptive pathogens (E. coli. Enterobacteriaceae, B. cereus group, coliforms) in ready-to-eat sausages, 33.33% of products can be considered as inappropriate for human consumption.

U Priručniku sam prikazani zahtjevi i zakonodavstva i dobre prakse o uvjetima i načinu prijevoza životinja, zahtijevi koji se odnose na zaštitu životinja u prijevozu te zakonodavstvo iz veterinarske djelatnosti koje se odnosi na prijevoz životinja i proizvoda životinjskog podrijetla. Isto takoprikazani su zoohigijenski uvjeti i praktična gledišta postupanja sa životinjama tijekom prijevoza te način hranidbe životinja u transportu. Opisano je prepoznavanje zaranih bolesti životinja u prijevotu, procjena sposobnosti životinja d apodnesu putovanje, prva pomoć pri mogućim ozljedama u prijevozu, promjene ponašanja i bolesna stanja domaćih životinja vezanih uz spolnost, gravidnost i laktaciju te način djelovanja transporta na kakvoću i uporabljivost mesa.

The aim of research was to evaluate changes of physico-chemical characteristics, somatic cell count and curd quality during lactation and their relationship in Lacaune ewes. The study was carried out on eighteen ewes of the second lactation on an organic farm in Valašská Bystřice (Czech Republic). It was found that the stage of lactation significantly affected almost all monitored traits except pH value, titratable acidity, somatic cell count and curd quality. The content of total solids, fat, total protein, casein, Ca and P was significantly increased, while daily milk yield and the content of lactose were decreasing with the advancement of lactation. The stage of lactation had a significant effect on the coagulation time that was extended with advanced lactation. Length of the coagulation time was positively correlated with contents of total protein, casein and Ca. In contrast, the curd quality was not affected by the stage of lactation and no significant correlation between the curd quality and other parameters were found, except for the coagulation time (r=0.40). It could be concluded that Lacaune ewes had a satisfactory milk yield and physico- chemical and technological characteristics of milk under relatively extensive nutrition.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi koncentraciju kadmija i žive u 10 vrsta jestivih gljiva i supstratu tla sa područja Žumberka te prikladnost gljiva kao bioakumulatora navedenih elemenata. Analitički postupak određivanja koncentracija teških metala proveden je metodom induktivno spregnute plazme optičkom emisijom spektrometrije (ICP-OES; Optima 8000, Perkin Elemer, SAD) sa ugrađenim uređajem za automatsko uzorkovanje. Najviša prosječna koncentracija kadmija od 1,83 mg kg-1 ustanovljena je u vrsti Agaricus campestris, dok je najviša vrijednost žive utvrđena u vrsti Boletus aestivalis (1,32 mg kg-1). Koncentracija kadmija i žive utvrđena u anatomskim djelovima istraživanih vrsta gljiva bila je različita, pri čemu je značajno veća (p < 0,05) koncentracija navedenih metala utvrđena u klobuku u odnosu na stručak. Biokoncentracijski faktor za kadmij i živu u analiziranim gljiva bio je veći od 1. Istraživane saprotrofne vrste gljiva akumulirale su veće koncentracije ispitivanih metala u odnosu na simbiontske, izuzev vrsta roda Boletus, koje su se pokazale najbolji akumulacijski potencijal prema živi. Usporedbom koncentracija kadmija i žive u gljivama i propisanim zakonskim odredbama, može se zaključiti da konzumacija istih ne predstavlja negativan učinak na zdravlje ljudi., The aim of this research was to determine concentration of cadmium and mercury in 10 species of edible mushrooms and substrate from Zumberak area. Also, the aim of this research was to determine bioaccumulation potential of analysed species of mushrooms. The analyses of heavy metals were carried out by met- hod of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Optima 8000, Perkin Elemer, SAD). The highest concentration of cadmium (1.83 mg kg-1) was determined in Agaricus campestris, while the highest concentration od mercury (1.32 mg kg-1) was determined in Boletus edulis. Significantly higher (p