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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a significant marketable crop for seed, oil, fiber, and pharmaceutical products. The latest study transpired to assess the morphological, biochemical, and yield traits with inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to determine the genetic diversity among flaxseeds of Sakha-1, Sakha-2, Sakha-3, Sakha-5, Sakha-6, Giza-12, and Amon genotypes under sandy soil conditions. Results indicated that all flax varieties varied significantly (P > 0.05) in most studied characteristics. Sakha-6 exceeded all genotypes in seed yield (0.888 t ha-1), straw yield (6.093 t ha-1), oil yield (0.302 t ha-1), and biological yield (6.981 t ha-1). These increases were due to the rise in different biochemical contents of carotenoids (0.601 mg), proline (34.81 mg), free amino acids (396.85 mg), oil (35.46%), phenolic (189.61 mg), and total carbohydrates (32.07%), which reflected on seed yield plant-1 (0.509 g). Flax genotypes showed high genetic variations; eight of the 15 ISSR primers employed resulted in 74 bands, with 35 as polymorphic. The average percentage polymorphism of the amplified loci ranged from 16.67% to 50%, the average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 4.38, and the average number of amplified bands per primer was 9.25. The marker index for ISSR values ranged from 0.08 to 2.40 for UBC-846 and UBC-825, respectively. The similarity between genotypes ranged from 0.58 to 0.90. Three markers showed significant regression association with the six traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents data on the polymorphism of intermicrosatellite sequences in the sterlet Acipenser ruthenus of the lower reaches of the Irtysh River and the middle reaches of the Ob River. We have assessed the intra- and interpopulation variability and genetic differentiation of A. ruthenus and revealed a high ISSR polymorphism in the species from the central part of the Ob-Irtysh basin. The proportion of polymorphic amplicons is 0.966, genetic diversity is 0.355, and the average number of alleles per locus is 1.97. The highest polymorphism is typical for the sterlet from the Tobol River at the confluence with the Irtysh River. The genetic differentiation between the sterlet groups of the Irtysh and Ob rivers is well pronounced, the interpopulation component accounts for 42% of variability (Gst = 0.42), and the gene flow is limited (Nm = 0.67). The sterlet groups inhabiting the Lower Irtysh from the mouth of the Tobol River to the mouth of the Konda River do not differ genetically and form one population (Gst = 0.08–0.12, Nm = 3.76–5.55). The sterlet from the Irtysh River within the Vagay region is genetically different from the other Irtysh samples (Gst = 0.22, Nm = 1.68) and belongs to a different population group. The differentiation between samples of sterlet from the Ob basin is higher than between samples from the Irtysh basin. Groups of sterlet from the Ob River and the Yuganskaya Ob canal are genetically different (Gst = 0.30, Nm = 1.19) and form various subpopulations. Spawning migrations, as well as confinement to wintering pits, play a decisive role in the formation of the sterlet population structure in the studied part of the distribution area. The sterlet population groups that are identified should be considered separate units of environmental and economic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a compilation of research articles and studies on various topics related to plant growth, genetic analysis, and the effects of different factors on plants. The studies utilize different techniques and methodologies to assess the impact of factors such as magnetic water treatment and fertilization on plant growth and DNA damage. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the research conducted in these areas and can be a valuable resource for library patrons conducting research on these topics. The document includes tables, figures, and plates that visually represent the data. [Extracted from the article]

Indian jujube displays genetic diversity and does not prominently display minute morphometric variations, and this makes correct identification a difficult and long-term task. However, little work has been conducted to bring jujube cultivars into domestication. So, the present study aimed to evaluate eleven cultivars of Indian jujube in terms of the fruit's morphometric characteristics, as well as molecular marker studies by plastidial megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase (matK) barcoding and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers for species differentiation, identification, and relationships among Indian jujube cultivars. The results of the morphometric characteristics showed that the mean geometric diameter, surface area, sphericity, sphericity ratio, shape index, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, and seed weight varied among cultivars. The results also showed that the color values of L*, a*, and b* for fruits differed in different cultivars. In addition, the results showed a discrepancy in the genetic diversity parameters related to the matK barcoding, ISSR markers, and relationships among Indian jujube cultivars. Substantially, hierarchical clustering by heatmap revealed that 'Zytoni' and 'Um-Sulaem' with spines seem to be mono-clades distinct from other cultivars, which related to variations in the expression levels of genes. Therefore, they should be relied upon together to distinguish and identify cultivars in order to maximize the effectiveness of local germplasm conservation and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, rosemary received more attention in India for its essential oil, fresh herb, and dry herb. Hence, it is very much essential to assess the genetic diversity for the development of new high-yielding cultivars and also for germplasm characterization, conservation, and utilization in a breeding program. In the present study, 24 clones were used to assess the chemical and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) based genetic diversity. The analysis of variance based on chemical constituents showed significant differences among the clones for chemical components, and 24 progenies were grouped into four chemotypes groups viz.,1,8-cineole type (18.59–35.19%), verbenone type (2.71–15.70%), camphor type (3.12–29.86%), and α-pinene type (4.33–27.71%). Thirteen ISSR primers produced 6.51 average polymorphic bands with 58.26% percent polymorphism. The cluster analysis, using the unweighted pair group method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree method, classified the 24 rosemary progenies into three major clusters at a coefficient of 0.24. Even though the chemotype and molecular grouping were different, the study's results emphasize that evaluating both chemical and genetic diversity is crucial for successful rosemary cultivation and breeding efforts. The findings contribute valuable insights for further research and development in the field of rosemary cultivation and utilization in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lessonia nigrescens and L. trabeculata are economically important kelp species in northern Chile. Despite their considerable value, the genetic diversity of these kelp has received limited attention in the Atacama region. This study aimed to analyze genetic diversity, establish genetic relationships, and identify diagnostic DNA markers in the Atacama region's L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. Both species' Inter-sequence simple repeat (ISSR) band patterns showed high reproducibility and reliability. Among 17 ISSRs, 161 polymorphic bands were identified in Lessonia spp. Parameters, such as percentage polymorphism, number of alleles per locus, effective number of alleles, and Shannon information index, indicated that L. nigrescens had slightly higher genetic diversity than L. trabeculata. The Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis revealed two main clusters: one containing L. nigrescens and the other containing L. trabeculata. Additionally, four species diagnostic ISSR markers were identified for L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. The ISSR markers proved valuable in detecting genetic diversity in L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. This information is particularly important for marine management strategies and ensuring successful conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisia has a diverse range of uses, most studies have focused on the chemical nature of several species. Our study aims to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship between 7 populations of Artemisia, representing 4 species, using morphological variation and molecular polymorphism generated by 8 ISSR primers. We observed significant variations in 18 morphological characters, which was reflected in the cluster analysis of the examined accessions based on morphological variation. The phylogenetic relationships generated based on ISSR polymorphism and morphological variations indicated a close relationship between A. judaica and A. abyssinica, and between A. monosperma and A. scoparia, where each pair of species is separated in one cluster. Meanwhile, the two populations of A. abyssinica were highly diverse compared to the two populations of A. judaica. Artemisia scoparia species is more related to A. monosperma but at a low similarity level. These results were supported by morphological variations and the molecular marker individually and combined. Additionally, the tree obtained based on the Elucedine coefficient, and the population grouping based on principal component analysis (PCA) using the PAST program confirmed these results. The iMEC tool (Online Marker Efficiency Calculator) can help to analyze genetic diversity in Artemisia populations using ISSR markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat, a staple cereal crop, faces challenges due to climate change and increasing global population. Maintaining genetic diversity is vital for developing drought-tolerant cultivars. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and drought response of five wheat cultivars and their corresponding F1 hybrids under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Molecular profiling using ISSR and SCoT-PCR markers revealed 28 polymorphic loci out of 76 amplified. A statistically significant impact of parental genotypes and their crosses was observed on all investigated agro-morphological traits, including root length, root weight, shoot length, shoot weight, proline content, spikelet number/spike, spike length, grain number/spike, and grain weight/spike. The parental genotypes P1 and P3 had desirable positive and significant general combining ability (GCA) effects for shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot length, and root length under well-watered conditions, while P3 and P5 recorded the highest GCA estimates under drought stress. P3 and P4 showed the highest GCA effects for number of spikelets per spike, the number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike under normal conditions. P5 presented the maximum GCA effects and proved to be the best combiner under drought stress conditions. The cross P1× P3 showed the highest positive specific combining ability (SCA) effects for shoot fresh weight under normal conditions, while P2×P3 excelled under water deficit conditions. P1× P2, P1 × P3, and P4× P5 were most effective for shoot dry weight under normal conditions, whereas P1×P3 and P3×P5 showed significant SCA effects under drought stress. Positive SCA effects for root fresh weight and shoot length were observed for P3×P5 under stressed conditions. Additionally, P4×P5 consistently recorded the highest SCA for root length in both environments, and P3×P5 excelled in the number of spikelets, grains per spike, and grain weight per spike under drought conditions. The evaluated genotypes were categorized based on their agronomic performance under drought stress into distinct groups ranging from drought-tolerant genotypes (group A) to drought-sensitive ones (group C). The genotypes P5, P2×P5, and P3×P5 were identified as promising genotypes to improve agronomic performance under water deficit conditions. The results demonstrated genetic variations for drought tolerance and highlighted the potential of ISSR and SCoT markers in wheat breeding programs for developing drought-tolerant cultivars.

Grafting of vegetable crops is widely used in industrial vegetable growing in Asia and Western Europe. However, the influence of the genetic relationship of the scion and rootstock, the activity of peroxidase and the content of ascorbic acid in the components of the graft during inosculation period on graft survival has been poorly studied. The objects of the research are nine species of the pumpkin family (Cucurbitaceae). The polymorphism of 11 taxa was studied based on ISSR-PCR of genomic DNA. The record of survival rate of scion-rootstock combinations was conducted on the 10-th day. The activity of peroxidase was determined by the spectrophotometric method, the content of ascorbic acid was determined by Murri. Significant differences in survival rate were noted when grafting momordica into pumpkin rootstock variants: large-fruited (94.6 %) and nutmeg (67.1 %). In experiments with watermelon, melon and trichosanthes, the influence of the type of rootstock on the viability of the graft was not revealed. According to the ISSR spectra, the taxa were divided into two clusters; interspecific groupings of each clade were supported by average bootstrap values (from 26 to 100 %). A medium effect (r = 0.36) of the degree of genetic similarity of the scion with the rootstock on the survival rate of watermelon and a weak effect on the survival rate of melon, momordica and trichosanthes were revealed. The activity of peroxidase and the content of ascorbic acid in the grafting components in different scionrootstock combinations had a weak and moderate effect on plant survival, respectively. The survival rate of trichosanthes on various types of rootstocks strongly depended on the content of ascorbic acid (r = 0.7). Genetic relatedness, peroxidase activity, and ascorbic acid content had a weak or moderate effect on the survival rate of plants in scion-rootstock combinations.

One of the serious issues in forest breeding is how to reduce the variability level in breeding populations of forest tree species that is a set of selected plus trees. The problem is that variability is jeopardized by the risk of losing the genetic diversity of future artificial forests, as well as emerging inbreeding depression in the seed plus trees progeny. DNA markers are an effective tool to study variability, identify features of the genetic structure and degree of plant differentiation. The research focuses on assessing the level of the genetic diversity and the degree of differentiation of plus trees of various geographic origin with the use of ISSR markers. We used six ISSR primers to study 270 plus trees grown in the Penza region, the Chuvash Republic, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Mari El Republic. The samples of plus trees under study were characterized by different levels of genetic diversity. Two hundred fifteen PCR fragments were identified for six ISSR primers in total, while the number of amplified fragments varied from 186 to 201 in different plus trees samples. The genetic variabil ity varied within the following limits: 95.7–96.9 %, polymorphic loci; 1.96–1.97, the number of alleles per locus; 1.31–1.48, the number of effective alleles per locus: finally, 0.291–0.429, Shannon’s index; 0.205–0.298, the expected heterozygosity. According to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 82 % of the variability of ISSR markers is typical for the plus tree samples, while only 18 % is variability among the compared groups of trees from different geographical zones. The dendrogram generated by UPGMA showed that the plus trees grown in the Penza region, the Chuvash Republic and the Republic of Tatarstan are similar in term of the genetic structure of plus trees, while the plus gene pool of Scots pine from the Mari El Republic stands alone. The results of the research prove that the level of genetic diversity, the structure of genetic variability, and the nature of differentiation of plus trees are consistent with those previously elicited for natural populations of Scots pine in the Middle and Upper Volga region.

The breeding of remontant rose cultivars that are resistant to diseases and adverse conditions, with high decorative value and continuous flowering is the most important task during work with the gene pool of garden roses. Currently, intercultivar hybridization within a single garden group has largely outlived its usefulness. It is necessary to breed for highly decorative forms or cultivars that have outstanding resistance, morphological characters and patterns of seasonal rhythms, and use these plants as parental forms in further breeding. This study represents a comparative analysis of rose cultivars from two garden groups, Grandiflora (Gurzuf, Lezginka, Korallovy Syurpriz, Queen Elizabeth, Komsomolsky Ogonyok, Love) and Rosa Kordesii (Letniye Zvyozdy, Dortmund, Gutsulochka). These cultivars proved themselves during many years of testing in harsh climatic conditions. The objectives of the study were to determine the genetic relationship within the groups and to assign phenotypically different cultivars to one or another garden group. The analysis was carried out by morphological, phenological and ISSR markers. According to the phenological observations on the Grandiflora cultivars, Komsomolsky Ogonyok had later budding and flowering stages. Polymorphic data generated from the ISSR markers showed that this cultivar was the most distant from the others and formed a separate cluster on the dendrogram. A comparison of the morphological characters (flower diameter, number of petals, peduncle length, bush height) showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between Komsomolsky Ogonyok and the other Grandiflora cultivars. A dendrogram based on a molecular analysis showed a lack of close relationships between Komsomolsky Ogonyok and the Kordesii group, which formed a separate cluster. A pairwise comparison of the morphological characters in Komsomolsky Ogonyok with the Kordesii group revealed a significant (p < 0.05) difference in three of the four characters studied. The exceptions were flower diameter when comparing with Dortmund and Letniye Zvyozdy and peduncle length when comparing with Gutsulochka. Although Komsomolsky Ogonyok has a pattern of seasonal development similar to Dortmund in the Kordesii group, the molecular analysis did not assign the former to this group of roses. The cultivars that have valuable characters that no average rose does and that are phenotypically different from such roses represent the most valuable breeding material.

Background: Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut. is one of the most widespread North African species of the genus Thymus L. The species is subshrub growing primarily in subtropical biome of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. In Tunisia, the plant species is under high pressure of anthropogenic activities including over-collecting. The assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of T. algeriensis is a pioneer step to retrace its evolutionary history and to perform appropriate conservation strategies of the plant species. Methods and results: Seven wild populations growing, widely, in different bioclimatic zones were selected and analysed using two molecular markers systems. Fifteen Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and fifteen Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) were used to characterize genetically 140 different genotypes. The results showed a high molecular variation within populations and among the studied genotypes. The intra-populations genetic diversity revealed by SSRs was higher (P = 80.95%, Na = 2.143 and He = 0.364) than that based on ISSRs (P = 78.12%, Na = 1.632, He = 0.265 and I = 0.398). As demonstrated by inbreeding coefficients, a significant level of differentiation and a low level of gene flow were detected among studied populations (FST = 0.161 for SSRs and ΦST = 0.197 for ISSRs). Furthermore, the results of ISSRs marker suggest land strips as barriers in population genetic structure. While SSRs marker reflects a relatively structured bioclimatic patterns of studied populations. The Bayesian analysis showed a specific adaptation of populations to local environments. Conclusions: The used molecular markers (ISSRs and SSRs) seem to be effective in deciphering genetic polymorphism of Tunisian genotypes of T. algeriensis. Therefore, the genetic structure of the studied genotypes could constitute a starting point for further conservation, characterization and breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the vector of the Corn stunt disease, caused by a complex of pathogens, a serious threat to corn production in tropical and subtropical regions of the American continent. The aim of this study was to conduct an exploratory analysis to estimate the structure and genetic differentiation of D. maidis populations from three geographical regions collected during two maize growing seasons in northwestern Argentina using inter -simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Populations in the High -elevation Valley and Dry Plain sites, despite being geographically separated by mountains of high elevations, were genetically similar, while the nearest populations located in Dry Plain and Humid Piedmont were the most genetically different. The results suggested that populations of D. maidis in subtropical maize-growing areas are structured according to the climatic conditions, mainly humidity and precipitation. Additionally, this structure might be influenced by annual migrants from northern tropical areas, as well as by individuals that occasionally survive from one season to the next as occurs in the Humid Piedmont. Darker body coloration of females sampled during the second year in Dry Plain and Humid Piedmont might be associated with colder temperatures during the winter before maize cultivation. This study is the first conducted in Argentina on the genetic div ersity of populations of D. maidis. The results presented here highlight the need for further investigation into the origin and potential movement of D. maidis populations. Knowing how the crop is colonized will aid in the development of well - fitting models, for preventing the disease caused by the pathogens transmitted by this insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bergenialigulata, commonly known as 'Pashanbheda' or Indian rhubarb, is a perennial herb that has been recognized for its diverse medicinal properties. The indiscriminate use of B. ligulata has brought the species to the brink of becoming threatened. This research aims to establish a robust tissue culture protocol that can be utilized for the rapid micropropagation of B. ligulata. This protocol is essential for ensuring the sustainable production of this valuable plant species and preventing the depletion of its natural populations. The study successfully demonstrated an efficient in vitro regeneration in B. ligulata, using leaf and petiole explants. The most effective combination for achieving the highest number of shoots on either explant (leaf or petiole) involved using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.9 µM and 1.8 µM 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) with 0.5 µM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Moreover, multiple shoots were also produced on MS medium fortified with 8.8 µM BAP and 2.3 µM kinetin (Kn). To achieve optimal rooting, the 45-d-old shoot was carefully isolated and placed in a half-strength MS medium. PCR-based molecular analysis using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) confirmed the genetically clonal nature of regenerated plantlets. About 80% of the well-developed in vitro regenerated plants were acclimatized in the glasshouse, thereby showing the robustness of the developed protocol. Based on the present study, a reproducible in vitro technique was utilized to achieve direct regeneration of approximately 3597 plants from a single explant over a 1-yr period. This approach involved molecular fidelity analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses to ensure reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shallots are valuable horticultural products consumed worldwide that offer numerous health benefits. Fusarium wilt disease severely limits shallot production, reducing bulb yield by up to 50%; furthermore, wilt disease-resistant shallot cultivars are insufficient. This study confirmed that the 'Batu Ijo' cultivar is resistant to Fusarium wilt, with the lowest percentage of affected bulbs (29.5%). In contrast, the cultivar 'Bima Brebes' showed the highest incidence of Fusarium infection (41.6%). Neither 'Batu Ijo' nor 'Katumi' became resistant parents when crossbred with susceptible plants because both failed to bloom until the end of the plant generative stage. Thus, to generate diverse segregating populations, a cross combination derived from 'Biru Lancor' (resistant parent) and 'Bima Brebes' ensued. The results showed lower values for the number of mature capsules, true seed shallot weight per plant, and seedling vigor were evident in the progenies than in the parental genotypes. These poor crossing results were due to several factors, including an inappropriate photoperiod for the crossbreeding of 'Bima Brebes' and 'Biru Lancor.' Out of 30, 17 plants showed symptoms of Fusarium wilt disease. Meanwhile, the 13 resistant individuals exhibited similarities with the male parent 'Biru Lancor' during ISSR molecular analysis, suggesting that the male parent may play a role in transmitting disease resistance. The selection of parental individuals and crossbreeding factors are crucial for successful shallot crossbreeding. This study bears significant implications for further development of shallot crossbreeding, potentially leading to new disease-resistant cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orobanche cumana, commonly known as sunflower broomrape, poses a significant risk to sunflower cultivation in areas located along the Black Sea and across Europe. A study was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity and differentiation among populations of this parasitic plant originating from Bulgaria, Turkey, Republic of Moldova, and Romania. A total of 269 individuals from 23 populations were genotyped using 13 ISSR markers. The frequency distribution of alleles in the broomrape populations from Romania, Turkey and Bulgaria is more homogeneous than that from Moldavian populations. However, according to genetic diversity parameters O. cumana populations from Moldova and Turkey were more variable (total gene diversity Ht=0.188; 0.214), than those from Bulgaria and Romania (Ht=0.112; 0.067). The highest values of gene diversity within populations (Hs = 0.138) were found in Turkish broomrape. The value of Gst ranged between 0.359-0.516, indicating a very high level of genetic differentiation among populations. These results are consistent with low Nm values (0.468-0.895). Pairwise differentiation index (PhiPT) and Nei's unbiased measures of genetic distance (GD) showed similar patterns, indicating a maximum (PhiPT=0.500; GD=0.261) and, respectively, minimum (PhiPT=0.238; GD=0.079) values between broomrape from Turkey and Romania, respectively, Romania and Moldova. Dendrogram constructed using the UPMGA method based on Nei's genetic distances and Pearson's dissimilarity clustered together Moldavian and Romanian broomrape and grouped in two separate clusters populations belonging to Bulgaria and Turkey. The PCA analysis confirmed the results of UPGMA clusterization. Overall, both methods suggest that the groupings of broomrape are partly determined by its geographical origin, as well as by the genetic differences and similarities accumulated over time, and are not related to virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeluropus lagopoides is a halophytic grass growing in different sabkhas of Saudi Arabia. In this study, 14 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 15 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers were selected to investigate the genetic diversity within and among five natural populations of A. Lagopiodes. The genetic diversity varied within and among populations. ISSR markers were slightly more efficient than SRAP markers in evaluating genetic diversity. Average polymorphism information content, effective number of alleles, Nei's genetic diversity, and Shannon's information index values of ISSR markers were higher than SRAP. Analysis of molecular variance revealed about 40% genetic variation among the population and 60% within the population. Overall, the genetic diversity was lowest in Jouf (40%), while the Qaseem populations were the highest (60%). Jizan populations were highly dissimilar to other regions. A Mantel test indicated a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance. The cluster analysis showed three groups; the first group comprises Jouf and Salwa populations, the second group comprises Qareenah and Qaseem, and the third group comprises the Jizan population. This observation matched the geographic distribution of the species. These findings can help in the conservation of a diverse population of A. lagopoides in saline regions as well as rehabilitation of these degraded unique habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trifolium polyphyllum is a Caucasian endemic of the Fabaceae family peculiar for its inability of nitrogen fixation. Despite this unique trait, the species is insufficiently studied; in particular, little is known about its propagation and dispersal modes. Analyses of ISSR markers in specimens from a population at the Malaya Khatipara Mountain revealed that the species is capable of both sexual and vegetative propagation; however, the former mode dominates. We found out that separate patches within a local population are considerably genetically differentiated within an area of about 2000 m2 (PhiPT = 0.349; p = 0.001). We suppose this may happen owing to a lack of adaptations to seed dispersal. We also suppose that the observed concentration of genetically admixed individuals in the upper parts of slopes is due to peculiarities of the behavior of pollinators. The size of vegetative clones does not exceed 1 m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to contribute to the accurate taxonomic delimitation of Lippia origanoides Kunth (Verbenaceae), an important native Brazilian herb with diverse medicinal properties, culinary uses and wide phenotypic plasticity. For this purpose, the large-scale in vitro propagation of accessions of L. origanoides, initially identified as L. microphylla (two accessions), L. sidoides and L. salviaefolia, was established. In addition, the composition of the three major volatile organic terpenes in these accessions was compared. The micropropagation protocols revealed differences in the proliferative responses of the different accessions; in contrast, there was a predominance of the terpenes thymol, thymol methyl ether and thujopsene in the volatile organic fraction, regardless of the Lippia accession evaluated. The correlation analyses grouped the two L. microphylla accessions in poles opposite to the other two accessions (L. sidoides and L. salviaefolia), but multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) considering the major terpenes present in the organic fraction grouped the four accessions near the center of the PCA, indicating similarity among them. The results of this study demonstrated that L. origanoides can be efficiently propagated in vitro. Furthermore, based on the results of the analysis of the composition of major terpenes and molecular markers, the main contribution of the present study was to corroborate the hypothesis that the dissimilarity among the evaluated Lippia accessions is insufficient for them to constitute distinct species and that they are therefore synonymous with L. origanoides.Key Message: L. origanoides plants can be efficiently micropropagated, and molecular markers and the proportion of major terpenes present in its essential oil can be used in the taxonomic delimitation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colchicine is a substance used to induce mutations in order to regulate important agronomic traits. The genotypes Pavlodarskoe 4, Quartet, and PI 289324, originating from Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and Hungary, respectively, were used as materials. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different colchicine concentrations (0.0, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1%) and treatment times (6, 12, and 24 h) on the agronomic traits of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and to assess the genetic diversity of the M2 generation using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The experiment was conducted in 2021 for the M1 generation and in 2022 for the M2 generation, from May to September. The percentage of field germination decreased with increasing colchicine concentrations and exposure durations. The mean field germination percentages were 48.57% in Pavlodarskoe 4, 43.28% in Quartet, and 53.14% in PI 289324 under colchicine treatment. Chlorophyll-defective M1-M2 plants were obtained using various colchicine concentrations and exposure periods. The highest number of mutational modifications was attained with the 0.08–0.1% concentrations of colchicine. Based on the research results, a total of 248 plants with chlorophyll-defective mutations were selected from 2214 plants. The growing seasons of M1 and M2 plants were shortened by higher colchicine concentrations (0.08–0.1%) combined with soaking times of 12 and 24 h. Thus, the longest growing season (84 days) was observed with a 6 h treatment time for PI 289324, while the shortest (78 days) was recorded for 12 and 24 h treatments. The possibility of obtaining morphological mutations using colchicine has been confirmed. The ISSR primers amplified a total of 1333 fragments; 1281 bands were found to be polymorphic, and 52 bands were monomorphic. The percentage of polymorphism varied from 80 to 100%, with an average of 96.11%. Most of the different allelic bands were detected when applying the 0.08% colchicine concentration. These positive variations are a great opportunity to use colchicine as a tool for improving agronomic traits in plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was focused on the assessment of genetic diversity in twenty-three populations of Orobanche cumana parasitizing on sunflower in Bulgaria, Turkey, Moldova and Romania using 13 ISSR markers. The obtained results on the genetic diversity parameters showed that the broomrape populations were characterised by a significant level of the intrapopulation diversity. In addition, descriptive population genetic statistics revealed that Turkish populations had a higher level of genetic diversity indices than populations from several areas of the northeast and east of the Balkan Peninsula included in Eastern Europe. The analysis of molecular variance showed that 38 % of the genetic variability was due to differences within populations, 34 % was due to differences among populations and the lowest molecular variation was among countries (28 %). According to clustering and PCA methods, Moldavian, Bulgarian and Romanian broomrapes shared more genetic traits with each other than with Turkish populations within a main gene pool. As a whole, all results of this study showed that there is a high intrapopulation diversity of the O. cumana gene pool in the Black Sea basin. From the clustering and PCA analyses, it can be concluded that the grouping of broomrape populations is partly determined by their geographical origin, as well as by the genetic differences and similarities accumulated over time, and is not related to virulence. The information obtained from this study may be highly relevant in contributing to the development of sustainable control strategies of the pathogen and breeding programmes for sunflower resistance to broomrape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orobanche cumana, commonly known as sunflower broomrape, poses a significant risk to sunflower cultivation in areas located along the Black Sea and across Europe. A study was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity and differentiation among populations of this parasitic plant originating from Bulgaria, Turkey, Republic of Moldova, and Romania. A total of 269 individuals from 23 populations were genotyped using 13 ISSR markers. The frequency distribution of alleles in the broomrape populations from Romania, Turkey and Bulgaria is more homogeneous than that from Moldavian populations. However, according to genetic diversity parameters O. cumana populations from Moldova and Turkey were more variable (total gene diversity Ht=0.188; 0.214), than those from Bulgaria and Romania (Ht=0.112; 0.067). The highest values of gene diversity within populations (Hs = 0.138) were found in Turkish broomrape. The value of Gst ranged between 0.359-0.516, indicating a very high level of genetic differentiation among populations. These results are consistent with low Nm values (0.468-0.895). Pairwise differentiation index (PhiPT) and Nei’s unbiased measures of genetic distance (GD) showed similar patterns, indicating a maximum (PhiPT=0.500; GD=0.261) and, respectively, minimum (PhiPT=0.238; GD=0.079) values between broomrape from Turkey and Romania, respectively, Romania and Moldova. Dendrogram constructed using the UPMGA method based on Nei's genetic distances and Pearson's dissimilarity clustered together Moldavian and Romanian broomrape and grouped in two separate clusters populations belonging to Bulgaria and Turkey. The PCA analysis confirmed the results of UPGMA clusterization. Overall, both methods suggest that the groupings of broomrape are partly determined by its geographical origin, as well as by the genetic differences and similarities accumulated over time, and are not related to virulence.

The paper evaluates four ISSR markers (М1, М2, М7, and М11) for their effectiveness in research on the genetic distances of regenerated Fagopyrum esculentum plants, which were obtained in vitro on selective media with high doses of ZnSO4·7 H2O (808–1313 mg/L). The level of polymorphism was determined to be high in the combined sample (74.4%). The obtained specimens might be used in the breeding of new varieties with economically important traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian jujube displays genetic diversity and does not prominently display minute morphometric variations, and this makes correct identification a difficult and long-term task. However, little work has been conducted to bring jujube cultivars into domestication. So, the present study aimed to evaluate eleven cultivars of Indian jujube in terms of the fruit’s morphometric characteristics, as well as molecular marker studies by plastidial megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase (matK) barcoding and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers for species differentiation, identification, and relationships among Indian jujube cultivars. The results of the morphometric characteristics showed that the mean geometric diameter, surface area, sphericity, sphericity ratio, shape index, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, and seed weight varied among cultivars. The results also showed that the color values of L*, a*, and b* for fruits differed in different cultivars. In addition, the results showed a discrepancy in the genetic diversity parameters related to the matK barcoding, ISSR markers, and relationships among Indian jujube cultivars. Substantially, hierarchical clustering by heatmap revealed that ‘Zytoni’ and ‘Um-Sulaem’ with spines seem to be mono-clades distinct from other cultivars, which related to variations in the expression levels of genes. Therefore, they should be relied upon together to distinguish and identify cultivars in order to maximize the effectiveness of local germplasm conservation and exploitation.

Background. Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin (Asteraceae) is a rare species for the Altai Republic (AR). The purpose of this study was to characterize the genetic polymorphism of Rhaponticum carthamoides at the inter- and intrapopulation level in a comparative analysis for subsequent selection of seed samples from the genetically most heterogeneous natural populations of the AR for practical purposes. Materials and methods. The species was studied for ISSR variability in five habitats in the AR. DNA from dried leaves of R. carthamoides was isolated using the STAB method. For testing seventeen ISSR primers were used, seven of which were selected as most informative ones. Results and conclusion. The analysis showed that individual plants from five cenopopulations (CP) were distributed into three groups of similarity on the dendrogram. A separate clade was formed by plant samples from two CPs of the Katun Nature Reserve (KNR). Samples of one of those CPs grew on well-warmed southern slopes and exhibited a higher genetic heterogeneity than the others. The highest intrapopulation and interpopulation similarity in the distribution of DNA fragments was also found in two CPs from habitats with the smallest geographic distance from each other. Representatives of a separate population, least in size and number of individuals in the KNR, showed a high level of similarity in the distribution of DNA fragments. Significantly lower coefficients of genetic similarity with other CPs were found in plants from a small isolated CP from the Shavlinsky Protected Area. It can be assumed that one of the main reasons for the least genetic similarity of this population with others is its location in the immediate vicinity of the foothill at the pass to Achik (Ongudaysky District; absolute height: 2300 masl). This location can be a limiting factor for the exchange of genetic information with individuals from other populations.

The spread of cancer is one of the biggest obstacles at the present time, which has caused panic to people on the health and psychological level, adding to the economic burdens and human losses at the level of most countries of the world. For this reason, most medical institutions and researchers have shown great interest in this field to find the appropriate way out by finding sincere treatments for this problem.The current study includes a review of the immuno-histological role of the CD133 indicator in the development and severity of stomach cancer in order to be a key for applied studies to employ this indicator in the diagnosis or treatment of gastric cancer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity among 36 wild strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) genotypes belonging to different altitude and geographical origins, using 16 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) markers. Results revealed that ISSR primers produced a total of 344 bands, of which 94.1% were polymorphic, indicating a high level of genetic variation among the studied populations. The mean values of polymorphism information content (PIC), efective multiplex ratio (EMR), resolving power (Rp) and marker index (MI) were 0.34, 19.13, 23.46 and 6.45, respectively. The total gene diversity (Ht), gene diversity within populations (Hs) and total genetic differentiation coefficient among the populations (Gst) values were 0.33, 0.15 and 0.50, respectively. The genetic distance between all pairwise combinations of the genotypes ranged from 0.113 to 0.512. The cluster analysis revealed three main groups and which are subdivided into eight subgroups and a two independant branches. Therefore, the grouping of strawberry tree genotypes was independent of their geographical origins and altitude with exception for the genotypes belonging to Bin El-ouidane and Laanoucer populations. The results showed that ISSR markers are suitable tools for the evaluation of genetic diversity among strawberry tree genotypes. The data of this work will be useful for strawberry tree breeding programs and conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. is a vast and widespread group of aroids belonging to Araceae which is taxonomically and botanically distinct due to the occasional emergence of inflorescences and their relatively short active period of existence. Seven morphotypes of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius which included two cultivated forms—the cultivated elephant foot yam (A. paeoniifolius var. campanulatus) and another cultivar 'Karunaikizhangu', unique due to the presence of small corm and numerous elongate cormels, grown only in Tamil Nadu, in the southmost part of India, also known as A. paeoniifolius var. campanulatus, and five wild types belonging to Amorphophallus paeoniifolius var. paeoniifolius were studied. Elephant foot yam is an important tuber crop and the wild congenerics of the cultivated form possess powerful therapeutic action against piles and gastro-intestinal disorders. Variation in the surface pattern of petiole and spathe is the main difference found within the species. The shape of appendix, the colour and pattern of spathe, scale leaves (bract) subtending the spathe, the male zone, female zone, the pollen morphology as assessed by SEM and pollen fertility showed distinct variation within the species revealing six distinct morphotypes. The inflorescence/floral markers and vegetative morphological descriptors, pollen morphology, karyomorphological analysis which indicated structural variation in chromosomes resulting in varying number of median, sub-median and nearly sub-median chromosomes in the morphotypes and ISSR markers indicated clear distinction between the morphotypes, which lead to the conclusion that the above two cultivated types and accession P19 of A. paeoniifolius var. paeoniifolius, which had heteromorphic pollen can be considered as different botanical varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Astragalus L. with about 3000 species is the largest genus of flowering plants. It is also the largest genus in the flora of Iran with more than 850 taxa. Astragalus cyclophyllon Beck is an endemic taxon belonging to Astragalus sect. Incani DC. It occurs scattered in the steppe and semi-steppe areas of the western and central parts of Iran. This species is one of the most important forage taxa of Astragalus. According to IUCN criteria it has been classified as a vulnerable taxon in Iran, as it occurs in habitats intensely used by herders for their livestock. Here we evaluate the genetic diversity of the populations of this species in Iran to see whether genetic diversity is high or if reductions have already happened. For this purpose, sampling was done in all geographical areas with A. cyclophyllon populations in Iran. In total, 80 individuals representing 29 populations were studied using 33 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters and 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. ISSR revealed 240 bands which all were polymorphic. Neighbor-joining cluster analysis divided the individuals in four groups, Principal Coordinate Analysis and Bayesian population assignment analysis in Structure resulted in three genetic units. Morphological variation showed no correlation with the molecular data. The mean of Gst and Nm indices are 0.516 and 0.468, respectively, which indicate a very high genetic differentiation and low gene flow between the studied populations. According to these results, we conclude that genetic diversity is high in this species and that, therefore, the major threat for A. cyclophyllon is currently not related to inbreeding depression in populations, but might be due to livestock grazing that could change the population demographic structure by reducing regular establishment of new offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular genetic markers associated with saltpan effluents (NaCl) on two genotypes Cajanus cajan and Sorghum bicolor crop plants were studied in four different field Areas at vegetative stage, anthesis phase and seed set phase of plant growth. Among the 10 primers used only 5 primers produced reproducible and consistent banding pattern, those are OPA-17, OPE-14, OPE-15, OPE-17 and OPA-16. In that OPE-14 produced height 24 bands. And OPA-17 produced 16 bands and in that 14 were polymorphic bands and the percentage of polymorphism was 87.5%. PCR success rate for rbcl was 100% and sequence success rate was also 100% success. BLAST results revealed that the three species sequence for rbcl loci was 98% similar. Finally, the present study revealed the existence of considerable variation at the molecular level in the Cajanus cajan germplasm rather than in germplasm of Sorghum bicolor, which confirms the results of the earlier on morphological and biochemical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present investigation was carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh and clayey saline soil at the experimental farm of El-Sirw Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture Research Center, Damietta governorate (31°14'N and 31°48'E) at the northern east of the Delta, Egypt during 2021 and 2022 seasons. Four Egyptian rice genotypes i.e. Giza178, Giza179, GZ9399-4-1-1-3-2-2 as a salt tolerant varieties and Sakha 106 as salt sensitive one were used as line and three rice genotypes; IRRI147 and IR65483 (salt tolerant varieties), Egyptian Jasmine ( salt moderately salinity tolerant variety) as tester were utilized. The parental varieties were crossed by using line & tester's analysis and twelve crosses were obtained. The F1 and their parents were grown and evaluated under saline soil. The studied characters were yield and yield attributes. The obtained results indicated that the parents, Giza178, Giza179 and IRRI147 were the best parents for general combining ability for studied traits under saline soil conditions. Meanwhile, the crosses, Giza179xIRRI147, Giza178xIRRI147 and Giza179xE.Jasmine were the best performing crosses and could be used under salinity condition as well as are considered as the most effective for getting promising lines. Assessing the genetic distance and linkages between seven different rice types were used to perform ISSR markers to identify genetic differences that could aid in the creation hybridization and selection of breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic diversity of 27 garlic accessions (local varieties/landraces) was investigated using five simple sequence repeat (SSR) and six inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The SSR genotyping revealed 26 different alleles, while 84 polymorphic bands were produced using the ISSR markers. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.471 and 0.465 for the SSR and the ISSR markers, respectively. Compared to ISSRs, SSR markers revealed a higher level of redundancy, indicating potential duplicates among the accessions. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on both marker systems showed that most of the molecular diversity was attributable to differences within accessions, rather than among them. UPGMA, STRUCTURE, and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on the SSRs produced similar clustering results, although not in agreement with those produced by the ISSR markers. Fisher's exact tests and multinomial logistic regression analyses identified significant associations between the chemical compounds, the morphological traits of the bulb, and specific SSR and ISSR loci. Our results provide a molecular basis for understanding the genetic diversity of Greek garlic landraces, which could be useful for the conservation and sustainable management of this crop. Potential markers fostering the selection of genotypes in garlic breeding have also been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verticillium wilt caused by pathogenic soil fungus -- Vertcillium dahliae Kleb. is one of the most serious strawberry diseases not treated chemically. The strawberry is a species more or less susceptible to Verticillium sp., hence the need to select new genetically resistant cultivars. In this study, susceptibility of four strawberry cultivars to Verticillium wilt was examined under in vitro selection conditions as regards the genetic similarity of selected resistant plants. Microplants of 4 strawberry subclones obtained by in vitro cloning of each cultivar were inoculated in vitro with liquid mycelial homogenate of the pathogen. Development of disease symptoms was observed after 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days post inoculation. Results revealed differences of susceptibility to V. dahliae which depended on the subclone. The least susceptible to Verticillium wilt turned out to be 'Plena' subclone, followed by the 'Elsanta', 'Feltar' and 'Teresa' subclones. The highest genetic similarity of 59% was found between 'Elsanta' and 'Teresa' subclones, which after 75 days from inoculation were also characterized by a very similar percentage of resistant plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsatellite loci represent prevalent molecular markers for assessing genetic diversity, phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between different in origin broomrape taxon. In the present study, the genetic differences and relationships among 3 broomrape races from Bulgaria, Turkey, Moldova and Romania were identified by ISSR markers. The obtained results on genetic diversity parameters showed that race H is more variable than races G and E. However, the gene diversity within populations was the greatest in race G, followed by race H and E. The limited gene flow for races H and G determined significant genetic differentiation of populations. Conversely, a comparatively moderate gene flow for race E pointed to a little differentiation among populations. These findings were also corroborated by AMOVA, demonstrating high genetic diferences within (89%) and lower (11%) among races. The investigation also revealed the existence evolutionary differences between all races. This situation proves the action of evolutive molecular mechanisms which offered, in time, discrete genetic particularities at broomrape, indicating that the existing races are unstable over time and they are constantly adapting to the new more sunflower resistance hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panicum coloratum is a species of C4 type grass native to South Africa. In Argentina, it is valued for its production of good quality forage in environments where resources are limiting, although it is infrequently cultivated in livestock systems. The purpose of this study was to estimate the narrow sense heritability (h2) of the caryopses fall character using the Progeny-Parent Regression method and characterise molecular diversity using ISSR-type markers. The only significant value obtained was in week five, which gives an indication of the existence of additive genetic variance and also its stability. The ISSR markers allowed confirming the existence of genetic variability between cultivars and within individuals of the same cultivar through bands and unique alleles per genotype. The individuals of the Kapivera cultivar have been able to genetically differentiate themselves from the individuals of the Bambatsi cultivar by detecting loci and alleles that differentiate both cultivars. These markers proved to be effective for the distinction of the cultivars analysed and a wide variability has been observed in the species. The characterisation of the genetic diversity within the cultivars of P. coloratum var. makarikariense constitutes a fundamental step for its potential incorporation into breeding programs developed in the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-one varieties of wheat cultivated in Romania were analyzed regarding the genetic diversity and physicochemical properties, including the following determinations: moisture, ash, protein, wet gluten, lipid, starch content, falling number and damaged starch, considering the particularity of each species, its biological status and origin. The physicochemical data showed that the wheat samples presented large variability. The physicochemical properties of wheat flour were assessed by multivariable data analysis, using principal component analysis (PCA). All wheat samples clustered together according to their physicochemical data showed an association between all wheat species. The protein and ash contents were more related to the ancient wheat species, while the amounts of starch and damaged starch were associated with the modern ones. Positive correlations were obtained between protein and wet gluten content and between lipid and ash content. ISSR markers were used to analyze and compare genetic diversity among selected wheat cultivars. The obtained data were analyzed using NTSYSpc software considering the coefficients of similarity (Jaccard) and dissimilarity (Neighbor joining). The Jaccard coefficients varied from 0.53 to 1, reflecting the high genetic diversity characteristic of all wheat varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its potential applications in cultivated plants, ionizing radiation (IR) and its effect on organisms is increasingly studied. Here we measured the effects of ionizing radiation on Eruca sativa by analyzing plants from irradiated seeds (1 and 10 Gy) grown in hydroponics. We measured several morpho-physiological traits and genotoxicity. Radiation stress induced a noticeable variability of the morphophysiological traits highlighting decreased plant vigor. Shoot length and leaf number were significantly higher in 1 Gy-treated samples, whereas root length was significantly higher in 10 Gy treated plants. Stomata number significantly increased with IR dose, whereas both pigment and Rubisco content decreased under radiation stress. Phenol content significantly increased in 1 Gy treated samples, otherwise from total antioxidants, which were not different from control. Most results could find a feasible explanation in a hormesis-like pattern and in a decreased plant vigor under radiation stress. IR induced genotoxic damage, evaluated by ISSR markers, in 15 day old leaves; specifically, a severe decrease in the genome template stability was observed. However, a partial recovery occurred after 2 weeks, especially under the lowest dose (i.e., 1 Gy), suggesting that DNA damage detection and repair mechanisms are active. Pigment content and genotoxic damage may serve as proxies for evaluating plant responses to IR stress, since they show univocal dose-dependent trends. The use of more checkpoints for analyses and more doses over a wider range, as well as the focus on different metabolites, could help elucidate plant response in terms of morpho-physiological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]