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3 results on '"ISSUE OF ACCESS"'

1. Effects of Land Misallocation on Capital Allocations in India

Author

Duranton, Gilles, Ghani, Ejaz, Goswami, Arti Grover, and Kerr, William R.

Subjects
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, MICRO-CREDIT, INVESTMENT, PAYMENT, CO-OPERATIVE BANKS, INFRASTRUCTURE, INVENTORY, RISK PERCEPTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, PERSONAL ASSETS, ENTREPRENEUR, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, RURAL BANKS, OVERDRAFT, CREDIT POLICY, EXTERNAL FINANCING, FINANCING, OUTSTANDING LOAN, EMPLOYMENT, ACCESS TO BANKING, LAND ISSUES, ACCESS TO EXTERNAL FINANCE, LENDING, MACROECONOMICS, PRODUCTIVITY, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, GOVERNMENT POLICY, BANK LOAN, WOMEN, GOVERNMENTS, BUSINESS OWNERS, COLLATERAL, GUARANTEE, PRIVATE ENTERPRISES, REPOSSESSION, BANK, INFORMATION SHARING, LOANS, MICRO-FINANCE, FINANCIAL DEEPENING, LACK OF COLLATERAL, STRATEGIES, FINANCIAL MARKETS, INTEREST PAYMENT, BORROWER, HIGH INTEREST RATE, BORROWERS, INDUSTRY, MARKETS, FINANCE, CREDIT SUPPORT, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, ACCESS TO FORMAL FINANCE, ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT, SMALL BUSINESSES, FORMAL CREDIT, INTANGIBLE ASSETS, BANKING, FINANCIAL DEPTH, COLLATERAL SUPPORT, INTEREST EXPENSE, ENTERPRISES, LABOR MARKET, MARKET VALUE, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, MONETARY POLICY, HOUSEHOLD, RURAL BANK, SERVICES, SMALL BUSINESS, PRICING, DEBT, CREDIT RISK, COST OF CAPITAL, ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS, WORKING CAPITAL, INTEREST PAYMENTS, PAYMENTS, LOAN AMOUNTS, PROPERTY, FINANCIAL SERVICES, NET VALUE, INEQUALITY, CREDITS, TRADE CREDIT, PROFITABILITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ACCESS TO FINANCE, TANGIBLE ASSETS, FORM OF COLLATERAL, MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, ENTREPRENEURS, FINANCIAL SECTOR LIBERALIZATION, LOAN AMOUNT, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS, LAND MARKETS, DEBT COLLECTORS, EMPLOYEE, FIXED ASSETS, EXCLUSION, CAPITAL, CREDIT-WORTHINESS, PRIVATE ENTERPRISE, LENDERS, BUSINESS PLANS, MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS, START-UP, ACCOUNTING, LENDER, GREATER ACCESS, MICRO ENTERPRISES, SECURITY, VALUE, RISK, ENTERPRISE, BANK FINANCING, CREDIT INFORMATION, MONEY LENDERS, ECONOMETRICS, FINANCIAL INTEGRATION, VILLAGES, CREDITWORTHINESS, PRINCIPAL, ACCESS TO LOANS, FAMILY, GENDER INEQUALITY, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, HUMAN CAPITAL, CREDIT BUREAUS, REVENUE, HOUSEHOLDS, EMPLOYEES, BANKING SERVICES, TAXES, EQUITY, BANKS, BANK LOANS, LAND, UNION, ECONOMIC POLICY, BORROWING, BANK BRANCHES, DISPARITIES IN ACCESS, LOAN, SIZES OF LOAN, CREDIT, ACCESS TO CREDIT, FINANCIAL ACCESS, LOAN DEMAND, BANK CREDIT, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, MICRO-ENTERPRISES, COMMERCIAL BANKS, NEW ENTRANTS, MICROFINANCE, ISSUE OF ACCESS, CREDIT REGISTRIES, LABOR, LABOR MARKETS, TRADE CREDITS, REAL ESTATE, HOUSING, ECONOMICS, FORMS OF CREDIT, EXTERNAL FINANCE, INTEREST, MARGINAL REVENUE, JOB CREATION, CORRUPTION, LOAN ACCESS, BIASES, CREDIT MARKETS, WATER SUPPLY, DIRECTED CREDIT, TRANSPORT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FORMAL FINANCE, RURAL BANK BRANCHES, RESERVE BANK OF INDIA, OUTREACH, FINANCIAL STRENGTH, OUTSTANDING LOANS, URBAN AREAS, INTEREST RATE, CREDIT MARKET, GENDER
Abstract

Growing research and policy interest focuses on the misallocation of output and factors of production in developing economies. This paper considers the possible misallocation of financial loans. Using plant-level data on the organized and unorganized sectors, the paper describes the temporal, geographic, and industry distributions of financial loans. The focus of the analysis is the hypothesis that land misallocation might be an important determinant of financial misallocation (for example, because of the role of land as collateral against loans). Using district-industry variations, the analysis finds evidence to support this hypothesis, although it does not find a total reduction in the intensity of financial loans or those being given to new entrants. The analysis also considers differences by gender of business owners and workers in firms. Although potential early gaps for businesses with substantial female employment have disappeared in the organized sector, a sizeable and persistent gap remains in the unorganized sector.

Published
2015

2. Jordan Economic Monitor, Spring 2015 : Persisting Forward Despite Challenges

Author

World Bank

Subjects
INVESTMENT, TAX EXEMPTIONS, PAYMENT, PUBLIC CREDIT, REGULATORY POLICIES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, BANKING SUPERVISION, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, PRIVATE INVESTMENTS, DEPOSIT, OVERDRAFT, TRANSACTION COSTS, FINANCING, EXTERNAL FINANCING, FISCAL DEFICIT, CREDITOR, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, BANK LENDING, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION, PENETRATION RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT, INPUT PRICES, INVESTMENTS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, DISPOSABLE INCOME, WOMEN, RED TAPE, COLLATERAL, COLLATERAL REQUIREMENT, GUARANTEE, PUBLIC FINANCES, BANK, LOANS, CREDIT LINES, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, INTERNAL FUNDS, CHECKING ACCOUNT, EARNINGS, CREDIT INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL MARKETS, INTEREST PAYMENT, TARIFF, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, GUARANTEE SCHEME, BORROWERS, DEPOSITS, CREDITORS, FINANCE, FINANCIAL DISTRESS, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, CREDIT REGISTRY, LINE OF CREDIT, WELFARE, LACK OF ACCESS, COOPERATION, LABOR MARKET, ENTERPRISES, CREDIT BUREAU, LACK OF CREDIT, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, INFORMATION SYSTEM, MONETARY POLICY, LOAN RECOVERY, HOUSEHOLD, PRIVATE EQUITY, FISCAL DEFICITS, INTEREST RATES, DEBT, GUARANTEES, ANGEL NETWORKS, GRANT, AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT, WORKING CAPITAL, SAVING, PAYMENTS, CAPITAL ADEQUACY, FINANCIAL SERVICES, MFIS, PROPERTY, DEBTS, CASH FLOW, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, CHECKING ACCOUNTS, ACCESS TO FINANCE, FORM OF COLLATERAL, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, TREASURY BILLS, FINANCE ACCESS, CAPITAL, BANKRUPTCY, INDICATORS OF ACCESS, LINES OF CREDIT, CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM, LENDER, FINANCES, INCOME TAX, COMMERCIAL BANK, SECURITY, REMITTANCES, ENTERPRISE, TARIFFS, CREDIT INFORMATION, CAPITAL MARKETS, CREDITWORTHINESS, BORROWINGS, STUDENT, FAMILY, FISCAL POLICY, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, REVENUE, HOUSEHOLDS, EMPLOYEES, CREDIT REPORTING, DIVERSIFICATION, START-UPS, EQUITY, EMPLOYER, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS, PRIVATE CREDIT, CURRENT ACCOUNT, BANKS, BANK LOANS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, UNION, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, BORROWING, BANK BRANCHES, PRIVATIZATION, DEBT FINANCING, LOAN, CREDIT, ACCESS TO CREDIT, EXPENDITURES, CREDIT FACILITIES, MICRO-ENTERPRISE, COMMERCIAL BANKS, INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES, PEOPLE, VENTURE CAPITAL, MICROFINANCE, POOR CREDIT, ISSUE OF ACCESS, LIMITED ACCESS, EDUCATION LEVEL, CREDIT HISTORY, REAL ESTATE, DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, INTEREST, RECEIPTS, CORRUPTION, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, JOB CREATION, LOAN GUARANTEE, SUBSIDY, SAVINGS, REVENUES, CAPACITY BUILDING, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, INSURANCE SERVICES, OUTREACH, REFUGEES, TREASURY BILL, GENDER, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT, EXPENDITURE
Abstract

Jordans economy continues to slowly but steadily recover from the Arab Spring spillovers. These spillovers include Egypts gas disruptions, the neighboring Syrian and Iraqi conflicts and associated security incidents. Notwithstanding these shocks, real GDP growth rate is estimated to have reached 3.1 percent in 2014, up 30 basis points over 2013. From the supply side, growth was led by construction, wholesale and retail trade, and finance and insurance, with a pick-up in the mining and quarrying sector. On the demand side, growth was predominantly fueled by higher public investments, mostly due to earmarked GCC grants, and a narrower trade deficit. The steady economic recovery has improved unemployment rates although this masks underlying structural weaknesses. While unemployment dropped from 12.6 to 11.9 percent from 2013 to 2014, this was not driven by increased employment but by an equivalent and concerning drop in the labor force participation rate. This was possibly driven by discouraged workers given perceived competition from refugees and limited hiring prospects in the public sector given ongoing consolidation efforts.

Published
2015

3. Rural Sanitation Market Expansion of Domestic Private Sector in Indonesia

Author

World Bank

Subjects
AFFORDABILITY, INVESTMENT, PAYMENT, CHILDREN, ENTREPRENEUR, SOURCE OF FUNDS, MEASUREMENT, FEMALE ENTREPRENEUR, BUSINESS NETWORK, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, TRANSACTION COSTS, FINANCING, IMPLEMENTATION, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, SAVINGS GROUPS, EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND, BUSINESS SUPPORT, INVESTMENTS, FINANCIAL TRAINING, BANK LOAN, INSTALLMENT, WOMEN, WORKERS, COUNSELORS, MICROFINANCE LOANS, LOAN OFFICER, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, SOURCE OF INFORMATION, BUSINESS OWNERS, COLLATERAL, TECHNICAL SUPPORT, GUARANTEE, LATRINES, CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS, BANK, LACK OF CAPITAL, LOANS, HEALTH, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, MICRO-FINANCE, BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY, INTERVENTION, DOWN PAYMENT, MFI, FUNDING SOURCE, POINT OF SALE, LOAN APPLICATION, NEW BUSINESS, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, FINANCE, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC EDUCATION, HOUSEHOLD ACCESS, KEY CHALLENGE, BUSINESS ENTERPRISE, NEW MARKET, FINANCIAL CAPACITY, COOPERATION, ENTERPRISES, COMMUNITY HEALTH, ACCESS TO MARKET, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, MORTALITY, BUSINESS EXPERIENCE, HOUSEHOLD, MARKETING STRATEGY, INTEREST RATES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAININGS, FACILITATION, DEBT, RISKS, GUARANTEES, GRANT, WORKING CAPITAL, SAVING, PAYMENTS, CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, APPLICATION PROCESS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, MFIS, CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, BUSINESS PLANNING, MARKETING, HEALTH PROMOTION, ACCESS TO FINANCE, NATIONAL BANK, FEES, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, EMPOWERMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, ENTREPRENEURS, BUSINESS FINANCE, HUMAN SERVICE, MICROCREDIT, BUSINESS RELATIONS, FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, FIXED ASSETS, FINANCIAL SKILLS, CAPITAL, SAVINGS GROUP, START-UP, BUSINESS PLANS, LENDER, GREATER ACCESS, HOUSEHOLD INVESTMENT, INSTALLMENTS, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, ENTERPRISE, VILLAGES, FINANCIAL VIABILITY, CREDITWORTHINESS, LOAN PRODUCTS, ACCREDITATION, VILLAGE, FAMILY, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, MONEY LENDER, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, EXCHANGE RATE, REGISTRATION, SUPPLY CHAIN, REVENUE, PROMOTION ACTIVITIES, HOUSEHOLDS, EMPLOYEES, PUBLIC HEALTH, EQUITY, HYGIENE, ACCESS TO RESOURCES, BANKS, SOCIAL MARKETING, FUNDING SOURCES, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, BUSINESS ACTIVITY, PUBLIC POLICY, LOAN, CREDIT, FIXED COSTS, BUSINESS-OWNERS, SUPPLY CHAINS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, LOAN GUARANTEES, MARKET INFORMATION, PEOPLE, MICROFINANCE, LATRINE, ISSUE OF ACCESS, FEE, KNOWLEDGE, STRATEGY, CREDIT HISTORY, NATIONAL BANKS, NEEDS ASSESSMENT, WORKSHOPS, INTEREST, ALTERNATIVE FINANCING, FEMALE ENTERPRISES, PROFIT MARGIN, SUBSIDY, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, SAVINGS, VENTILATION, REVENUES, POSTERS, CAPACITY BUILDING, TRANSACTION COST, OUTREACH, URBAN AREAS, SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING, GENDER, WEIGHT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT, EXPENDITURE
Abstract

This report is a synthesis of fieldwork findings and recommendations developed since October 2012 under this Technical Assistance (TA) carried out by the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). The recommendations have been developed through on-going consultations and meetings with the Directorate of Environmental Sanitation and Directorate General of Human Settlements, Ministry of Health, and Government of Indonesia. This report describes and assesses the performance of technical assistance TA-P143167, ‘rural sanitation market expansion of domestic private sector in Indonesia,’ provided by the World Bank through the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) carried out from October 2, 2012 to March 31, 2015 to support the development of a rural sanitation market in Indonesia. This technical assistance (TA) was implemented as parts of a larger effort to assist the Government of Indonesia achieve at-scale results in rural sanitation through its National Strategy for Community-Based Total Sanitation (Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat - STBM).

Published
2015

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