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This article analyses the phenomenon of Chinoiserie style in European architecture. The basic principles of Chinese landscape design and the role of pavilions in the natural environment are highlighted. The fundamental difference between European and Chinese pavilions is shown at different levels – from the structure of the park to the composition to individual details – and it is also shown that European Chinoiserie-style pavilions were a much simplified and averaged version of the Chinese ones.The ambiguity of purpose and variety of functions inherent in ancient Chinese pavilions are lost in European ones, as the “Chinese-style” pavilion is intended for only one purpose – aesthetic entertainment. The appearance of the European pavilion, sometimes called a “tea pavilion”, does not follow that of ancient Chinese tea ceremony pavilions. In addition, the European park pavilions cannot be compared to the most famous Chinese “landscape pavilions”, as none of the former are located in such a majestic landscape with the possibility of viewing from a long distance.

This paper discusses the history and, most importantly, the spatial development and the urban layout of the town of Zaklików. Zaklików is an early-modern-period town founded in 1565 by Stanisław Zaklika of the coat of arms of Topór, probably on previously undeveloped land on the border of the Lublin Upland and the Sandomierz Basin, in Solska Forest. The town was founded on the basis of a charter issued by King Sigismund II Augustus.

The article analyses the wall paintings of Dunhuang sanctuaries based on mathematical methods of defining features and system-structural analysis. This makes it possible to analyse the frescoes according to a certain common criterion and to identify common and different ones. The method of system-structural analysis made it possible to present the sanctuary as a certain integrity with components covered with decor and decorated with sculpture. The main thematic genres of frescoes by period were analysed and it was proved that, in general, the process of the genesis of plans, structural schemes and wall paintings from the early to middle and late periods had the same characteristics, that is, the features of archaism and simplicity characterized both the number and variety of plans and structural schemes, and the subjects of frescoes. The features of each genre at different periods are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the main problems of the emergency state of the monuments shows that the main problem of disrupting the equilibrium of the statics of the "footing-foundation-structure" system is the uneven subsidence of the foundations, weak foundation soils, moistening of the foundation soils due to the violation or absence of waterproofing. The subsidence of footings and foundations, changes in hydrogeological conditions, the absence of blind areas and disorganized drainage from the basement, ageing of masonry solutions, a decrease in the strength and bearing properties of stone, brick and plinthiform brick lead to an emergency state of stone walls, their deformation, moistening, destruction of masonry, the appearance of cracks. Unique monuments of the Kyivan Rus period have been preserved in Ukraine. Unfortunately, as a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and destruction of the period of atheism in the 1930s, only foundations or separate parts of many temples remained, and some temples were rebuilt during the Baroque period. From many unique monuments, only the foundations remained, in some, in addition to the foundations, walls and individual fragments remained. In this case, the main restoration task was the maximum preservation of artefacts -- foundations, walls, side-chapels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the historical eco-systems preservation problems. The aspect of the negative impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on natural eco-systems is emphasized separately. Using the example of a unique natural area -- the historical Kadetskyi Hai (Cadet grove) in Kyiv, the condition of this area, the problems of its existence and the ways to solve them are evaluated. The history of the Osiedle Oficerskie (Officers' Residential Complex) in Cracow, its condition and problems, and the possibilities of applying Polish experience in arranging the territory of the Kadetskyi Hai are separately analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the specifics of the Secession period buildings in the regional centres of this style formation in Ukraine. Along with the four main centres (Lviv, Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa), there were smaller Secession centres in provincial cities. The character of the style in these centres was influenced by belonging to the Austro-Hungarian or Russian Empire. Compared to the European Secession and the Secession in the main centres, the Secession in the province felt the influence of local strata, which introduced the term "provincial secession". However, these facilities are part of the historic environment of the former administrative centers of the provinces, medium and small towns. It was determined that the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war led to the destruction of many objects of valuable background buildings, and planned repairs and restoration of even non-destroyed objects are not carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the aspect of the influence of colonial policy on the destruction of national cultural identity, in particular, on the destruction of traditional religious objects. The problem is traced on the example of the colonisation of Algeria by France, which resulted in the purposeful destruction and reconstruction of historical mosques, on the example of the colonisation of Ukraine by the Russian Empire, which prohibited the construction of churches in the Ukrainian style, and later by the Soviet Union, and on the example of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, when Russia deliberately destroys all religious buildings, even those subordinate to the Russian-backed Church. Religious buildings, as the legacy of a given nation's material culture, should be placed under conservation, as they are treasure to all of humanity. Examples of such positive thinking do exist. The study is complemented by the photofixation of the destruction of temples during the Russian-Ukrainian war, taken directly in the combat zone. The purpose of the study is to analyse the negative effects of colonial policy on the preservation of the national identity of religious objects and to propose ways to overcome them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the current topic of the destructive impact of wars on the state of historical and cultural heritage. The vulnerability of architectural monuments to the chaos of war was evidenced by the recent events of the war in Ukraine. The thesis of the article is illustrated by examples of the destruction of specific objects in Chernigov. As any war comes to an end and the question of reconstruction and restoration of the destroyed is raised, the experience of rebuilding the Old Town in Warsaw, which officially introduced a new direction in the restoration activity -- restitution, is analysed, and the fate of museum collections in Slovakia is also analysed. The presented good conservation practices and their results in the reconstruction of Warsaw's historical monuments can be used in the development of detailed action plans for the reconstruction of objects related to the national heritage of Ukraine. It also seems expedient to use the principles of urban logistics when analysing and designing, and then implementing the assumptions of the operation of reconstructed historic cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the genesis of the simple Arabic hypostyle mosque to the centrally-planned mosque of the Ottoman type. It is argued that the architectural development of plan types and volume-compositional characteristics did not depend on political processes and several rulers, but rather on those changes that took place in the traditions of the Islamic school of architecture. Three main periods of mosque architecture with sub-periods are defined: the early period of the introduction of Islam (641-749), the middle period (750-1550), and the late period (1551-1911). Each of the periods was characterized by noticeable changes in planning, design, structural schemes, and decoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article raises the problem of radical changes in the urban environment as a result of military operations. The history of the settlement of Borodianka and the town of Irpin, which suffered significant destruction in the first months of the war, is given. The on-site inspections of damaged objects -- visual and instrumental -- carried out by the authors of the article are described, and conclusions were obtained about the amount of damage and the results of the impact of various types of shelling on various types of structures. Given the large volume of buildings that cannot be restored, a radical change in the established urban environment is predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the genesis of planning solutions and ceiling designs of Dunhuang cave shrines. Based on the methods of defining features, graphic-and-analytical and system-and-structural analysis, the spread of types of plans and ceilings from dynasty to dynasty has been traced. Using auxiliary methods of historical, mathematical, and comparative analysis, a general picture of the development of the planning structure and constructive schemes of Dunhuang shrines from the Northern Lian period to the Yuan period has been created. By counting the types of plans and ceilings in each period, a group of the most common types of plans was determined: with a combination of larger and smaller rectangles (where the smaller is the altar part of a square or rectangular shape), a plan in the form of a square with a protruding trapezoidal altar, an altar in outline close to a rectangle or trapezoids with rounded corners, a horizontally elongated plan rectangle, based on squares with protrusions. The most common type of ceiling is fu-dou-ding with modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the genesis of planning solutions and ceiling designs of Dunhuang cave shrines. Based on the methods of defining features, graphic-and-analytical and system-andstructural analysis, the spread of types of plans and ceilings from dynasty to dynasty has been traced. Using auxiliary methods of historical, mathematical, and comparative analysis, a general picture of the development of the planning structure and constructive schemes of Dunhuang shrines from the Northern Lian period to the Yuan period has been created. By counting the types of plans and ceilings in each period, a group of the most common types of plans was determined: with a combination of larger and smaller rectangles (where the smaller is the altar part of a square or rectangular shape), a plan in the form of a square with a protruding trapezoidal altar, an altar in outline close to a rectangle or trapezoids with rounded corners, a horizontally elongated plan rectangle, based on squares with protrusions. The most common type of ceiling is fu-dou-ding with modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the issue of researching one of Banksy's murals, which was created in the city of Borodyanka, Ukraine. This mural, like the artist's other works, carries a deeper message. This time it is a message related to the war in Ukraine. At the same time, the authors note that the mural is a work of art and an important 'witness' for the local community to the tragic events in Borodyanka. In the current situation, where as a result of the war, the building substance is destroyed to a greater or lesser extent, it is important to consider how to protect, preserve, and restore works of street art, especially works as valuable as the Banksy mural under analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the actual problem of reconstruction and repurposing of warravaged industrial territories in the East of Ukraine. Given that these are industrial areas, the revitalization experience of recent years was analyzed using the example of the multifunctional complex "Fabryka Norblina" in Warsaw. The authors of the article investigated the situation with the destruction of objects in the combat zone and during the years 2018 - 2022 investigated the construction process of the "Fabryka Norblina". On the basis of the conducted research, proposals were formulated regarding possible options for using the industrial territories in the East of Ukraine in the process of post-war reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of reproduction and restoration of wooden iconostases in churches of Ukraine. The experience of the "Ukrrestavratsiia" Corporation in the reproduction of unique wooden iconostases of the Baroque era in the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral and in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra was analyzed. The purpose of the study was to analyze how the existing domestic and foreign experience can be used in the post-war reconstruction of Orthodox churches of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the recommendations are formed on the basis of the author's photo-fixation of objects and practical experience of restoration and reproduction of iconostases of outstanding monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shaanxi province and its capital, the city of Xi'an, are areas of concentration of traditional Chinese architecture outstanding monuments. The study of the peculiarities of the genesis and compositional construction of various objects of functional purposes as a framework for restoration and monument protection activities is relevant. Using the example of the author's drawings of the temples of the Shaanxi province, the departure from the dominant pagodas of Buddhism borrowed from India in the early periods towards the temples of the local religions of Taoism and Confucianism, whose architecture is subordinated to the local environment, in the late Ming and Qing periods is argued. The commonality of temples with secular buildings - residential pavilions and small architectural forms - pavilions, which is a national and regional feature, has been proven. The gradual simplification of the types of local temples, the decrease in the number of varieties and the eclecticism of forms indicate compliance with the general process of style formation - emergence, flowering, gradual decline due to eclecticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the post-war reconstruction of many Eastern European cities, shaped as a result of the actions of German town planners at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, in many cases consisted of negation, non-continuation or abandonment of previously set development directions. The subject of studies in this text will be the city of Poznań, which continued to develop in the post-war period on the basis of spatial arrangement created as a result of actions of Joseph Stübben in the years 1902-1918. The post-war reconstruction of the city after 1945 preserved its main urban layout created during the modernization period with the participation of a German town planner. The structure of the city preserved in this way consisted mainly of multi-family residential buildings. Urban planning and architectural activities as part of the reconstruction of the city after 1945 were aimed at continuing this concept. A critical analysis of these activities is planned in the following text. Housing construction was an important matter in the period of socialism in Eastern Europe, which on the one hand, supported propaganda activities, but on the other hand, increased the prestige of the authorities, which contributed funds to building new houses for the so-called "working class". "The investor on behalf of the state were housing cooperatives, which were responsible for the preparation of project documentation, which was ordered from state design offices. The post-war reconstruction of the city of Poznań, with the use of complementary buildings, became an interesting experimental field for architects and town planners. The research presented in the text will aim to refer to the creative attitudes of the time, as well as to confront the activities on these issues carried out during the communist period and in the post-1989 period. The aforementioned urban and architectural activities can be treated as an important element of the concept of heritage protection, seen through the prism of over 100 years of history of the concept of a modern city created by Joseph Stübben at the beginning of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a scientific overview of examples of monumental painting in recreated and restored objects in recent decades. Examples of monumental painting in the figurative concept of Kyivan Rus fresco, baroque painting and academic painting of the period of classicism and historicism of the 19th century are selected. The technologies of such monumental painting are described, while preserving the figurative concept, but on the basis of modern materials and technologies, which makes such paintings more resistant to negative external influences and more durable. The article is illustrated by the works of recent years by the authors S. Baiandin and Y. Huzenko. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issue of restitution of destroyed architectural monuments that remains disputable. Based on compliance with the world practice of restitution that is recognized at the legislative level, an example of restitution of a unique object of Ukraine is described – St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv, destroyed in the period of the militant atheism of the 1930s. Specialists of the Ukrrestavratsiia Corporation completely reconstructed the volume of the destroyed St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral and St. Michael's bell tower. The work focuses on one of the aspects of the accomplished rehabilitation activities – state-of-the-art technologies for performing mural paintings that imitate ancient Rus frescoes and baroque mural paintings. Reproducing the image-bearing concept of mural painting was one of the most challenging tasks, taking into consideration that photographic materials and evidence of interior decoration were not sufficient on the one hand, and the fact that the cathedral and monastery are functional – on the other, that imparted its peculiarity and called for painting the murals using up-to-date durable painting technologies. For these reasons, instead of the sophisticated and less durable technique of the ancient Rus frescoes, mural painting was used in the image-bearing system of frescoes, but in the state-of-the-art techniques of Keim’s process or mineral painting. The possibilities of strengthening and monitoring cracked masonry structures that are the base of reconstructed frescoes are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the regional specific features of fresco mural painting. Comparison of ancient Chinese and Kyivan Rus frescoes and shows their differences; proves that the borrowed art (introduced Buddhist in China and Byzantine in Kyivan Rus) undergoes modifications in the technique of execution and plot-image concept on the local ground. The study aims to analyse the source base and, based on its processing, field surveys and existing practical restoration experience, to determine the characteristics of production technologies and restoration techniques of Kyivan Rus mural painting. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the introduction into a wide scientific circulation of narrow-profile restoration documentation of the historical and architectural monuments of the pre-Mongol era in Ukraine, which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art Inquiry is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes two examples of restoration socialist era railway station buildings and monumental art works. The difficulty of restoration with the reconstruction of Kyiv railway station building was that during the Second World War it was partially destroyed and many structures were in disrepair; the finishing technique of exterior facades and interiors has been changed several times. In the station building centre under the lobby a new flooring of metal structures was arranged, escalators were arranged, the roof was replaced with a copper one with existing structures reinforcement. The stages of restoration and repair works of the upper and lower pavilions of the Warszawa Powiśle railway station are analyzed. In 2008-2009, the upper pavilion was renovated to restore the original appearance. The stone floor and glass back wall made of glass blocks were replaced with new ones. In 2009, the lower pavilion of the Warszawa Powiśle railway station was converted into a cafe-club with a change in the internal functional scheme. The example of the new railway station in Oświęcim shows a positive example of the transfer of the mosaic in the interior of the old station building by transferring it to the new minimalism-style station building facade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the restoration important tasks is to preserve the original monumental art works on the historic building's facades. The stylistics of buildings in the Central Ukraine cities in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries were analyzed and it was proved that ceramic decor was used to a rather limited extent, mainly in the form of decorative inserts and cornice strips of one color. Polychrome majolica panels also did not become widespread. The exception is the direction of Ukrainian national romanticism, which can be called "ceramic Art Nouveau" and most vividly embodied in the Poltava Provincial Zemstvo building and the memorial chapel in Poltava. Original examples of Secession period monumental art have been preserved on the buildings' facades in Cracow and Lodz. A common technique is the combination of typical Art Nouveau forms with rich sculptural and ornamental decorations. In many cases there is Viennese Secession direct influence, especially when the facade decoration involved masters from Vienna. The research scientific novelty lies in determining the features of ceramic decor on the facades, in substantiating the uniqueness of Ukrainian national romanticism as a phenomenon, in covering the tried and tested technologies of restoration and conservation of ceramic decor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work relates to a composition of an additive mortar with a volumetric weight below 250kg/mc, the thermal conductivity coefficient below 0,08kcal/m×h×°C, mechanical strengths more than 7daN/cm² with self-cleaning effect after commissioning. In order to obtain a selfcleaning effect over time by eliminating chromatic deviations, the composition of ZnO, TiO2 and the three colored ceramics mixture is reformulated by optimizing the content based on color adjustment, by using a specialized software and CIE L*a*b* colorimetry for pressed bulk powders, at the medium one given by the patina. The composition optimization is performed by modifying, as appropriate, the addition rate of eggshell powder by a reformulated percentage related to the three fine colored ceramic powders. The freshly prepared mortar is applied to the restoration of the historical monument's facades through physical-structural and chromatic reintegration interventions. Depending on the conservation state of the apparent structures, two stages with differentiated specific operations are used: for surfaces without gaps, but chromatically degraded and with deposits of embedded dirt, it is spread with a trowel in the form of thin plasters on fiberglass mesh and in case of damage with deep lacunars areas the consolidation of the mobile structures will be first executed and grouting with a simple mortar based on river sand, expanded perlite, Portland cement and water in gravimetric ratio sand:perlite:cement:water = 2:1:2:5. After strengthen the same thin plasters will be applied on the fiberglass mesh. The new mortar allows the accomplishing of a series of advantages both in the processes of paste obtaining, as well as during commissioning and after, respectively within the period of integration in the tourist circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Housing Environment / Środowisko Mieszkaniowe is the property of Chair of Housing Environment, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of research and preservation of Chinese historical gardens with small forms is due to several factors. The unique heritage of Chinese landscape design, represented by the gardens of Suzhou, is today listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is an international tourist attraction. It is a source of research on traditional Chinese landscape design techniques based on the principles of Feng Shui, Taoism, Buddhism and Confucian doctrines. All Chinese gardens had been developed with the use of established rules and techniques, among which the authors have described eight main ones that are present in the gardens of Suzhou. The scientific novelty of the research consists in analyzing and concretizing a list of the main techniques of traditional Chinese landscape design and argumentation of the revealed techniques with specific examples of gazebos in the gardens of Suzhou. The methods of figurative expressiveness of pavilions in different regions of China are systematized. Comparison of historical and modern Chinese pavilions demonstrated the narrowing of figurative means, the use of a narrow range of historical prototypes (mainly in the east and southeast), in which the national features of the small-scale architecture are vividly pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of building materials for Art Nouveau buildings in the cities of Ukraine and Poland and the experience of their restoration using modern materials and technologies. Considering the vastness of Art Nouveau (Secession style) heritage in Ukraine and Poland, the authors limited themselves to only one narrow aspect - finishing materials and four cities - Kyiv, Kharkiv, Cracow and Lodz. The example of Rodzianko's apartment in Kyiv shows what finishing materials were used at the beginning of the 20th century. The buildings of the northern national romanticism, in which natural raw stone was widely used, were distinguished by the specifics of the decoration. The Polish Art Nouveau version formed in the mainstream European trends and under the direct influence of the Vienna Secession. On the example of objects in Cracow and Lodz, different methods of finishing the facades of buildings with various functional purposes were shown. The scientific novelty of the article is the analysis of the chemical compositions of paints and plasters of the Secession period, and modern methods of restoration of such objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a foreword for a special issue of the International Journal of Conservation Science. The special issue features selected articles from the First International Scientific and Practical Conference on "Military threats and ways to overcome them," which was held in October 2023 at Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture in Ukraine. The conference was organized by Romanian, Polish, and Slovak partners in collaboration with scientists from the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The topics of the reports presented at the conference covered architectural aspects, art and historical aspects, international and domestic reconstruction experience, and new materials and technologies for the reconstruction of destroyed cities in Ukraine. The guest editor for this special issue is Prof. Sc. D. habil. Yulia IVASHKO. [Extracted from the article]

The article examines the phenomenon of "pseudo-Gothic" and "neo-Gothic" in the residential architecture of historicism-eclecticism in Kyiv and Cracow in the 19th – early 20th century. There are three essential features of historicism with elements of Gothic: free interpretation by architects of the "token" elements of medieval Gothic which were often combined with the elements of Renaissance and Baroque architecture and some details of Art Nouveau; "Kyiv neo-Gothic" was a purely "facade style", which did not affect the changes in the characteristic plans of residential buildings; the limited use of stylized and simplified Gothic motifs. In Kyiv, the appearance of Gothic stylizations in architecture was explained by general enthusiasm for the ideas of romanticism. But in Cracow, as in whole Poland with a rich heritage of the Middle Ages, it was an attempt to revive the national style – the embodiment of national identity. The difference between the Cracow neo-Gothic style and the Kyiv one was primarily in the fact that such buildings were not so numerous and were only public or sacred objects. The peculiarities of the restoration of such buildings are associated with the use of a large number of the complicated finely detailed decor, ornamental masonry, and stained-glass windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]