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Abstract Background Xenobiotics like pesticide isoproturon (IPU) and heavy metal cadmium (Cd) are environmental contaminants posing serious impacts on ecosystem. Understanding their toxic and accumulative processes is crucial to uncover insightful mechanisms and minimize health risks. However, the joint effect of IPU and Cd on microorganisms in aquatic ecosystems remains elusive. In this study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was selected as a model unicellular organism to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of IPU and Cd, focusing on biological responses, bioaccumulation capacity, and environmental adaptation. Results The combined treatment with IPU (0.24 μmol L−1) and/or Cd (20 μmol L−1) for 60 h can induce acute toxicity to C. reinhardtii, reducing chlorophyll and photosynthetic fluorescence, while increasing oxidative damage manifested by lipid membrane peroxides and electrical conductivity. IPU and Cd were accumulated in C. reinhardtii. Interestingly, IPU accumulation in algae was significantly repressed in the presence of Cd, showing a remarkable decrease of 116.7% compared to the IPU treatment alone. Similarly, the Cd concentration in the cells exposed to IPU was reduced by 23.5% compared to Cd treatment alone. Calculation of the bioconcentration factors revealed lower accumulation values of IPU or Cd in algae under Cd+IPU exposure compared to IPU or Cd stress, suggesting an antagonistic interaction between IPU and Cd during absorption by the algae. Furthermore, the activities and transcriptional expression of enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD and APX were significantly induced by Cd stress, whereas the activities of CAT, APX, and PPO significantly increased elevated by IPU. Conclusions This study provides compelling evidence of the ecotoxicological effects of combined IPU and cadmium contamination on algae, highlighting the potential of algae for bioremediation of environments contaminated with IPU and cadmium. Graphical Abstract

Brassinosteroids (BRs) can regulate various processes in plant development and defense against environmental stress. In this study, the contribution of BRs in the degradation of isoproturon (IPU) in rice has been established. IPU has a significant effect on rice growth, chlorophyll content, and membrane permeability. When treated with 1.0 μmol/L 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), a BR analogue, the associated symptoms of rice poisoning were alleviated as the IPU levels in the rice and growth media were decreased. In the presence of EBR, the activities of several IPU-related detoxification enzymes were enhanced to cope with the stress due to IPU. An RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been performed to determine the variation of transcriptomes and metabolic mechanisms in rice treated with EBR, IPU, or IPU+EBR. Some of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were Phase I-III reaction components of plants, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP450), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glycosyltransferases (GTs), and the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter). The expression of some signal transduction genes was significantly up-regulated. The relative content of low-toxicity IPU metabolites increased due to the presence of EBR as determined by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS. The IPU metabolic pathways include enzyme-catalyzed demethylation, hydroxylation, hydrolysis, glycosylation, and amino acid conjugation processes. The results suggest that EBR plays a key role in the degradation and detoxification of IPU. This study has provided evidence that BRs regulate the metabolism and detoxification of IPU in rice, and offers a new approach to ensuring cleaner crops by eliminating pesticide residues in the environment.

[Objectives]The paper aimed to enrich the application technology of triclopyr in wheat field, and provide solutions for the prevention and control of dominant weeds in wheat field. [Methods]The type of combined action of iprosulfuron and its safety to wheat were studied by whole plant bioassay. The selectivity of compound preparation between wheat and weeds was determined and verified in field. [Results]The results of greenhouse experiments showed that the combination of triclopyr and isoproturon had additive or synergistic effects on Veronica persic,Lamium amplexicaule,Galium aparine,Alopecurus japonicus and Beckmannia syzigachne. The suitable ratio of the triclopyr and isoproturon was (1-2) ∶ (2.9-5.8) ;after compounding with isoproturon at a mass ratio of 1∶2.9,the herbicidal activity was significantly improved, and the selectivity index of the mixture between wheat‘Yannong 999’and the tested weeds was 2.72-21.22. The field results showed that the control effect of triclopyr combined with isoproturon on the total plant and fresh weight of G. aparine,Stellaria aquatic,A. japonicas were 86.2%-95.5% and 88.8%-96.1% at 150 d after treatment. [Conclusions]The combination of triclopyr with isoproturon could reduce the dosage and expand the herbicidal spectrum, and it was safe for wheat. It could be used to control the annual weeds in wheat field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The phenylurea herbicides are persistent in soil and water, necessitating the creation of methods for removing them from the environment. This study aimed to examine the soil microbial diversity, searching for local bacterial isolates able to efficiently degrade the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (IPU). The best isolates able to effectively degrade IPU were selected, characterized, and identified as Pseudomonas putida and Acinetobacter johnsonii. The catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase enzyme's catA gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in E. coli M15. The Expressed E. coli showed high degradation efficiency (44.80%) as analyzed by HPLC after 15 days of inoculation in comparison to P. putida (21.60%). The expression of the catA gene in P. putida and expressed E. coli was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results displayed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of the catA gene by increasing the incubation time with IPU. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mass spectrometry analysis revealed that three intermediate metabolites, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-methylurea (MDIPU), 4-Isopropylaniline (4-IA) and 1-(4-isopropylphenyl) urea (DDIPU) were generated by both P. putida and expressed E. coli. In addition, IPU-induced catA activity was detected in both P. putida and expressed E. coli. The supernatant of both P. putida and expressed E. coli had a significant influence on weed growth. The study clearly exhibited that P. putida and expressed E. coli were capable of metabolizing IPU influentially and thus could be utilized for bioremediation and biodegradation technology development.

Abstract Herbicides in wastewater are considered as a serious issue to environmental pollution. Different impregnated metal zinc oxide (Cu/ZnO and Ni/ZnO) as catalysts were prepared through wet impregnation method for the degradation of herbicides Isoproturon and triasulfuron. The prepared impregnated catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopyand surface area. The degradation of selected herbicides were investigated using combined effect of photocatalysis and sonication. The experimental parameters such as pH, irradiation time, photocatalyst dose, effect of oxidants, diverse ion effect, herbicide concentration and catalyst reusability have been optimized. The percent removal of isoproturon was found to be 99 and 98% at pH 7 and triasulfuron was 98% at pH 6 using Cu/ZnO and 99% at pH 7 using Ni/ZnO photocatalysts respectively. Graphical Abstract Graphical abstract of Ultrasound Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Isoproturon and Triasulfuron Herbicides

The phenylurea herbicides are persistent in soil and water, necessitating the creation of methods for removing them from the environment. This study aimed to examine the soil microbial diversity, searching for local bacterial isolates able to efficiently degrade the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (IPU). The best isolates able to effectively degrade IPU were selected, characterized, and identified as Pseudomonas putida and Acinetobacter johnsonii. The catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase enzyme's catA gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in E. coli M15. The Expressed E. coli showed high degradation efficiency (44.80%) as analyzed by HPLC after 15 days of inoculation in comparison to P. putida (21.60%). The expression of the catA gene in P. putida and expressed E. coli was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results displayed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of the catA gene by increasing the incubation time with IPU. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mass spectrometry analysis revealed that three intermediate metabolites, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-methylurea (MDIPU), 4-Isopropylaniline (4-IA) and 1-(4-isopropylphenyl) urea (DDIPU) were generated by both P. putida and expressed E. coli. In addition, IPU-induced catA activity was detected in both P. putida and expressed E. coli. The supernatant of both P. putida and expressed E. coli had a significant influence on weed growth. The study clearly exhibited that P. putida and expressed E. coli were capable of metabolizing IPU influentially and thus could be utilized for bioremediation and biodegradation technology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the sorption of selected "chemicals of emerging concern" (CEC) on humic substances commonly found in water and municipal wastewater. These were ibuprofen, diclofenac, caffeine, carbamazepine, estrone, triclosan, bisphenol A, and isoproturon. The humic substances (HSs) were synthetic and not contaminated by the tested organic substances. The elemental composition and content of mineral micropollutants, gravimetric curves, and the IR spectrum of HSs were determined. We determined a relationship between the process efficiency and the characteristics of a sorbent and sorbate using the properties of organic substances sorbed on HSs. This relationship was confirmed by sorption tests on the HS complex, i.e., the HS-organic micropollutant. It has been shown that the given complexes have a greater affinity for hydrophobic surfaces than hydrophilic surfaces. To confirm the nature of the sorbent surfaces, we determined their zeta potential dependence on the pH of the solution. Studies have shown that HSs are carriers of both mineral substances and CEC in water and sewage environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicides in wastewater are considered as a serious issue to environmental pollution. Different impregnated metal zinc oxide (Cu/ZnO and Ni/ZnO) as catalysts were prepared through wet impregnation method for the degradation of herbicides Isoproturon and triasulfuron. The prepared impregnated catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopyand surface area. The degradation of selected herbicides were investigated using combined effect of photocatalysis and sonication. The experimental parameters such as pH, irradiation time, photocatalyst dose, effect of oxidants, diverse ion effect, herbicide concentration and catalyst reusability have been optimized. The percent removal of isoproturon was found to be 99 and 98% at pH 7 and triasulfuron was 98% at pH 6 using Cu/ZnO and 99% at pH 7 using Ni/ZnO photocatalysts respectively. Graphical abstract of Ultrasound Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Isoproturon and Triasulfuron Herbicides [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic degradation is a promising and ideal technology in environmental remediation. Among them, catalytic oxidation and photocatalysis respectively based on catalysts and photocatalysts both trigger broad interests because of their high removal activity. However, the reusability of the powder catalysts still faces substantial challenges. Here, a simple strategy is proposed to load Fe-BTC catalyst on aramid fabrics (AF) to construct Fe-BTC MOF @ aramid fabric (Fe-BTC@AF) composite materials with layer-by-layer in situ self-assembly methods. The experimental results illustrated that 98% isoproturon could be removed by Fe-BTC@AF20 with oxidant H2O2, while the single Fe-BTC@AF20 could photo-degrade 99% isoproturon within 7 h. Meanwhile, it could sustain a high degradation rate of more than 80%, even if it had gone through 5 degradation cycles. Thus, the Fe-BTC@AF composite has a significant advantage in the recycling ability for degradation of isoproturon, which will have potential applications in the efficient removal of organic contaminants in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The widespread application of isoproturon (IPU) can cause serious pollution to the environment and threaten ecological functions. In this study, the IPU bacterial N‐demethylase gene pdmAB was transferred and expressed in the chloroplast of soybean (Glycine max L. 'Zhonghuang13'). The transgenic soybeans exhibited significant tolerance to IPU and demethylated IPU to a less phytotoxic metabolite 3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1‐methylurea (MDIPU) in vivo. The transgenic soybeans removed 98% and 84% IPU from water and soil within 5 and 14 days, respectively, while accumulating less IPU in plant tissues compared with the wild‐type (WT). Under IPU stress, transgenic soybeans showed a higher symbiotic nitrogen fixation performance (with higher total nodule biomass and nitrogenase activity) and a more stable rhizosphere bacterial community than the WT. This study developed a transgenic (TS) soybean capable of efficiently removing IPU from its growing environment and recovering a high‐symbiotic nitrogen fixation capacity under IPU stress, and provides new insights into the interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms and TS legumes under herbicide stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), a cross-pollinated grass, is gradually becoming a predominant weed in wheat fields in China and is evolving resistance to many groups of herbicides. The aim of this study is to determine the resistance levels of a single L. multiflorum population from a wheat field in Henan Province China, to three modes of action (MoAs) of herbicides and to further characterize the potential resistance mechanisms. This L. multiflorum population evolved multiple herbicide resistances to pyroxsulam [acetolactate synthase (ALS)], pinoxaden [acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)] and isoproturon [photosystem II (PSII)]. Target-site resistance (TSR) mutations (Pro-197-Gln, Pro-197-Thr, and Trp-574-Leu) and non-target-site resistance (NTSR) mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) genes were associated with pyroxsulam resistance. Pinoxaden resistance was conferred by two TSR mutations, which referred to a rare Ile-2041-Val mutation and a common Ile-1781-Leu mutation but with two different nucleotide substitutions (CTA/TTA). CYP450- and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-mediated resistances were the main resistance mechanisms for this multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) population to the PSII inhibitor isoproturon. This is the first case of a single L. multiflorum population evolving multiple resistance to three herbicide MoAs (ALS, ACCase and PSII) in China. Diverse resistance mechanisms including TSR and NTSR mean L. multiflorum exhibits a high degree of resistance plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely used phenylurea herbicide isoproturon (IPU) and its residues can inhibit the growth of subsequently planted crops. However, reports on bioremediation of IPU-contaminated soil are scarce. In this study, Sphingobium sp. strain YBL2- gfp (a derivative of the IPU-degrading Sphingobium sp. strain YBL2 isolated by our lab) was constructed to bioremediate IPU-contaminated soil. In pot experiments, strain YBL2- gfp colonized the roots of wheat and eliminated IPU residues in the soil within 21 d, effectively alleviating its toxicity and restoring wheat growth. IPU treatment reduced the richness and diversity of soil bacteria, while inoculation YBL2- gfp mainly affected richness with less impact on diversity. The high concentrations of IPU and inoculation of YBL2- gfp alone reduced the soil microbial community connections, while bioaugmentation treatment enhanced the soil microbial community connections. Additionally, strain YBL2- gfp stimulated the metabolic capacity of the indigenous microbes, promoting the degradation of IPU and reducing the negative impact of high concentrations of IPU on microbial community. Taken together, this study offers relatively comprehensive insights into the practical application of bioaugmentation, demonstrating that strain YBL2 has the potential to remediate IPU-contaminated soils. [Display omitted] • Bioaugmentation by strain YBL2- gfp improved the degradation of IPU. • Strain YBL2- gfp could colonize the roots of wheat to eliminate the residual IPU and restore its growth. • Inoculation of strain YBL2- gfp did not affect the bacterial community structure in the soil. • IPU reduced the topological structure of bacterial network, strain YBL2- gfp restored its complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates the fabrication of an electrochemical probe and superior performance in the simultaneous determination of two pesticides, carbendazim (CBZ) and isoproturon (ISO), using a modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode with a novel graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotube (GO-MWCNT) nanocomposite for the first time. The existing hydrophilic properties of GO can facilitate the development of a stable dispersion of GO-CNT nanocomposite material through π-π stacking interactions for their intriguing electrochemical detection. This novel nanocomposite was completely characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM techniques. The MWCNT were dispersed/spread over the crumpled GO nano-sheets, as confirmed by the TEM images. Their oxidation potentials and current are significantly varied with various modified electrodes, such as bare GCE, MWCNT, GO, and GO-MWCNT in 0.1 M PBS (pH 2) at 50 mVs−1. The oxidation of ISO and CBZ on the GO-MWCNT-modified electrode has shown 3 and 5.2 times of current enhancement respectively, compared to the bare GCE. The feasibility of the proposed nanocomposite for the analysis has been shown by the observed maximum oxidation peak current recorded at pH 2. The cyclic voltammogram containing 0.1 mM of ISO and CBZ on the modified GO-MWCNT/GCE have yielded linear plots with the logarithm of scan rate vs peak potential with R2 values of 0.99 and 0.987 respectively, implying the occurred surface adsorption-controlled reaction process. Its reproducibility with 100 μM of ISO and 10 μM of CBZ has shown the related standard deviation for five experiments as 2.8 % and 1.58 % respectively. Moreover, the real sample analysis was optimized with GO-MWCNT/GCE by differential pulse voltammetry technique towards CBZ and ISO in the river and paddy water samples, and the recovery percentages were found to be 99–103 and 99.7–101.3 % respectively. [Display omitted] • Novel GO-MWCNT sensor for CBZ & ISO detection. • Reproducibility of GO-MWCNT sensor tested. • Analyzes CBZ & ISO in water. • High recovery (99–103 %) in water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassinosteroids (BRs) can regulate various processes in plant development and defense against environmental stress. In this study, the contribution of BRs in the degradation of isoproturon (IPU) in rice has been established. IPU has a significant effect on rice growth, chlorophyll content, and membrane permeability. When treated with 1.0 μmol/L 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), a BR analogue, the associated symptoms of rice poisoning were alleviated as the IPU levels in the rice and growth media were decreased. In the presence of EBR, the activities of several IPU-related detoxification enzymes were enhanced to cope with the stress due to IPU. An RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been performed to determine the variation of transcriptomes and metabolic mechanisms in rice treated with EBR, IPU, or IPU+EBR. Some of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were Phase I-III reaction components of plants, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP450), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glycosyltransferases (GTs), and the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter). The expression of some signal transduction genes was significantly up-regulated. The relative content of low-toxicity IPU metabolites increased due to the presence of EBR as determined by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS. The IPU metabolic pathways include enzyme-catalyzed demethylation, hydroxylation, hydrolysis, glycosylation, and amino acid conjugation processes. The results suggest that EBR plays a key role in the degradation and detoxification of IPU. This study has provided evidence that BRs regulate the metabolism and detoxification of IPU in rice, and offers a new approach to ensuring cleaner crops by eliminating pesticide residues in the environment. [Display omitted] • Exogenous EBR alleviates IPU-induced inhibition in rice growth phenotype. • Exogenous EBR decreases IPU residue in rice and its environment. • EBR activates BRs signal transduction by upregulating the expression of BZR4. • EBR facilitates the expression of pesticide degradation genes. • EBR promotes metabolic reactions and the production of IPU derivatives in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoproturon (IPU), a widely utilized phenylurea herbicide, is recognized as an emerging contaminant. Previous studies have predominantly attributed the degradation of IPU in natural waters to indirect photolysis by natural organic matter (NOM). Here, we demonstrate that nitrite (NO 2 −) also serves as an important photosensitizer that induces the photo-degradation of IPU. Through radical quenching tests, we identify hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and nitrogen dioxide radicals (NO 2 •) originating from NO 2 − photolysis as key players in IPU degradation, resulting in the generation of a series of hydroxylated and nitrated byproducts. Moreover, we demonstrate a synergistic effect on the photo-transformation of IPU when both NOM and NO 2 − are present in the reaction mixture. The observed rate constant (k obs) for IPU removal increases to 0.0179 ± 0.0002 min−1 in the co-presence of NO 2 − (50 μM) and NOM (2.5 mg C /L), surpassing the sum of those in the presence of each alone (0.0135 ± 0.0004 min−1). NOM exhibits multifaceted roles in the indirect photolysis of IPU. It can be excited by UV and transformed to excited triplet states (3NOM*) which oxidize IPU to IPU•+ that undergoes further degradation. Simultaneously, NOM can mitigate the reaction by reducing the IPU•+ intermediate back to the parent IPU. However, the presence of NO 2 − alters this dynamic, as IPU•+ rapidly couples with NO 2 •, accelerating IPU degradation and augmenting the formation of mono-nitrated IPU. These findings provide in-depth understandings on the photochemical transformation of environmental contaminants, especially phenylurea herbicides, in natural waters where NOM and NO 2 − coexist. [Display omitted] • NO 2 − induces the indirect photolysis of IPU. • •OH and NO 2 • generated from NO 2 − photolysis are key players. • The coexistence of NO 2 − and NOM exhibits a synergistic effect on IPU degradation. • 3NOM* derived from NOM photolysis oxidizes IPU to IPU•+. • Coupling of IPU•+ and NO 2 • accelerates IPU degradation and yields nitrated IPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have complex detoxification and metabolic systems that enable them to deal with environmental pollutants. We report accumulation of the pesticide isoproturon (IPU) in a BR signaling pathway for mutant bzr4- 3/5 rice to be significantly higher than in wild-type (WT) rice controls and for exogenous 24-epibrassinolide to reverse toxic symptoms in WT rice but not in mutants. A genome-wide RNA sequencing study of WT/ bzr4 rice is performed to identify transcriptomic changes and metabolic mechanisms under IPU exposure. Three differentially expressed genes in yeast cells increase the degradation rate of IPU in a growth medium by factors of 1.61, 1.51, and 1.29 after 72 h. Using UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS, five phase I metabolites and five phase II conjugates are characterized in rice grains, with concentrations generally decreasing in bzr4 rice grains. OsBZR4, a regulator of IPU degradation in rice, may eliminate IPU from edible parts of food crops by regulating downstream metabolic genes.

Carbonaceous nanomaterials have exhibited huge practical prospects as conductive sensitizers for the modification of electrodes. In this work, the nanocomposite of graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes@Super P Li carbon nanoparticles (GCNTs@SP-Li) was designed via a simple ultrasonication-assisted strategy, and then the GCNTs@SP-Li/GCE sensor based on the synthesized GCNTs@SP-Li nanocomposite decorating glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was successfully applied in the sensitive detection of isoproturon (ISO). For the GCNTs@SP-Li nanocomposite, GCNTs with porous structure presented excellent adsorption property, which contributed to the preconcentration of ISO and facilitated the electrolyte penetration. Additionally, GCNTs possessed good electrical conductivity owing its higher graphitization degree. More importantly, the interconnected dot-line-like structure of GCNTs@SP-Li nanocomposite acted as conductive "highways" to remarkably reduce the electron transport distance, which could significantly accelerate the process of redox reaction. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of GCNTs and SP-Li, the optimized GCNTs@SP-Li/GCE sensor showed a low detection limit of 0.1653 μM in the linear concentration of 0.7–30 μM. Additionally, the proposed sensor exhibited satisfactory recoveries from 97.2 to 101.6% towards the determination of ISO in river water and tap water. This work offers a feasible and cost-effective idea in developing the high-performance ISO electrochemical sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Parallel to the important use of pesticides in conventional agriculture there is a growing interest for green technologies to clear contaminated soil from pesticides and their degradation products. Bioaugmentation i. e. the inoculation of degrading micro-organisms in polluted soil, is a promising method still in needs of further developments. Specifically, improvements in the understanding of how degrading microorganisms must overcome abiotic filters and interact with the autochthonous microbial communities are needed in order to efficiently design bioremediation strategies. Here we designed a protocol aiming at studying the degradation of two herbicides, glyphosate (GLY) and isoproturon (IPU), via experimental modifications of two source bacterial communities. We used statistical methods stemming from genomic prediction to link community composition to herbicides degradation potentials. Our approach proved to be efficient with correlation estimates over 0.8 - between model predictions and measured pesticide degradation values. Multi-degrading bacterial communities were obtained by coalescing bacterial communities with high GLY or IPU degradation ability based on their community-level properties. Finally, we evaluated the efficiency of constructed multi-degrading communities to remove pesticide contamination in a different soil. While results are less clear in the case of GLY, we showed an efficient transfer of degrading capacities towards the receiving soil even at relatively low inoculation levels in the case of IPU. Altogether, we developed an innovative protocol for building multi-degrading simplified bacterial communities with the help of genomic prediction tools and coalescence, and proved their efficiency in a contaminated soil. [Display omitted] • Pesticides persist in soil and cause increasingly documented ecological damages. • We present a bioremediation protocol via modifications of two bacterial communities. • We transposed statistical tools from genomic selection to microbial ecology. • Using coalescence, we successfully built multi-degrading bacterial communities. • We efficiently transfered the degrading capacities towards the receiving soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binding orientations of IPU in BSA binding site II. [Display omitted] • Molecular interaction of isoproturon–bovine serum albumin is first investigated. • IPU quenched the BSA fluorescence through the static process. • The IPU–BSA complex was stabilize with a weak binding strength. • Hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions and H-bonds associated in the interaction process. • Site II of BSA is the chosen locus for IPU binding. Isoproturon (IPU), a selective systemic herbicide that is frequently applied to eradicate large-leaved weeds and annual grasses in agricultural fields. However, the accumulation of IPU residues during food production might negatively affect on human and animal health. To comprehend the impact of IPU on the mankind and environment, the interaction analysis of IPU with plasma protein is crucial. This work used a variety of techniques, including fluorescence, UV–vis absorption, computational docking and dynamics simulation to extensively examine the combination of IPU with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under typical physiological settings. IPU quenched the BSA fluorescence and form the IPU–BSA complex through a static process. A weak binding affinity was anticipated (binding constant = 4.68–2.48 × 103 M−1) for IPU–BSA interaction. Thermodynamic results revealed that the IPU–BSA binding reaction was a spontaneous process, predominantly governed by hydrogen bonds, van der Waals and hydrophobic forces, which was well supported by molecular docking analysis. Synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence spectral results exhibited microenvironmental fluctuations near the protein's Trp and Tyr residues with added IPU, but inclusion of IPU to BSA was observed to enhance the protein's thermal constancy. Site marker displacement results demonstrated that IPU desirably binds to BSA at site II. An in silico findings also unveiled the primary binding arrangement of IPU was placed at site II of BSA and surrounded by hydrophobic and polar residues. Molecular dynamics simulation results suggested the IPU–BSA complex persisted compact and stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), a cross-pollinated grass, is gradually becoming a predominant weed in wheat fields in China and is evolving resistance to many groups of herbicides. The aim of this study is to determine the resistance levels of a single L. multiflorum population from a wheat field in Henan Province China, to three modes of action (MoAs) of herbicides and to further characterize the potential resistance mechanisms. This L. multiflorum population evolved multiple herbicide resistances to pyroxsulam [acetolactate synthase (ALS)], pinoxaden [acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)] and isoproturon [photosystem II (PSII)]. Target-site resistance (TSR) mutations (Pro-197-Gln, Pro-197-Thr, and Trp-574-Leu) and non-target-site resistance (NTSR) mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) genes were associated with pyroxsulam resistance. Pinoxaden resistance was conferred by two TSR mutations, which referred to a rare Ile-2041-Val mutation and a common Ile-1781-Leu mutation but with two different nucleotide substitutions (CTA/TTA). CYP450- and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-mediated resistances were the main resistance mechanisms for this multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) population to the PSII inhibitor isoproturon. This is the first case of a single L. multiflorum population evolving multiple resistance to three herbicide MoAs (ALS, ACCase and PSII) in China. Diverse resistance mechanisms including TSR and NTSR mean L. multiflorum exhibits a high degree of resistance plasticity.

The concept of hybrid process of photo-Fenton and photocatalysis, particularly in the fixed mode, has been presented in this study for the degradation of the pesticide isoproturon with reduction at the time of treatment. For fixed-bed studies, spherical beads were prepared by combining definite proportions of clay, foundry sand, and fly ash, which were utilized as iron sources for titanium dioxide (TiO2) immobilization. The optimization of various parameters was performed by utilizing the Box–Behnken design model under response surface methodology. The process of degradation followed first-order kinetics under an optimized condition for the integrated degradation of isoproturon with a 700 mg${\cdot }$L-1 dose of H2O2, 42 spherical beads, and 190 mL of solution for a duration of 176 min at pH 3.7. Approximately 80.96% degradation of isoproturon was observed after inducing the optimized conditions. The integrated treatment was also carried out in a solar batch reactor under optimized conditions to expand its application to industries for treating bio-recalcitrant compounds. The mineralization of isoproturon was confirmed through the generation of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonical nitrogen with a definite chemical oxygen demand reduction. The recyclability of the catalyst was confirmed by recycling the spherical beads characterized by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-Ray analysis. For confirming the dual effect, that is, the presence of TiO2 along with Fe on the bead’s surface, various analyses including UV–diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were carried out. A tentative pathway for isoproturon removal was also predicted based on intermediate analysis through gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy.

Isoproturon (IP), a systemic herbicide, is also considered as a potential groundwater contaminant. In the present study, the radiation-induced degradation of IP employing gamma-rays is investigated. Several factors such as radiation dose, pH and the presence of co-contaminants such as H2O2, isopropanol, tert-butanol, coffee waste (CW), carbonized coffee waste (CWC) and TiO2, which might affect the degradation process are examined. The IP concentration decreased with the increase of radiation dose and the degradation obtained at pH = 7.0 is found to be 90%. The degradation efficiency decreases with the increase of initial concentration at the same radiation dose. Co-contaminants such as H2O2, TiO2 and CW had increased the degradation efficiency. The process followed by first order reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the increase of the concentration of H2O2, isopropanol, tert-butanol and the weight of TiO2, CW and CWC resulted in the decrease of the degradation values. The pH value was found to effect the removal efficiency and the degradation process was enhanced under neutral condition. IP concentration of 30µ M was selected as standard, while 0.63 kGy was selected as the standard radiation dose.

Aegilops tauschii, a noxious weed, is widely distributed in winter wheat fields in China. The feasibility of pre-emergence (PRE) chemical control of A. tauschii was studied by the greenhouse and field experiments to find out appropriate PRE herbicides against A. tauschii and provide theoretical foundation for the chemical control of A. tauschii. The results of greenhouse study showed that flufenacet, oxadiazon and isoproturon were effective against A. tauschii, with GR50 values of 37.2, 15.7 and 349.3 g/hm2, respectively, which were all below their field recommended rates. However, their selectivity indexes (Is ) were below 2 (0.6-1.1), which suggested poor safety to wheat. The joint effect type was additive when isoproturon was mixed with oxadiazon for the control of A. tauschii. When the mass ratio was 4 : 1 (isoproturon : oxadiazon), the weed control efficacy of the mixtures against A. tauschii was higher than that of isoproturon applied alone, and the safety of the mixtures to tested wheat cultivars was improved when compared with that of oxadiazon or isoproturon used alone with Is of 2.0. The results of the field experiments showed that the PRE application of the mixtures of isoproturon and oxadiazon at 600-900 g/hm2 had 86% efficacy against Bromus japonicus, A. tauschii, Galium aparine and Descurainia sophia at least, increased wheat grain yield by at least 13%, and were safe to the test cultivar of winter wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe infestations of American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald) in wheat fields throughout Anhui Province, China, pose a significant threat to local agricultural production. This study aims to evaluate the susceptibility of 37 B. syzigachne populations collected from diverse wheat fields in Anhui Province to three commonly used herbicides: fenoxaprop- P -ethyl, mesosulfuron-ethyl, and isoproturon. Single-dose testing revealed that out of the 37 populations, 31, 26, and 11 populations had either evolved or were evolving resistance to fenoxaprop- P -ethyl, mesosulfuron-ethyl, and isoproturon, respectively. Among them, 25 populations displayed concurrent resistance to both fenoxaprop- P -ethyl and mesosulfuron-ethyl, while eight exhibited resistance to all three tested herbicides. Whole-plant bioassays confirmed that approximately 84% of the fenoxaprop- P -ethyl-resistant populations manifested high-level resistance (resistance index (RI) ≥10); 62% of the mesosulfuron-ethyl-resistant populations and 82% of the isoproturon-resistant populations exhibited low- to moderate-level resistance (2 ≤ RI <10). Three distinct target-site mutations were identified in 27% of fenoxaprop- P -ethyl-resistant populations, with no known resistance mutations detected in the remaining herbicide-resistant populations. The inhibition of cytochrome P450s (P450s) and/or glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) substantially increased susceptibility in the majority of resistant populations lacking mutations at the herbicide target site. In conclusion, resistance to fenoxaprop- P -ethyl and mesosulfuron-ethyl was widespread in B. syzigachne within Anhui Province's wheat fields, while resistance to isoproturon was rapidly evolving due to its escalating usage. Target-site mutations were present in approximately one-third of fenoxaprop- P -ethyl-resistant populations, and alternative mechanisms involving P450s and/or GSTs could explain the resistance observed in most of the remaining populations. [Display omitted] • ACCase and ALS resistance in B. syzigachne was prevalent across the wheat fields in Anhui. • PSII resistance was initially confirmed in some populations of B. syzigachne worldwide. • Common ACCase mutations were identified in some ACCase-resistant populations. • P450s/GSTs-involved resistance was present in populations lacking target-site mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, commercial activated carbon, NORIT SA2 was used for removal of linuron and isoproturon pesticides from aqueous solutions. The main parameters of adsorption process such as dosage of adsorbent, contact time and initial concentration of linuron and isoproturon were investigated. Also, pH value for adsorption on activated carbon, NORIT SA2 was studied. Adsorption equilibrium studies were carried out in batch systems. Results were modeled by adsorption isotherms: Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms, which gave correlation coefficients r = 0.878, 0.974 and 0.953 for linuron and r = 0.804, 0.977 and 0.936 for isoproturon, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from the Langmuir isotherms were 312.50 mg g-1 for linuron and 182.00 mg g-1 for isoproturon at room temperature. Commonly applied kinetic models such as the pseudo-first order model, the pseudo-second order model and the intraparticle diffusion model, were studied for adsorption kinetics of linuron and isoproturon. The data were best fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. It could be concluded that activated carbon, NORIT SA2 is effective adsorbent for the removal of linuron and isoproturon from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic non-targeted organisms are more likely to be exposed to herbicides in multiple pulse events then long continuous exposure. The potential of an organism to recover between exposures has an important role in the overall effects of the toxicant. Common duckweeds show high potential for recovery after a single exposure to isoproturon. To evaluate the growth patterns and recovery potential between multiple exposures, L. minor plants were exposed to isoproturon in three repetitive 7-day treatment cycles in three time-variable exposure scenarios with equivalent time-weighted average concentrations. The growth was significantly inhibited during each exposure phase with significant cumulative effects in every subsequent treatment cycle resulting in a cumulative decrease in biomass production. However, inhibitory effects were reversible upon transferring plants to a herbicide-free nutrient solution. These results indicate that L. minor plants have a high recovery potential even after multiple exposures to isoproturon. Observed cumulative decrease in biomass production, as well as the potential for fast and efficient recovery from repeated herbicide exposure, might affect the competitiveness of L. minor in surface water communities. The observations made during each exposure period, recovery patterns, and the resulting cumulative effects over time may contribute to further development, calibration and validation of mechanistic toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic models for simulating the effects of pesticides on aquatic plants populations in the laboratory and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoproturon (IP), a systemic herbicide, is also considered as a potential groundwater contaminant. In the present study, the radiation-induced degradation of IP employing gamma-rays is investigated. Several factors such as radiation dose, pH and the presence of co-contaminants such as H 2 O 2 , isopropanol, tert -butanol, coffee waste (CW), carbonized coffee waste (CWC) and TiO 2 , which might affect the degradation process are examined. The IP concentration decreased with the increase of radiation dose and the degradation obtained at pH = 7.0 is found to be 90%. The degradation efficiency decreases with the increase of initial concentration at the same radiation dose. Co-contaminants such as H 2 O 2 , TiO 2 and CW had increased the degradation efficiency. The process followed by first order reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the increase of the concentration of H 2 O 2 , isopropanol, tert -butanol and the weight of TiO 2 , CW and CWC resulted in the decrease of the degradation values. The pH value was found to effect the removal efficiency and the degradation process was enhanced under neutral condition. IP concentration of 30µ M was selected as standard, while 0.63 kGy was selected as the standard radiation dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of hybrid process of photo-Fenton and photocatalysis, particularly in the fixed mode, has been presented in this study for the degradation of the pesticide isoproturon with reduction at the time of treatment. For fixed-bed studies, spherical beads were prepared by combining definite proportions of clay, foundry sand, and fly ash, which were utilized as iron sources for titanium dioxide (TiO2) immobilization. The optimization of various parameters was performed by utilizing the Box--Behnken design model under response surface methodology. The process of degradation followed first-order kinetics under an optimized condition for the integrated degradation of isoproturon with a 700 mg·L-1 dose of H2O2, 42 spherical beads, and 190 mL of solution for a duration of 176 min at pH 3.7. Approximately 80.96% degradation of isoproturon was observed after inducing the optimized conditions. The integrated treatment was also carried out in a solar batch reactor under optimized conditions to expand its application to industries for treating bio-recalcitrant compounds. The mineralization of isoproturon was confirmed through the generation of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonical nitrogen with a definite chemical oxygen demand reduction. The recyclability of the catalyst was confirmed by recycling the spherical beads characterized by scanning electron microscopy--energy dispersive X-Ray analysis. For confirming the dual effect, that is, the presence of TiO2 along with Fe on the bead's surface, various analyses including UV--diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy--energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were carried out. A tentative pathway for isoproturon removal was also predicted based on intermediate analysis through gas chromatography--mass spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at investigating the kinetic of inhibition of isoproturon to the GSH-associated enzymes [γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), glutathione synthetase (GS), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)] in wheat. Isoproturon, applied to 10-day-old seedlings for the following 12 days, provoked significant reductions in shoot fresh and dry weights, protein, thiols and glutathione (GSH); however, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was elevated while GSH/GSSG ratio was declined with concomitant significant inhibitions in the activities of γ-GCS, GS, GR, GST and GPX; the effect was time dependent. IC50 and Ki values of isoproturon were lowest for GPX, highest for both GST and GR, and moderate for both γ-GCS and GS. The herbicide markedly decreased Vmax of γ-GCS, GS and GPX but unchanged that of GST and GR; however, Km of γ-GCS, GS, GST and GR increased but unchanged for GPX. The pattern of response of changing Vmax, Km, Vmax/Km, kcat and kcat/Km for in vivo and in vitro tests of each enzyme seemed most likely similar. These results indicate that a malfunction to defense system was induced in wheat by isoproturon resulting in inhibitions in GSH-associated enzymes, the magnitude of inhibition was most pronounced in GPX followed by γ-GCS, GS, GST, and GR. These findings could conclude that isoproturon competitively inhibited GST and GR; however, the inhibition was noncompetitive for GPX but mixed for both γ-GCS and GS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new electrochemical sensor based on nanostructured carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) is developed for the sensitive detection of Isoproturon in water. The CPEs were nanostructured by incorporation of carbon nanotubes (NTCs) and synthetized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO). They were characterized using the X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and voltammetric methods. Electrochemical experiments showed that the adsorption of Isoproturon on to (GC‐NTC‐CuO)‐CPE, associated with nanomaterials (NTCs and CuO), provided remarkable analytical performances of the sensor such as a large quantification range from 1 to 200 μg L−1 with a detection limit of 0.1 μg L−1 of Isoproturon and no interferences of some another pesticides tested (specificity of ISO adsorption in acidified water). The tests carried out on real samples of water are conclusive. The analytical performances of the sensor showed that it is suitable for the specific determination of pesticide traces in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Pesticide contamination of river waters is a global problem, and therefore, authorities regularly monitor the water quality status. Especially, flood events might transport large pesticide loads downstream and impact adjacent areas such as sensible floodplain environments by deposing particle bound pesticides or by contaminating the environments by dissolved substances directly. Unfortunately, only little attempts were made to quantify the pesticide pollution of such environments, as the monitoring of soil and sediment contamination is by far more time consuming and complicated compared to the analysis of water samples. Materials and methods: In the study presented, we therefore used a holistic approach starting with the reconstruction of the inundation characteristics of a floodplain located in the upper part of the river Elbe, Germany, by using nearby gauging data, screened databases for pesticide concentrations and calculated pesticide loads, and finally, sampled the floodplain soils along an elevation (inundation) gradient. Results: As expected, the reconstructed inundation characteristics showed that the low-lying areas of the backwater inflow of the floodplain were flooded more frequently compared to the areas at higher elevation, whereby even the highest elevations sampled were at least flooded during each decade. Furthermore, pesticide concentrations of the river waters and calculated pesticide loads revealed that 13 pesticides can be found regularly, whereby atrazine, terbuthylazine, metazachlor, metolachlor, isoproturon, and chlorotoluron are the main contaminants. Conclusion: Concluding, a spatial pattern in the contamination could be detected. High residues of simazine and ethofumesate were associated with areas of less and more frequent inundations, respectively. The transformation products of atrazine and terbuthylazine (2-hydroxy-atrazine and 2-hydroxy-terbuthylazine) were detected, whereby the quantity could be well explained by the inundation characteristics and pesticide loads of the river water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoproturon (ISO), an herbicide belonging to the phenyl urea family, is extensively used in modern agriculture to guarantee a bumper harvest. However, it has been evidenced that the ISO has heavy toxicity to the liver system and appears to be a tumor promoter. It is therefore urgent to develop sensitive and selective methods to screen its presence in food resources to meet the ever-increasing pollution restrictions. In this work, an electrochemical sensor based on graphene oxide–modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes hybrid material was firstly developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of ISO via square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimized experimental conditions, the sensor exhibits a relatively wide linear range from 0.30 to 15.0 μmol L−1, a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.10 μmol L−1, as well as good repeatability, high reproducibility, excellent selectivity, and long-term stability. The sensor has also been successfully employed in various real samples such as rice field water, tomato, and lettuce analyses. The obtained recoveries are in the range of 97.33–105.0% with low relative standard deviation (less than 2.5%), which is very close to the results of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), showing the proposed electrochemical sensor has great potential in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ]Ｔｈｅ ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｉｓ ｔｏ ｓｃｒｅｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｐｔｉｍａｌ ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ ｏｆ ｐｙｒｏｓｕｌａｍ, ｐｉｎｏｘａｄｅｎ, ｉｓｏｐｒｏ- ｔｕｒｏｎ ａｎｄ ｖｅｒｉｆｙ ｉｔｓ ｆｉｅｌｄ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ａｇａｉｎｓｔ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｗｅｅｄｓ ｉｎ ｗｈｅａｔ ｆｉｅｌｄｓ, ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ｉｔｓ ｓａｆｅｔｙ ｔｏ ｗｈｅａｔ. [Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ]Ｔｈｅ ｓｙｎｅｒｇｉｓｍ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ ｗａｓ ｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄ ｂｙ Ｃｏｌｂｙ’ｓ ｍｅｔｈｏｄ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｏｐｔｉｍａｌ ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｈｅｒｂｉｃｉｄｅ ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ ｗａｓ ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ. Ｔｈｅ ｈｅｒｂｉｃｉｄａｌ ｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍ ｔｏ ｗｅｅｄｓ ａｎｄ ｓａｆｅｔｙ ｔｏ ｗｈｅａｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓ ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｗｅｒｅ ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ ｉｎ ｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅ ｂｙ ｗｈｏｌｅ ｐｌａｎｔ ｂｉｏａｓｓａｙ. Ａｌｓｏ, ａ ｆｉｅｌｄ ｔｒｉａｌ ｗａｓ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ｏｎ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｗｅｅｄｓ ａｎｄ ｓａｆｅｔｙ ｔｏ ｗｈｅａｔ. [Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ] Ｔｈｅ ｏｐｔｉｍａｌ ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｈｅｒｂｉｃｉｄｅｓ ｗａｓ １∶５∶１００[ｍ(ｐｙｒｏｘｓｕｌａｍ) ∶ｍ(ｐｉｎｏｘａｄｅｎ) ∶ｍ(ｉｓｏｐｒｏｔｕｒｏｎ)]. Ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｄｏｓｅ ｏｆ ４００ ｇ􀅰ｈｍ－２, ｔｈｉｓ ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ ｉｎｈｉｂｉｔ ｔｈｅ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｏｆ Ａｌｏｐｅｃｕｒｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ, Ｂｅｃｋｍａｎｎｉａ ｓｙｚｉｇａｃｈｎｅ, Ｓｔｅｌｌａｒｉａ ｍｅｄｉａ, Ｖｉｃｉａ ｇｉｇａｎｔｅａ ａｎｄ Ｇａｌｉｕｍ ａｐａｒｉｎｅ, ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅ ｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｉｏｎ ｏｎ ｆｒｅｓｈ ｗｅｉｇｈｔ ｏｆ １００.００％, ９９.７４％, １００.００％, ９０.５７％ ａｎｄ ９５.４９％, ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ. Ａｌｓｏ ｔｈｅ ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ ｗａｓ ｓａｆｅ ｔｏ ｗｈｅａｔ ｗｉｔｈ Ｚ ｖａｌｕｅ ｏｆ ６.４３. Ｂｙ ｆｉｅｌｄ ｔｒｉａｌ, ｉｔ ｗａｓ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ａｔ ４０ ｄａｙｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇ, ｕｎｄｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｄｏｓｅ ｏｆ ６００ ｇ􀅰ｈｍ－２, ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ ａｇａｉｎｓｔ ｔｈｅ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｗｅｅｄｓ ｉｎ ｗｈｅａｔ ｆｉｅｌｄｓ ｗａｓ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ９０％, ａｎｄ ｃａｕｓｅｄ ｎｏ ｖｉｓｉｂｌｅ ｄａｍａｇｅ ｔｏ ｗｈｅａｔ. [Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ]Ｔｈｅ ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ ｏｆ ｐｙｒｏｘｓｕｌａｍ, ｐｉｎｏｘａｄｅｎ, ｉｓｏｐｒｏｔｕｒｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｏｐｔｉｍａｌ ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｔｈｅ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｗｅｅｄｓ ｉｎ ｗｈｅａｔ ｆｉｅｌｄｓ ａｎｄ ｂｅ ｓａｆｅ ｔｏ ｗｈｅａｔ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate and sensitive method has been developed for determination of the herbicide isoproturon using the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) extraction‐spectrofluorimetric technique. The method involves the reaction of 2‐cyanoacetamide with isoproturon in basic medium (NH3; 15 mol/L). The resulting fluorescent product was found to show maximum emission at 378 nm and maximum excitation at 333 nm. Fluorescence intensity under the influence of different parameters was investigated. The linear range of analyte concentrations was found to be 0.5 to 15 µg/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.144 µg/mL, a limit of quantification of 0.437 µg/mL (signal to noise ratio = 3), and a regression coefficient of 0.9991, under optimized conditions. The proposed method was effectively applied for determination of isoproturon in different matrices; the percentage of recovery varied from 85.00 ± 1.2% to 96.00 ± 0.5%. The method was also applied for residue analysis of isoproturon in real soil samples collected from a pilot field. For extraction of isoproturon, the QuEChERS extraction approach was used, and the average residue in the soil samples was found to be 0.81 ± 0.07 µg/g. To show the potential of this approach, our results were compared with those of other methods reported in the literature. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2614–2620. © 2019 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method was developed for determining trace amounts of pesticides, using an ultraviolet (UV) lamp to obtain photo-induced fluorescent (PIF) compounds, and then using laser excitation (LE) by a tunable source to excite and simultaneously characterize their fluorescence over a short acquisition time using an intensified charge-coupled device camera. This new UV-PIF-LE method was applied to determine isoproturon, oxadiazon, and fipronil in natural waters. This approach represents an improvement on the previously published direct laser photo-induced fluorescent (DL-PIF) approach that utilized the inclusion of a supplementary UV irradiation device in the experimental setup, permitting the separation of the formation and detection steps for the PIF analytes. This evolution improves the selectivity and increases the sensitivity while maintaining a short analysis time. The UV-PIF-LE method gave very good results with satisfactory analytical performance for the determination of the selected pesticides. This approach also demonstrated good reproducibility, with relative square deviation values between 3.3% and 6.3%, for spiked river water and seawater samples with detection limits in the ng mL−1 range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • First electroanalytical study for the simultaneous determination of ISO, CAR, and CRF. • Metal-organic framework (MOF) was characterized by SEM, P-XRD, and FT-IR. • The nano -MIL-101(Cr) composite modified glassy carbon electrode. • Applicability of the sensor was examined in the river water and soil samples. A novel approach has been proposed for the simultaneous detection of isoproturon (ISO), carbendazim (CAR), and carbofuran (CRF) pesticides. This is achieved by employing an electrochemical sensor modified with nano -MIL-101(Cr) on a glassy carbon electrode, providing high selectivity and sensitivity. Structural and morphological analysis of the nanomaterial was conducted using SEM, SEM/EDX, SEM Elemental Mapping, P-XRD, and FT-IR techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques were utilized to characterize nano -MIL-101(Cr) and assess its suitability as an electrode material for sensing purposes. The electrochemical sensor demonstrated strong linearity in simultaneously determining ISO (+0.98 V, vs. Ag/AgCl), CAR (+1.19 V, vs. Ag/AgCl), and CRF (+1.34 V, vs. Ag/AgCl) across concentration ranges of 0.25–2.50 μM, 0.1–2.0 μM, and 1.0–20.0 μM, respectively, under optimized conditions. Detection limits for ISO, CAR, and CRF were determined as 0.015 μM, 0.02 μM, and 0.32 μM, respectively. The proposed electrochemical sensor was effectively employed for analyzing real samples, such as soil and river water, for pesticide detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice cytochrome P450 gene has been comprehensively studied in the present study. This gene encodes CYP90D5 in promoting the degradation of isoproturon (IPU) and acetochlor (ACT) in rice tissues and grains. It has here been found that CYP90D5 improved the resistance of the plant to IPU and ACT, which was reflected in the improvement of the growth of the overexpression (OE) lines. CYP90D5 also reduced the levels of IPU and ACT accumulation in rice, and the CRISPR-Cas9 (Cas9) lines displayed the opposite effects. This function of CYP90D5 for pesticide degradation was also confirmed by the transformation of CYP90D5 in Pichia pastoris . Compared with the control yeast, it grew better and could degrade more pesticides. In addition, the relative contents of the IPU and ACT derivatives increased in the OE rice, while they decreased in the Cas9 rice. This suggested that CYP90D5 plays a pivotal role in the pesticide detoxification and degradation.

This study investigates the impact of humic acid (HA) on the toxicity of selected herbicides and their binary mixtures to aquatic plants. The focus was on two auxin simulators (2,4-D and dicamba) and two photosynthetic inhibitors (atrazine and isoproturon). The results suggested that the addition of HA to the standard synthetic medium does not affect Lemna minor growth nor the toxicity of atrazine, but increases the toxicity of 2,4-D and the binary mixture of atrazine and 2,4-D. The addition of HA to the standard synthetic medium reversibly decreased the growth (biomass) of Myriophyllum aquaticum and enhanced the toxicity of individually tested herbicides (isoproturon and dicamba) as well as their binary mixture. The results showed delayed toxic effects of auxin simulators, especially 2,4-D in the Lemna test. The recovery after the exposure to individual photosystem II inhibitors (atrazine and isoproturon) is fast in both plant species, regardless of the presence of HA. In the case of selected mixtures (atrazine + 2,4-D and isoproturon + dicamba), recovery of both plant species was noted, while the efficiency depended on the herbicide concentration in the mixture rather than the presence or absence of HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]