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Puerarin, a natural isoflavone, is commonly used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of various cardiovascular and neurological disorders. It has been found to be neuroprotective via TrK‐PI3K/Akt pathway, which is associated with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Myelin damage in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and ischemia induces activation of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) and subsequent remyelination by newly formed oligodendrocytes. It has been shown that human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)‐derived OPCs promote remyelination when transplanted to the brains of disease models. Here, we ask whether and how puerarin is beneficial to the generation of hiPSC‐derived OPCs and oligodendrocytes, and to the endogenous remyelination in mouse demyelination model. Our results show that puerarin increases the proportion of O4+ pre‐oligodendrocytes differentiated from iPSC‐derived neural stem cells. In vitro, puerarin increases proliferation of rat OPCs and enhances mitochondrial activity. Treatment of puerarin at progenitor stage increases the yielding of differentiated oligodendrocytes. In rat organotypic brain slice culture, puerarin promotes both myelination and remyelination. In vivo, puerarin increases oligodendrocyte repopulation during remyelination in mouse spinal cord following lysolethicin‐induced demyelination. Our findings suggest that puerarin promotes oligodendrocyte lineage progression and myelin repair, with a potential to be developed into therapeutic agent for neurological diseases associated with myelin damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive examination of the medical uses of soybean bioactive components is provided by this thorough review. It explores the possible health advantages of isoflavones with phytoestrogenic qualities, like genistein, which may lower the risk of cancer. The review highlights the different roles and possible anticancer activities of phenolic compounds, phytic acid, protease inhibitors, lignans, and saponins, among other bioactive components. It also addresses the benefits of dietary fiber and oligosaccharides derived from soybeans for intestinal health, as well as the impact of soy protein on diabetes, obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular health. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has anticancer and cholesterol-lowering properties; its involvement in promoting metabolic processes is also examined. Pinitol is highlighted in the study as a blood sugar regulator with promise for controlling insulin signaling. In this review, we aim to affirm soybeans' potential as a high-functional, well-being food by examining their recently discovered therapeutic and pharmacological capabilities, rather than to improve upon the previous studies on the reported nutritional advantages of soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionThe incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) is increasing, yet its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Recent studies suggest that abnormal subchondral bone remodeling plays a crucial role in OA development, highlighting a gap in clinical treatments targeting this aspect. Soybean Isoflavone (SI) has shown potential in treating OA, although its mechanisms are not fully understood.This research investigated the effects of SI on subchondral bone remodeling in an OA rat model, assessing joint damage, OARSI scores, and type H vessel formation (CD31hiEmcnhi expression). Additionally, the expression of ALP, OCN, BMP, and TSC1 was evaluated to determine involvement of the mTORC1 pathway. In vitro studies on IL-1β-induced osteoblasts further examined the impact of SI on TSC1/mTORC1 signaling and related markers.SI treatment reduced joint damage and OARSI scores in the rat OA model, significantly decreasing CD31hiEmcnhi expression, indicating a reduction in type H vessel formation. SI also downregulated ALP, OCN, and BMP expression while upregulating TSC1, suggesting inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling pathway and VEGF release. In vitro, SI increased TSC1 expression and decreased mTORC1 signaling, VEGF, ALP, OCN, and BMP levels in IL-1β-induced osteoblasts.SI targets the TSC1/mTORC1 signaling pathway to suppress osteoblast activation and VEGF release, inhibiting type H vessel formation and slowing abnormal subchondral bone remodeling. These findings provide a novel therapeutic approach for OA by focusing on subchondral bone remodeling mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative damage and inflammatory cytokines in osteoarthritis (OA) exacerbate the disease course. Daidzein (DZ) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study evaluated the early histopathological effects of intra-articular daidzein injection on experimentally induced osteoarthritis in rabbit TMJs. Methods: The predictor variable was intra-articular injection of DZ or a saline control. 50 µl of 3 mg/mL MIA solution was injected into the right TMJ of 16 New Zealand rabbits to induce experimental OA. One rabbit was sacrificed after 4 weeks to confirm the formation of the OA model and the OA model was obtained. The remaining 15 rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups: an experimental group (9 rabbits) and a control group (6 rabbits). On days 1, 7, 14, and 21; 50 µl of saline solution was applied to the right TMJ of the control group and 50 µl daidzein solution (1.8 mg/ml) was applied to the right TMJ to the experimental group. After one week from the date of the last injection, the rabbits were sacrificed, and histopathological and biochemical evaluations were performed. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate whether the variables in the study conformed to normal distribution. Mean ± SD (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range (IQR)) was used to show the descriptive statistics of the variables. T-test and Mann Whitney U test were used to compare the control and experimental groups for biochemical changes. The chi-square test was used to show the distribution of histopathological changes variables obtained within the scope of the study based on control and experimental groups. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all evaluations. Results: There were 8 and 6 animate treated with DZ and saline, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in articular cartilage (p = 0.3), osteochondral junction (p = 0.3), subchondral bone structure (p = 1.0) or chondrocyte appearance (p = 0.4). The experimental group showed significantly lower mean values for Total Oxidant Status (TOS) (p = 0.002) and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) (p = 0.007). Conclusions: An intra-articular DZ injection appears to show limited reduction of oxidative damage and early OA in the rabbit TMJ. DZ might represent a promising natural compound with beneficial effects in the management of TMJ-OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of microwave irradiation energy for isolating bioactive compounds from plant materials has gained popularity due to its ability to penetrate cells and facilitate extraction of intracellular materials, with the added benefits of minimal or no use of organic solvents. This is particularly significant due to the possibility of using extracts in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this work is to examine the effect of microwave irradiation on the extraction of three of the most important isoflavones from soybean flour, glycitin, genistin, and daidzin, as well as their aglycones, glycitein, genistein, and daidzein. By varying the extraction time, temperature, and microwave power, we have established the optimal parameters (irradiation power of 75 W for 5 min) for the most efficient extraction of individual isoflavones. Compared to conventional maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction, the total phenol content of the extracts increased from 3.66 to 9.16 mg GAE/g dw and from 4.67 to 9.16 mg GAE/g dw, respectively. The total flavonoid content increased from 0.38 to 0.83 mg CE/g dw and from 0.48 to 0.83 mg CE/g dw, and the antioxidant activity increased from 96.54 to 185.04 µmol TE/g dw and from 158.57 to 185.04 µmol TE/g dw, but also from 21.97 to 37.16 µmol Fe2+/g dw and from 30.13 to 37.16 µmol Fe2+/g dw. The positive correlation between microwave extraction and increased levels of total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity demonstrates the method's effectiveness in producing bioactive compounds. Considering the growing recognition of glycitein's potential role in medical and pharmaceutical applications, microwave-assisted extraction under optimized conditions has proven highly efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the effect of sucrose concentration on the production of secondary metabolites, a metabolome and transcriptome joint analysis was carried out using callus induced from grape variety Mio Red cambial meristematic cells. We identified 559 metabolites—mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenoids—as differential content metabolites (fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5) in at least one pairwise comparison of treatments with 7.5, 15, or 30 g/L sucrose in the growing media for 15 or 30 days (d). Resveratrol, viniferin, and amurensin contents were highest at 15 d of subculture; piceid, ampelopsin, and pterostilbene had higher contents at 30 d. A transcriptome analysis identified 1310 and 498 (at 15 d) and 1696 and 2211 (at 30 d) differentially expressed genes (DEGs; log2(fold change) ≥ 1, p < 0.05) in 7.5 vs. 15 g/L and 15 vs. 30 g/L sucrose treatments, respectively. In phenylpropane and isoflavone pathways, DEGs encoding cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase were more highly expressed at 15 d than at 30 d, while other DEGs showed different regulation patterns corresponding to sucrose concentrations and cultivation times. For all three sucrose concentrations, the stilbene synthase (STS) gene exhibited significantly higher expression at 15 vs. 30 d, while two resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT) genes related to pterostilbene synthesis showed significantly higher expression at 30 vs. 15 d. In addition, a total of 481 DEGs were annotated as transcription factors in pairwise comparisons; an integrative analysis suggested MYB59, WRKY20, and MADS8 as potential regulators responding to sucrose levels in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape callus. Our results provide valuable information for high-efficiency production of flavonoids and stilbenes using grape callus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puerarin (Pue) has significant antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. This work was designed to clarify and investigate the potential mechanisms of Pue in atherosclerosis (AS) progression. In vivo, acrolein (Acr) was inhaled through drinking water to construct AS model. In vitro, CCK‐8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kit were used to detect cell viability. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by commercial kit, the level of inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA, and proteins were determined by western blot. Pue administration could effectively reduce blood lipid level in Acr‐fed mice. Pue suppressed oxidative stress, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and the process of aortic histological changes. Pue pretreatment decreased MDA in HUVECs and maintained the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Pue upregulated SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade in HUVECs. Pue increased MYH9 and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome‐related proteins, and the inhibition of MYH9 significantly impaired Pue‐induced Nrf2 activation. Moreover, HUVEC cytotoxicity and apoptosis are alleviated by Pue, in addition to NLRP3‐mediated pyroptosis in HUVECs induced by Acr. MYH9 inhibitors effectively suppressed the pyroptosis induced by Acr and prevented injury to HUVECs. In addition, Pue promoted SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade activation in HUVECs. Pue may alleviate Acr‐induced AS by activating the MYH9‐mediated SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade to inhibit inflammasome activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the nutrients, phytochemicals (including isoflavone and ginsenoside derivatives), and antioxidant activities of cheonggukjang with different ratios (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) were compared and analyzed using microorganisms isolated from traditional cheonggukjang. The IDCK 30 and IDCK 40 strains were confirmed as Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, based on morphological, biological, biochemical, and molecular genetic identification, as well as cell wall fatty acid composition. The contents of amino acids and fatty acids showed no significant difference in relation to the ratio of MCG. After fermentation, isoflavone glycoside (such as daidzin, glycitin, and genistin) contents decreased, while aglycone (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) contents increased. However, total ginsenoside contents were higher according to the ratio of MCG. After fermentation, ginsenoside Rg2, F2, and protopanaxadiol contents of cheonggukjang decreased. Conversely, ginsenoside Rg3 (2.5%: 56.51 → 89.43 μg/g, 5.0%: 65.56 → 94.71 μg/g, and 10%: 96.05 → 166.90 μg/g) and compound K (2.5%: 28.54 → 69.43 μg/g, 5.0%: 41.63 → 150.72 μg/g, and 10%: 96.23 → 231.33 μg/g) increased. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were higher with increasing ratios of MCG and fermentation (fermented cheonggukjang with 10% MCG: 13.60 GAE and 1.87 RE mg/g). Additionally, radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing/antioxidant power were significantly increased in fermented cheonggukjang. This study demonstrates that the quality of cheonggukjang improved, and cheonggukjang with MCG as natural antioxidants may be useful in food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death globally that seriously threaten human health. Although novel western medicines have continued to be discovered over the past few decades to inhibit the progression of CVDs, new drug research and development for treating CVDs with less side effects and adverse reactions are continuously being desired. Puerarin is a natural product found in a variety of medicinal plants belonging to the flavonoid family with potent biological and pharmacological activities. Abundant research findings in the literature have suggested that puerarin possesses a promising prospect in treating CVDs. In recent years, numerous new molecular mechanisms of puerarin have been explored in experimental and clinical studies, providing new evidence for this plant metabolite to protect against CVDs. This article systematically introduces the history of use, bioavailability, and various dosage forms of puerarin and further summarizes recently published data on the major research advances and their underlying therapeutic mechanisms in treating CVDs. It may provide references for researchers in the fields of pharmacology, natural products, and internal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our work, the inclusion ability and binding pattern of flavonoids (catechin, iso‐liquiritigenin, luteolin, puerarin, rutin, and curcumin) with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and curcumin (CUR) with CDs (α‐CD, β‐CD, γ‐CD, dimethyl‐β‐CD, Hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD, and glucosyl‐β‐CD) were studied by molecular docking. The results showed that CUR among the six flavonoids was more likely to form stable inclusion complexes with β‐CD, and the HP‐β‐CD is the most suitable for CUR inclusion among the 6 types of CD. Phase solubility studies showed that CUR with β‐CD or HP‐β‐CD, respectively, could form stable inclusion complexes in a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 1. The CUR/β‐CD and CUR/HP‐β‐CD inclusion complexes (ICs) were prepared by freeze‐drying method. The successful preparation of IC was confirmed by SEM images, FT‐IR spectra, and TG‐DSC. The results of in vitro release showed that the release of CUR from IC prepared with β‐CD or HP‐β‐CD could be improved significantly, and the release effect of HP‐β‐CD was better than that of β‐CD. The inclusion with CD could be used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of CUR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity that is associated with chronic pelvic pain and subfertility. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of broccoli extract (BE) alone and in combination with soy isoflavones (SI) on endometrial implants in female rat. In this study, endometriosis was induced surgically in 40 mature female rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups that were treated by oral gavage for 6 weeks with 0.5 mL of saline 0.9 %/day (control group), BE (3,000 mg/kg/day), SI (50 mg/kg/day), BE/soy isoflavones (BE 3000 mg/kg/day + soy isoflavones 50 mg/kg/day) and diphereline as a standard medication (3 mg/kg) intramuscularly. At the end of treatments, the volume and histopathology of the endometrial implants were compared among the 5 groups. The serum levels of oxidative parameters including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were also compared between the groups. The volume of the implants significantly decreased in diphereline group (p=0.002). The histopathological grade of endometrial implants in BE/SI and diphereline group were significantly decreased compared to the control group (p=0.001). The serum levels of SOD in BE group were enhanced significantly in comparison to the control group (p=0.034). BE in combination with SI decreased the growth and histopathologic grades of transplanted endometrial implants. These herbal compounds may have the potential therapeutic effect to be used as an alternative medication for the treatment of endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agronomic properties are more likely to be impacted by water deficits that affect the nutrient uptake and production of secondary metabolites based on their timing and intensity. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the water deficit on the nutritional quality of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) hybrids. For that purpose, a factorial, completely randomized experiment was conducted by considering three forage sorghum hybrids (AGRI 002-E, BREVANT SS318, and BRS 658) and two levels of evapotranspiration water replacement (50% and 100% of ETc). Parameters relating to water consumption, secondary metabolites (isoflavones daidzein, daidzin, genistein, and genistin), leaf nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Zn), and bromatological attributes (dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and mineral material) were evaluated at the end of the crop cycle. Isoflavone levels differed between the hybrids and were highest in water-deficient sorghum. There was a significant interaction between the factors only for the daidzin. The leaf content of the other compounds was influenced either by hybrids (genistein) or by the replacement of evapotranspired water levels (daidzein). The leaf content of P and S was influenced by the interaction between the factors, while the levels of K, Ca, and Mg were influenced by the effect of a single factor. The leaf contents of Mn and Zn were not influenced by the treatments. There was a difference between the hybrids for dry mass and crude protein contents, and hybrids x water deficit was only significant for dry mass. The hybrids Brevant SS318 and BRS 658 had the highest crude protein. The presented results are novel and demonstrate that water deficits can significantly affect the levels of secondary metabolites and the nutritional quality of forage sorghum, depending on the hybrid. The mentioned indices are important parameters for evaluating the nutritional quality and development of agricultural crops, particularly in response to adverse environmental conditions such as water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major environmental factor responsible for skin cancer is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, present in sunlight. UV radiation is directly linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accumulate in exposed cells and cause serious damage. The antioxidant systems present in cells cannot always sufficiently neutralize the ROS. Therefore, supplementation with exogenous antioxidants has been proposed. The antioxidant properties of some isoflavones, such as genistein, have already been well-proven. Genistein has limited bioavailability. However, its derivatives, with increased lipophilicity, could facilitate its transfer into cells, where they can expose its antioxidative potential. This study aims to investigate three genistein derivatives, with greater lipophilicity than the native compound, regarding their cytotoxicity, antioxidative properties, and effect on the cell cycle in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and a melanoma cancer cell line (Me45). Results showed that lipophilic modification of the genistein molecule changes the biological response of NHDF and Me45 cell lines to UV-C radiation, but the lipophilicity cannot be directly linked with the activity of the compounds. A comparison of the effects of the genistein derivatives on healthy and cancerous cells suggests that their mode of action strongly depends on the type of cell involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puerarin has been reported to have anticancer properties; however, its mechanism in regulating triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains unclear. Cell function was assessed using a cell counting kit‐8 assay, 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay. Additionally, the glucose assay kit, lactate assay kit, and ADP/ATP ratio assay kit were used to analyze glucose metabolism. mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed using qRT‐PCR and western blotting assays, respectively. The relationship between FUS RNA binding protein (FUS) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 4 (MAPK4) was determined using an RNA immunoprecipitation assay. TNBC cell malignancy in vitro was validated using a xenograft mouse model assay. Puerarin treatment or MAPK4 knockdown effectively inhibited TNBC cell proliferation, invasion, and glucose metabolism, and induced cell apoptosis. Additionally, puerarin treatment downregulated MAPK4 and FUS expression. Conversely, MAPK4 overexpression attenuated the effects of puerarin in TNBC cells. FUS stabilized MAPK4 mRNA expression in TNBC cells. Furthermore, puerarin decreased MAPK4 expression by downregulating FUS in TNBC cells. Finally, puerarin inhibited tumor formation in vivo. Puerarin inhibited TNBC development by decreasing the expression of FUS‐dependent MAPK4, indicating that puerarin may serve as a promising therapeutic agent to hind TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The treatment alternatives for bladder cancer (BLCA), the 10th most prevalent cancer in the world, need to be further investigated, and many active substances like Puerarin in herbal medicine were found to be effective in treating BLCA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential treating mechanisms of Puerarin on BLCA. Methods: The cell counting kit 8 assay and flow cytometry were performed to confirm Puerarin’s ability to suppress BLCA. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained by Tandem Mass Tags technology and functional enrichment analysis performed by Rstudio. The most enriched pathways were selected for study and the DEPs were screened out. Protein-protein interaction network maps were created using String and Cyto scape and key proteins, which will be analyzed for survival, expression, and upstream transcription factor prediction, were screened out using the cyto Hubba plugin. CHEA3 was used to obtain upstream transcription factor validated by molecular docking and western blotting experiments. Results: Cell counting kit 8 showed that Puerarin inhibited BLC Acells, with 50% inhibitory concentration of 218 µmol/L in T24 and 198 µmol/L in 5637. Flow cytometry reveals that Puerarin blocks T24 and 5637 cells in G1 phase. 1,385 DEPs were obtained and the enrichment analysis revealed that cell cycle and DNA replication were the two main areas in which DEPs were enriched. Cyclin-B-cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) were identified as key proteins, and their up stream transcription factor was predicted to be centromere protein A (CENPA). Puerarin’s binding energy to CENPA was determined by molecular docking to be −6.3 kcal/mol, indicating a strong binding interaction. Western blot showed that Puerarin significantly reduced the expression of CENPA. Conclusion: We hypothesize that Puerarin may inhibit the proliferation of bladder cancer cells by inhibiting CENPA expression to regulate PLK1and CCNB1 expression, thereby affecting cell cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Remnant cholesterol affects cardiovascular health. • Isoflavones show lipid-lowering effect. • Dietary isoflavones negatively correlate with remnant cholesterol. Several studies have shown that dietary isoflavones are negatively correlated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, few studies have investigated the link between dietary isoflavones and remnant cholesterol (RC). We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database to explore the association between dietary isoflavone intake and RC. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4731 participants aged ≥ 20 years from the 2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2017–2018 NHANES databases. We adopted univariate and multiple linear regression analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) to assess the relationship between dietary isoflavone intake and RC. Moreover, we conducted stratified and interaction analyses to ensure the stability of the results and identify specific populations. The weighted multifactor linear regression model showed a negative correlation between dietary isoflavone intake and remnant cholesterol (Model 2, β = -0.049, 95% CI: (-0.096, -0.002), P = 0.040). The RCS analysis indicated that there was an L-shaped negative correlation between dietary isoflavone intake and RC (P -value for non-linearity was 0.0464). Stratified analyses showed the inverse relationship between dietary isoflavone intake and RC persisted in most subgroups and there was no interaction except for the recreational activity group. Our study found a non-linear and negative association between dietary isoflavone intake and RC in US adults, so we hypothesized that consuming an isoflavone-rich diet may help reduce blood RC and further reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high isoflavones content of soybeans is an important breeding goal due to the demonstrated benefits of isoflavones to human health and their association with plant resistance. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for soybean isoflavone aglycones, including daidzin, glycerin, and genistin, and total isoflavones content was performed in a population of 178 F2:6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) which was generated from a cross between varieties Jinong 17 and Jinong 18. A genetic linkage map covering 1248 cM was constructed using the simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. The results revealed 22 isoflavone-related QTLs, 5 for daidzin, 7 for genistin, 6 for glycerin, and 4 for total isoflavone content. Seven of these represented new QTLs. All QTL regions contained 6462 genes, of which 58 have been annotated for flavonoid synthesis. Using public databases, three candidate genes, namely Glyma.11G164400, Glyma.16G158400, and Glyma.19G217700, were subsequently identified. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that the three genes exhibited specific, high expression in soybean seeds and a positive correlation with flavonoid content. These findings might be helpful in the efforts to breed new soybean varieties with improved isoflavone composition and content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is found in southeast Europe and Anatolia. Its primary traditional medicinal use includes the treatment of various conditions of the upper respiratory tract. In recent years, its isoflavones have become the focus of research aimed at developing treatments to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Reduced levels of circulating estrogen due to reduced ovarian function can cause short-term symptoms such as hot flashes, palpitations, difficulty sleeping, headaches, fatigue, mood disorders and reduced concentration but also long-term chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, accelerated weight and bone mass loss, atrophic vaginitis, osteoporosis, and cognitive impairment. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the effects of commercially available and standardized red clover extracts on menopausal women. Eight randomized controlled trials on a total of 8769 menopausal women (aged 40 to 65 years) evaluated the effect of red clover isoflavone extract on menopausal symptoms. In all studies, isoflavone extract treatment showed improvement in all menopausal symptoms, including some common comorbidities, namely, hot flashes (1487 women, 25%), blood lipids (1155 women, 19%), atherosclerosis (6938 women, 79%), risk of breast cancer and endometrial cancer (428 women, 5%), osteoporosis and osteopenia (555 women, 6%), and menopause-related cognitive impairment (3530 women, 40%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soy consumption is associated with health benefits, mainly linked to the ability of the intestinal microbiota to metabolize the glycosylated isoflavones into more bioactive compounds, such as equol. Because Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum INIA P815 is able to efficiently deglycosylate daidzin into daidzein, the aim of this work was to confirm the influence of soy beverages fermented by B. pseudocatenulatum INIA P815 for enhancing equol production by fecal microbiota. Firstly, fecal samples from 17 participants were characterized in vitro, and we observed that 35.3% of them were able to produce equol from daidzein. In addition, the kinetics of equol production and degradation by fecal microbiota were evaluated, determining that 30–85% of equol is degraded after 24 h of incubation. Finally, the influence of fermented soy beverage on improving the production of equol by selected equol-producing fecal samples and by the equol-producing strain Slackia isoflavoniconvertens was analyzed through a colonic model. Fermented soy beverage enhanced the equol production from S. isoflavoniconvertens as well as the fecal samples whose microbiota showed high rates of equol degradation. The results obtained confirm that the fermentation of soy beverages with selected bacterial strains improves the functional properties of these beverages in terms of isoflavone metabolism and equol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes, an essential component of staple diets, hold a prominent place in global cuisines. Soybean stands out as a widely cultivated legume and is valued for its high protein content, dietary fiber, and rich micronutrients. Several varieties of soybean are available, of which black and yellow varieties show dominance in varied countries and cultures. Over time, the cultivation and consumption of black soybeans have markedly reduced compared to the yellow variety. Despite its rich nutritional and therapeutic indices, it has lost its usage over time. Traditionally, it was utilized in oriental medicine for detoxification and anti‐inflammatory potential. However, the antinutrients present in black soybean limit its utilization in the food sector due to their interference with overall nutrient absorption. Several studies in the last few decades have focused on reducing the content of antinutritional factors. However, the information on the use of different processing techniques, both singly and in blends, to reduce antinutrients and enhance the bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity of bioactive compounds and varied nutrients is limited and fragmented. Furthermore, studies have highlighted black soybeans' protective effects against various degenerative diseases. However, the studies on the effect of processing to enhance its antioxidative properties to make them a sought‐after food commodity with nutraceutical potential and therapeutic efficacy are limited and widely scattered. The review aims to consolidate knowledge of diverse processing methods to improve their nutritional and bioactive profile for wider applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Further, it has also highlighted its nutraceutical properties for developing varied functional foods against degenerative diseases to have better therapeutic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids play an important role in forming wine grapes and wine quality characteristics. The flavonoids of three winter red wine grapes, Yeniang No. 2 (YN2), Marselan (Mar), and Guipu No. 6 (GP6), were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS). Furthermore, the flavonoids in GP6 grapevines using two types of training systems, namely, trellis (T) and espaliers (E), were also compared in this study. Overall, 196 flavonoid metabolites, including 96 flavones, 38 flavonols, 19 flavanones, 18 polyphenols, 15 anthocyanins, 7 isoflavones, and 3 proanthocyanidins, were identified. The flavonoid profiles were remarkably different among these three grape varieties, while they did not change much in the GP6 managed on trellis and espaliers. Grape varieties with different genetic backgrounds have their own unique flavonoid profiles. Compared with Mar-T, isoflavones and flavonols presented higher contents in GP6-T and YN2-T, which mainly contain glycitein, genistin, calycosin, kaempferide, isotrifoliin, and ayanin. The anthocyanin content was significantly higher in YN2-T than in the other two varieties. YN2 and GP6-T present a more stable color, with significantly more acetylated diglucosides and methylated anthocyanins in YN2-T and GP6-T than in Mar-T. Notably, GP6 had more varied flavonoids and the better characteristics to its flavonoid profile out of these three varieties, due to it containing a higher number of anthocyanins, flavone, and flavonols and the greatest number of different flavonoid metabolites (DFMs), with higher contents than YN2 and Mar. Compared with the trellis training system, the espaliers training system increased the content of flavonoids detected in GP6 grape berries; however, the composition of flavonoids strictly depends on the grape variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary isoflavones have been associated with a lower risk of gastric cancer (GC), but the evidence for this association is still limited. We investigated the association between isoflavone intake and GC risk using data from a case–control study including 230 incident, histologically confirmed GC cases and 547 controls with acute, non-neoplastic conditions. Dietary information was collected through a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and isoflavone intake was estimated using ad hoc databases. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of GC using logistic regression models, including terms for total energy intake and other major confounders. The OR for the highest versus the lowest tertile of intake was 0.65 (95%CI = 0.44–0.97, p for trend = 0.04) for daidzein, 0.75 (95%CI = 0.54–1.11, p for trend = 0.15) for genistein, and 0.66 (95%CI = 0.45–0.99, p for trend = 0.05) for total isoflavones. Stratified analyses by sex, age, education, and smoking showed no heterogeneity. These findings indicate a favorable effect of dietary isoflavones on GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two factors influencing female reproduction have been repeatedly studied in different animal species and humans, namely, 1. secondary plant compounds, especially phytoestrogens (mainly isoflavones (IFs)), and 2. the physical constitution/metabolic phenotype (e.g., obesity). So far, these research results have only been considered separately. In this study, we investigated the influence on reproduction of both phytochemicals, mainly dietary IFs, and the metabolic phenotype represented by three mouse models considered as three distinct genetic groups (a control group, a mouse model with high metabolic activity, and a mouse line with obese body weight). The IF content in different investigated standard chows with similar macronutrient profiles varied significantly (p < 0.005), leading to high mean total plasma IF levels of up to 5.8 µmol/L in juvenile and 6.7 µmol/L in adult female mice. Reproductive performance was only slightly affected; only an IF dose-dependent effect on gestation length was observed in all genetic groups, as well as an effect on pregnancy rate in obese mice. Dietary IF exposure, however, caused earlier onset of vaginal opening by 4–10 days in juvenile mice (p < 0.05), dependent on the genetic group, resulting in a slight acceleration of sexual maturation in the already precocious obese model and to a strong earlier maturation in the otherwise late-maturing sporty model, bred for high treadmill performance. Therefore, our results may help to draw the missing line between the effect of dietary secondary plant constituents, such as IFs, and metabolic phenotype on sexual development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To overcome the poor solubility, permeability, and bioavailability of the plant isoflavone daidzein (DAI), a novel salt of DAI with anhydrous piperazine (PIP) was obtained based on cocrystallization strategy. The new salt DAI-PIP was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. The results showed that the maximum apparent solubility (Smax) of DAI-PIP increased by 7.27-fold and 1000-fold compared to DAI in pH 6.8 buffer and water, respectively. The peak apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of DAI-PIP in the Caco-2 cell model was 30.57 ± 1.08 × 10-6 cm/s, which was 34.08% higher than that of DAI. Additionally, compared to DAI, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) value of DAI-PIP in beagle dogs was approximately 4.3 times higher, and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24) was approximately 2.4 times higher. This study provides a new strategy to enhance the dissolution performance and bioavailability of flavonoid drugs, laying a foundation for expanding their clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has indicated that formononetin demonstrates a potent anti-inflammatory effect in various diseases. However, its impact on sterile inflammation kidney injury, specifically acute kidney injury (AKI), remains unclear. In this study, we utilized an ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI (IRI-AKI) mouse model and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to investigate the effects of formononetin on sterile inflammation of AKI and to explore the underlying mechanism. The administration of formononetin significantly preserved kidney function from injury, as evidenced by lower serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels compared to IRI-AKI mice without treatment. This was further confirmed by less pathological changes in renal tubules and low expression of tubular injury markers such as KIM-1 and NGAL in the formononetin-treated IRI-AKI group. Furthermore, formononetin effectively suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β) and macrophage infiltration into the kidneys of AKI mice. In vitro studies showed that formononetin led to less macrophage polarization towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype in BMDMs stimulated by LPS and IFN- γ. The mechanism involved the KLF6 and p-STAT3 pathway, as overexpression of KLF6 restored pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and pro-inflammatory polarization. Our findings demonstrate that formononetin can significantly improve renal function and reduce inflammation in IRI-AKI, which may be attributed to the inhibition of KLF6/STAT3-mediated macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization. This discovery presents a new promising therapeutic option for the treatment of IRI-AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer chemotherapy using natural phytochemicals, especially including isoflavone biochanin A (BCA), has attracted considerable attention because of the potent antitumor therapeutic effect and excellent biosafety. However, the preclinical application of BCA is still generally limited by its poor water solubility and low biological availability. To overcome these important limitations, a tumor targetable hemicyanine‐based near‐infrared (NIR) theranostic agent is rationally designed and prepared to improve the water solubility, tumor targetability, and antitumor activity of BCA. A key point to enhance the tumor targeting efficiency of BCA is the combination of a tumor‐targeted water‐soluble zwitterionic NIR fluorophore (ZW800‐Cl) and BCA to create the hemicyanine structure, named BCA‐ZW. Owing to the long‐wavelength emission (>750 nm) and large Stokes shift (72 nm) of BCA‐ZW, the in vivo performance of BCA‐ZW is effectively monitored. The molecularly engineered BCA‐ZW not only exhibits high targeting ability to HT‐29 xenograft tumors but also induces high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the tumor tissues. Therefore, the fluorescence‐guided chemotherapy by BCA‐ZW to the tumor‐bearing mouse model achieves the enhanced antitumor effect of BCA. This work provides a simple but effective strategy to design NIR fluorescent phytoflavonoids as potential therapeutic agents for further biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease both worldwide and in the United States, and generally remains subclinical until the occurrence of fracture. With osteoporotic fractures being a substantial source of morbidity and mortality, effective therapies for slowing the decline of bone density in affected individuals are much needed. The standard therapy of osteoporosis may include medication, fall prevention, smoking cessation, avoidance of excess alcohol intake, calcium, and weight-bearing exercise. This article reviews complementary or integrative approaches with evidence for use in osteoporosis. This includes strontium, choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid, isoflavones (including ipriflavone and soy isoflavones), vitamin D, and vitamin K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pueraria candollei var. mirifica produces and accumulates various phytoestrogen compounds in its tuberous roots, including daidzein and genistein. Plant cell culture methods have been established to alleviate the problems associated with producing valuable phytochemicals from natural or field-cultivated plants, and hairy root culture is one of the most promising methods for the in vitro production of plant secondary metabolites. Thus, this study aimed to produce daidzein and genistein from hairy root cultures of P. candollei var. mirifica. The influences of cultivation parameters, including the culture medium, light conditions, sugar content in the culture medium, incubation temperature, and agitation speed, on biomass and daidzein and genistein production in hairy root cultures of this medicinal plant were investigated. The results revealed that the optimal cultivation conditions for biomass and bioactive compound production were Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium, a sucrose concentration of 30 g/L, a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod, an incubation temperature of 26 °C, and an agitation speed of 90 rpm. The highest biomass and daidzein and genistein contents achieved in this study were 17.76 g/L, 6.85 mg/g DW, and 0.96 mg/g DW, respectively. Interestingly, the daidzein and genistein contents obtained from hairy roots were approximately 45.7- and 12.0-fold greater than those obtained from normal roots, respectively, suggesting that hairy root culture is a suitable method for the sustainable production of phytoestrogen, daidzein, and genistein from this medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many phyto‐based drugs available suffer from adverse effects due to their lack of water solubility and poor bioavailability after oral administration. Genistein (Gen) is a plant‐derived isoflavone that possesses potent bioactive activity, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, proapoptotic, and antiproliferative properties against cancer cells. However, due to its poor aqueous solubility and restricted bioavailability, its potential therapeutic utility is limited. Among various strategies, nanomicelles have played a significant role in enhancing solubility and bioavailability, as well as delivering drugs directly to the site of action. Therefore, our study aims to synthesize SA‐modified PF68 (PF68‐SA) polymer‐based nanomicelles and evaluate their effectiveness in cancer treatment. In brief, the Gen‐loaded PF68‐SA nanomicelles (GNM) were successfully fabricated and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity assays performed on human lung A549 cancer cells showed that GNM exhibited higher anticancer effects compared with bolus Gen. Additionally, the observed maximum concentration (Cmax) for GEN suspension and GNM was 1.53 and 3.21 μg/mL, respectively, indicating that GNM was absorbed faster than the suspension formulation. GNM demonstrated enhanced area under the curve (AUC0−t) (16.5 vs. 6.38), half‐life (t1/2) (3.55 vs. 2.49), and mean residence time (5.52 vs. 4.34) compared with pure GEN suspension. Thus, the observed results clearly indicate an improvement in the anticancer activity and bioavailability of GEN after its administration as a nanomicelles formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis in menopausal women requires alternatives to current medications, considering their adverse effects. In this context, probiotics and isoflavone products are promising dietary interventions. The objective of our study was to examine the impacts of Lactobacillus acidophilus and its combination with daidzein and tempeh on calcium status, calcium transporters, and bone metabolism biomarkers in a post-menopausal osteoporotic rat model. A total of 48 female Wistar rats were exposed to a two-stage experiment involving calcium deficit induction and subsequent dietary interventions across six groups. Calcium levels, the gene expression of TRPV5 and TRPV6 calcium transporters, bone histopathology, serum bone metabolism markers, and blood biochemistry were evaluated. The results revealed that, while decreasing serum calcium levels, the groups that received the probiotic L. acidophilus and isoflavone combination exhibited increased bone metabolism biomarkers and decreased calcium transporter expressions, akin to the effects of bisphosphonate. Additionally, significant improvements in bone histopathology were observed in these groups. However, the group receiving probiotic L. acidophilus alone did not exhibit significant changes in bone resorption biomarkers, calcium transporter expression, or various blood parameters. Meanwhile, the combination of probiotic L. acidophilus with tempeh positively influenced hematological parameters and reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels, but it led to elevated blood glucose levels. Correlation analyses highlighted associations between serum calcium levels, calcium transporter expression, and bone metabolism biomarkers. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the daily consumption of probiotic L. acidophilus in combination with isoflavone products may improve bone health in ovariectomized rats, warranting further research to elucidate potential interactions with other nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a fodder plant grown in many regions of the world. It is also known as a medicinal plant. Red clover contains large amounts of isoflavones, which are, due to their similarity to estrogen, called phytoestrogen; it is believed that they can increase the concentration of estrogen in women. Some studies have refuted this information, but this topic is still being researched. The aim of the work was to produce beer to which red clover is added during the boiling phase and to monitor the transfer of isoflavones from red clover to beer. Red clover was not added to the control sample during boiling. During production and fermentation, the basic physical-chemical properties of wort and beer were monitored, as well as acceptability among potential consumers, which was determined by sensory analysis. The results show that phytoestrogens do end up in beer. The analyzed beer contained biochanin A, formononetin, genistein, and daidzein, in a total concentration of 12.42 µg/mL. The control sample contained none of the aforementioned compounds. Sensory analysis gave promising results, and the tested consumers all approved the taste, smell, and aroma of the produced beer. The most notable aroma that was singled out by consumers was "hay-like". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoflavones, a class of substances with high biological activity, are abundant in soybeans. This study investigated isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean cell suspension cultures under UV-B radiation. UV-B radiation enhanced the transcription level and activity of key enzymes involved in isoflavone synthesis in cell suspension cultures. As a result, the isoflavone contents significantly increased by 19.80% and 91.21% in hypocotyl and cotyledon suspension cultures compared with the control, respectively. Meanwhile, a significant difference was observed in the composition of isoflavones between soybean hypocotyl and cotyledon suspension cultures. Genistin was only detected in hypocotyl suspension cultures, whereas glycitin, daidzein, and genistein accumulated in cotyledon suspension cultures. Therefore, UV-B radiation exhibited tissue-specific regulation of isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean cell suspension cultures. The combination of suspension cultures and abiotic stress provides a novel technological approach to isoflavone accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Baphia massaiensis Taub. led to the isolation of two new natural compounds named 3-hydroxy-2,5,2′-trimethoxybibenzyl (1) and 2′-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetramethoxybibenzyl (2), the latter has been previously reported as a synthetic compound, together with twelve known compounds 3–14. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by using NMR analysis and mass spectrometry, as well as comparisons with the reported data in the literature. Known bibenzyls 3–5, bauhinoxepin J (6), and isoflavones 7–10 and 12–14, were reported from genus Baphia for the first time. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities in-vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The bioactivity evaluation revealed that bibenzyls 1 and 2 showed weak inhibitory activity with MIC values of 1000 µg/mL against S. aureus and bauhinoxepin J (6) showed moderate inhibitory activity with MIC value of 63 µg/mL against S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most economically important food legume in the world. Its production is severely hampered by diseases and pests. Leguminous plants generate a specific class of secondary metabolites known as isoflavonoids playing a significant role in plant-microbe interactions. The role of the Isoflavone synthase 1 (Ifs1) gene in biotic stress is long studied, however its regulation of expression and its promoter structure are yet to be explored. In this study, we have identified, cloned and characterized the promoter region of the Ifs1 gene in chickpea (PCaIfs1). Sequence analysis revealed that the nucleotide sequence of promoter of Ifs1 gene from chickpea had 42–47% with the promoter of Ifs1 gene sequence of soybean and cowpea. In-silicoanalysis of promoter sequence of Ifs1 gene identified cis regulatory motifs involved in signaling and regulation of downstream defense genes in major legumes and pathogen induced gene expression. Histochemical analysis further confirmed the activity of promoter upon induction of Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri causing collar rot and wilt disease in chickpea, respectively indicating the direct regulation of Ifs1 gene expression by pathogen inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A problematic bone remodeling cycle is known to produce more osteoclasts than osteoblasts, making bones more fragile and this condition shows osteoporosis. In this context, estrogen deficiency in the human body is associated with the regulation of osteoporosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge about basic concepts of bone, osteoporosis, phytoestrogens, and Indonesian medicinal plants for osteoporosis treatment. Data were obtained from literature on various databases including Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. Adequate therapy is needed to increase estrogen content and an effective approach is to consume medicinal plants that contain phytoestrogens, which have identical structure and activity to human estrogen (17β-estradiol). The results showed that there were observations comprising in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies on 18 Indonesian medicinal plants as antiosteoporosis treatments. The Leguminosae or Fabaceae family, which has a significant amount of isoflavones (the primary group of phytoestrogens) was found to dominate as an antiosteoporosis agent. Therefore, the development of phytoestrogens therapy from Indonesian medicinal plants must be implemented for the future treatment of osteoporosis.

Preliminary findings from multiple studies indicate that dietary intake of soy-derived isoflavones exert beneficial effects on the skin including defense against oxidant damage, stimulation of collagen synthesis, and increased hydration. This study aims to investigate how oral supplementation of a soy protein isolate with added isoflavones (SPII) affects components of photoaging such as facial wrinkles and dyspigmentation, and skin biophysical measures such as skin hydration and sebum excretion in postmenopausal women. This 6-month prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study was conducted on 44 postmenopausal women with Fitzpatrick skin types I, II, and III who were randomized to receive either casein protein or SPII. A high-resolution facial photography system was used to measure wrinkle severity and pigmentation at 0, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Skin biophysical measurements included skin hydration and sebum production. The average wrinkle severity was decreased in the SPII intervention group at week 16 and week 24 by 5.9% and 7.1%, respectively, compared to the baseline. Compared to the casein group, average wrinkle severity was significantly decreased at week 16 (p < 0.05) and week 24 (p < 0.0001). Facial pigment intensity was decreased by -2.5% (p < 0.05) at week 24, whereas there was no significant change in the casein group. Compared to baseline, skin hydration in the SPII group was significantly increased by 39% and 68% on the left and right cheeks (p < 0.05), respectively, at 24 weeks. There were no significant differences in sebum production. Dietary soy protein supplementation with isoflavones may improve skin photoaging, including wrinkles and dyspigmentation, and increase skin hydration in postmenopausal women with Fitzpatrick skin types I, II, and III.

Corals are under siege by both local and global threats, creating a worldwide reef crisis. Cryopreservation is an important intervention measure and a vital component of the modern coral conservation toolkit, but preservation techniques are currently limited to sensitive reproductive materials that can only be obtained a few nights per year during spawning. Here, we report the successful cryopreservation and revival of cm-scale coral fragments via mL-scale isochoric vitrification. We demonstrate coral viability at 24 h post-thaw using a calibrated oxygen-uptake respirometry technique, and further show that the method can be applied in a passive, electronics-free configuration. Finally, we detail a complete prototype coral cryopreservation pipeline, which provides a platform for essential next steps in modulating post-thaw stress and initiating long-term growth. These findings pave the way towards an approach that can be rapidly deployed around the world to secure the biological genetic diversity of our vanishing coral reefs.

Abstract Flavonoids are compounds that result from the secondary metabolism of plants and play a crucial role in plant development and mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. The highest levels of flavonoids are found in legumes such as soybean. Breeding programs aim to increase desirable traits, such as higher flavonoid contents and vigorous seeds. Soybeans are one of the richest sources of protein in the plant kingdom and the main source of flavonoid derivatives for human health. In view of this, the hypothesis of this study is based on the possibility that the concentration of isoflavones in soybean seeds contributes to the physiological quality of the seeds. The aim of this study was to analyze the content of flavonoids in soybean genotypes and their influence on the physiological quality of the seeds. Seeds from thirty-two soybean genotypes were obtained by carrying out a field experiment during the 2021/22 crop season. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications and thirty-two F3 soybean populations. The seeds obtained were subjected to germination, first germination counting, electrical conductivity and tetrazolium vigor and viability tests. After drying and milling the material from each genotype, liquid chromatography analysis was carried out to obtain flavonoids, performed at UPLC level. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and, when significant, the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The results found here show the occurrence of genotypes with higher amounts of flavonoids when compared to their peers. The flavonoid FLVD_G2 had the highest concentration and differed from the others. Thus, we can assume that the type and concentration of flavonoids does not influence the physiological quality of seeds from different soybean genotypes, but it does indirectly contribute to viability and vigor, since the genotypes with the highest FLVD_G2 levels had better FGC values. The findings indicate that there is a difference between the content of flavonoids in soybean genotypes, with a higher content of genistein. The content of flavonoids does not influence the physiological quality of seeds, but contributes to increasing viability and vigor.

Abstract An increasing number of studies have shown that the consumption of soybeans and soybeans products is beneficial to human health, and the biological activity of soy products may be attributed to the presence of Soy Isoflavones (SI) in soybeans. In the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, certain specific bacteria can metabolize soy isoflavones into equol. Equol has a similar chemical structure to endogenous estradiol in the human body, which can bind with estrogen receptors and exert weak estrogen effects. Therefore, equol plays an important role in the occurrence and development of a variety of hormone-dependent malignancies such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. Despite the numerous health benefits of equol for humans, only 30-50% of the population can metabolize soy isoflavones into equol, with individual variation in gut microbiota being the main reason. This article provides an overview of the relevant gut microbiota involved in the synthesis of equol and its anti-tumor effects in various types of cancer. It also summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor properties, aiming to provide a more reliable theoretical basis for the rational utilization of equol in the field of cancer treatment.

To study the chemical constituents of n-butanol extract from Astragalus rigidulus, HP-20 macroporous adsorption resin, Sephadex LH-20 gel, ODS gel column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used to separate the chemical constituents. The structures of all isolates were identified by spectroscopic methods, including NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The results showed that twenty compounds including nineteen flavonoid derivatives and one sesquiterpene glycoside were isolated and purified from n-butanol extract of A. rigidulus. Their structures were identified as 7-O-methylorobol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), mildiside A (2), naringenin (3), purine 4′-O-β-D-glucoside (4), orobot (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6′-acetyl) glucopyranoside (6), 5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone-2′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), amarantholidoside IV (8), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), kaempferol (10), 5,7,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone (11), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), (S)-mucronulatol (13), calycosin (14), quercetin (15), pratensein-7-O-β-D-glucoside (16), 2′-hydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-D-glucoside (17), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (18), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavonol-3-O-rutinoside (19), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (20). It is the first report for the compounds 1-9 found in the genus Astragalus. The other compounds are isolated from the title plant for the first time. The results of this study provide basic data for the pharmacodynamic material study of A. rigidulus, and provide a theoretical reference for the rational development and utilization of the plant resources in the future.

The global demand for sustainable and nutritious food sources has catalyzed interest in legumes, known for their rich repertoire of health-promoting compounds. This review delves into the diverse array of bioactive peptides, protein subunits, isoflavones, antinutritional factors, and saponins found in the primary legume protein sources—soybeans, peas, chickpeas, and mung beans. The current state of research on these compounds is critically evaluated, with an emphasis on the potential health benefits, ranging from antioxidant and anticancer properties to the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. The extensively studied soybean is highlighted and the relatively unexplored potential of other legumes is also included, pointing to a significant, underutilized resource for developing health-enhancing foods. The review advocates for future interdisciplinary research to further unravel the mechanisms of action of these bioactive compounds and to explore their synergistic effects. The ultimate goal is to leverage the full spectrum of benefits offered by legumes, not only to advance human health but also to contribute to the sustainability of food systems. By providing a comprehensive overview of the nutraceutical potential of legumes, this manuscript sets a foundation for future investigations aimed at optimizing the use of legumes in the global pursuit of health and nutritional security.

Byline: S. Su, Y. H. Geng, J. W. Ni, W. Wang and X. Q. Xu Keywords: Feed, Quality, Nitrate and nitrite, Flavonoid, Antioxidant activity. INTRODUCTION With rising incomes, the fast-growing [...]

Flavonoids are compounds that result from the secondary metabolism of plants and play a crucial role in plant development and mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. The highest levels of flavonoids are found in legumes such as soybean. Breeding programs aim to increase desirable traits, such as higher flavonoid contents and vigorous seeds. Soybeans are one of the richest sources of protein in the plant kingdom and the main source of flavonoid derivatives for human health. In view of this, the hypothesis of this study is based on the possibility that the concentration of isoflavones in soybean seeds contributes to the physiological quality of the seeds. The aim of this study was to analyze the content of flavonoids in soybean genotypes and their influence on the physiological quality of the seeds. Seeds from thirty-two soybean genotypes were obtained by carrying out a field experiment during the 2021/22 crop season. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications and thirty-two F3 soybean populations. The seeds obtained were subjected to germination, first germination counting, electrical conductivity and tetrazolium vigor and viability tests. After drying and milling the material from each genotype, liquid chromatography analysis was carried out to obtain flavonoids, performed at UPLC level. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and, when significant, the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The results found here show the occurrence of genotypes with higher amounts of flavonoids when compared to their peers. The flavonoid FLVD_G2 had the highest concentration and differed from the others. Thus, we can assume that the type and concentration of flavonoids does not influence the physiological quality of seeds from different soybean genotypes, but it does indirectly contribute to viability and vigor, since the genotypes with the highest FLVD_G2 levels had better FGC values. The findings indicate that there is a difference between the content of flavonoids in soybean genotypes, with a higher content of genistein. The content of flavonoids does not influence the physiological quality of seeds, but contributes to increasing viability and vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pueraria lobata is traditionally used in China for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Puerarin, a functional drug extracted from Pueraria lobata, features a pharmacological activity. The present study aims to investigate the effect of puerarin intervention on NAFLD. Methods: We established an NAFLD mouse model using a high-fat diet with 60% fat and evaluated the impact of puerarin intervention. Results and discussion: Our results demonstrate that puerarin intervention significantly ameliorates lipid accumulation and protects the liver from highfat-induced damage while reducing oxidative stress levels in the liver. Furthermore, puerarin intervention significantly downregulates the transcription levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) in the liver. It also upregulates the transcription levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator alpha (PGC1α), which are related to oxidation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO5) was involved in the protective effect of puerarin against NFALD. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the beneficial effect of puerarin on NAFLD and showed that puerarin could prevent liver injury and lipid accumulation caused by NAFLD via activating FMO5. These findings provide a new theoretical basis for applying puerarin as a therapeutic agent for NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb known for its diverse pharmacological effects including heat-clearing, detoxification, phlegm dissolving, and cough relief, has experienced an exponential increase in demand due to its expanding clinical use and development prospects. Currently, large-scale cell culture stands out as one of the most promising biotechnological approaches for producing bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. However, the problem of cell browning represents a significant bottleneck in industrial applications of cell culture. Methods: This study focuses on the Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch cells from the Ordos plateau, aiming to elucidate the enzymatic browning process during plant cell culture. Key substrates and genes involved in enzymatic browning were identified by metabolome and transcriptome analysis of normal and browning cells. Results: Metabolome analysis reveals significant changes in the levels of chalcone, isoflavone, imidazole-pyrimidine, purine nucleosides, organic oxides, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, benzene and its derivatives, flavonoids, 2-arylated benzofuran flavonoids, diazanaphthalenes and fatty acyls within browning cells. In particular, chalcones, isoflavones, and flavones compounds account for a higher proportion of these changes. Furthermore, these compounds collectively show enrichment in four metabolic pathways: Isoflavone biosynthesis pathway; Cutin suberine and wax biosynthesis pathway; Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway; Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathway; Transcriptome analysis revealed that the MYB transcription factor is a key regulator of flavonoid synthesis during the browning process in cells. In addition, 223 differentially expressed genes were identified, including phenylpropane, shikimic acid, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathways. Among these genes, 23 are directly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis; qPCR validation showed that eight genes (GlPK, GlPAL, Gl24CL, Gl1PDT, Gl3CHI, GlC4H, Gl2F3'H, and Gl2CCR) were up-regulated in browning cells compared to normal cells. These findings corroborate the sequencing results and underscore the critical role of these genes in cellular browning. Discussion: Consequently, modulation of their expression offers promising strategies for effective control of cellular browning issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black bean is the seed of Glycine max (L.) Merr, which is widely distributed in China. Small black bean in northern Shaanxi is one of its cultivars. Black bean mainly contains isoflavones and anthocyanins, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycem, lipid-lowering, anticancer, hormone regulation and other pharmacological effects. In this study, the chemical constituents and main pharmacological effects of black bean reported in domestic and foreign literatures from 1997 to 2022 were reviewed, and the cultivation status of small black bean in northern Shaanxi Province and the existing problems of medicinal black bean were analyzed. It is suggested that the environment of northern Shaanxi Province is more suitable for the cultivation of black bean and the standard of medicinal materials should be improved further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]