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1. Focus on the endocannabinoid system and the reprotoxicity of marijuana in female users

Author

M. Barbier, Blandine Courbiere, Olivier J. Manzoni, Pierre Castel, C. Sunyach, A.-L. Pelissier, Virginie Tassistro, P. Simon, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Hôpital de la Conception [CHU - APHM] (LA CONCEPTION ), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée [Aix-Marseille Université] (INMED - INSERM U1249), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Service de Gynécologie et Obstétrique [Marseille], IRD Fuel Cells A/S [Denmark] (IRD), pellegrino, Christophe, Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle femmes-parents-enfants, plateforme couple reproduction enfant : environnement & risques (CREER), hôpital de La Conception, hôpital Nord, AP–HM, Marseille, France, Service de médecine légale, CHU Timone Adultes, AP–HM, Marseille, France, and Hôpital de la Conception [CHU - APHM] (LA CONCEPTION)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, media_common.quotation_subject, Intrauterine growth restriction, Reprotoxicité, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Reproduction féminine, medicine, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Receptor, Ovulation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Système endocannabinoïde, Cannabis, media_common, Gynecology, Pregnancy, Fetus, biology, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trophoblast, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Endocannabinoid system, 3. Good health, Grossesse, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Reproductive Medicine, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Among recreative compounds, marijuana is the most used worldwide. Delta9THC binding on brain endocannabinoid receptors drives its psychotropic effects. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous neurohormonal system essential for homeostasis composed of ligands, metabolic enzymes and at least 2 receptors discovered to date. In female reproduction, the ECS regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and many steps of the reproduction process, such as ovulation, tubal transportation and trophoblast implantation. Delta9THC can cross the placental barrier and bind to the fetal endocannabinoid system. In humans, fetal and obstetrical consequences of marijuana use during pregnancy are intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery. In the light of legalization projects currently reviewed in several western countries, further research should be conducted to improve knowledge on maternal, fetal and reprotoxic consequences of marijuana use during reproductive age and pregnancy., Le cannabis est le psychotrope récréatif le plus utilisé dans le monde. Les effets recherchés sont obtenus par l’action du delta9THC sur les récepteurs cérébraux du système endocannabinoïde. Le système endocannabinoïde est indispensable à l’homéostasie de l’organisme. Il est composé d’un ensemble de récepteurs, ligands endogènes et d’enzymes de son métabolisme distribués de manière ubiquitaire dans l’organisme. Chez la femme, il participe à la régulation de nombreuses étapes du processus de reproduction : régulation de l’axe hypothalamohypophysaire, ovulation, transport tubaire, implantation trophoblastique. Le delta9THC, lipophile, traverse la barrière placentaire et peut se fixer sur le système endocannabinoïde fœtal qui apparaît précocement au cours du développement. Chez l’humain, les conséquences fœtales et obstétricales connues de la consommation de cannabis au cours de la grossesse sont principalement le retard de croissance et l’accouchement prématuré. Au vu des discussions actuellement menées dans plusieurs pays concernant la légalisation de la consommation de cannabis, de nouvelles recherches sont nécessaires pour en préciser les conséquences maternelles, fœtales et reprotoxiques.

Published
2020
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2. Influence of the synthesis parameters on the proton exchange membrane fuel cells performance of Fe–N–C aerogel catalysts

Author

Moulay Tahar Sougrati, Mikkel Juul Larsen, Youling Wang, Sergio Rojas, Diego Gianolio, Frédéric Jaouen, Pilar Ferrer, Sandrine Berthon-Fabry, Centre Procédés, Énergies Renouvelables, Systèmes Énergétiques (PERSEE), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IRD Fuel Cells A/S [Denmark] (IRD), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DIAMOND Light source, MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
Materials science, Absorption spectroscopy, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, 02 engineering and technology, Resorcinol, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, Oxygen reduction reaction, chemistry.chemical_compound, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rotating disk electrode, Carbon aerogel, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Supercritical drying, Aerogel, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Acidic media, PEMFCs, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Chemisorption, 0210 nano-technology, Non-precious metal catalyst
Abstract

International audience; Fe–N–C aerogel catalysts were prepared by sol–gel polycondensation of resorcinol, melamine and formaldehyde precursors in the presence of FeCl3 salt, followed by supercritical drying and thermal treatments. The effect of the mass ratio of precursors on the microstructure, iron speciation and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance of the Fe–N–C aerogels was investigated by N2 sorption, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, CO chemisorption and rotating disk electrode in acidic medium. The best ORR performance (activity and mass transport) was obtained by an optimum balance between pore structure and active Fe-Nx species. Through acid washing, the durability of the catalyst was further improved by eliminating unstable and inactive species, particularly iron nanoparticles and iron carbide. From the CO chemisorption and turnover-frequency value, the surface sites were comparable with the highest values reported in literature. Finally, Fe–N–C aerogel catalyst was implemented a in membrane–electrode assembly with an active area of 25 cm2 and tested in single cell, emphasizing the importance of the ink formulation on the performance.

Published
2021
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3. Social Networks, Job Assignment and Social Hierarchy: a case study from rural Tamil Nadu

Author

Lanos, Youna, Michiels, Sébastien, Nordman, Christophe Jalil, Venkatasubramanian, Govindan, Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IRD Fuel Cells A/S [Denmark] (IRD), Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme (DIAL), IRD (French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development), University Paris-Dauphine, and Govindaraj, Saravanan

Subjects
Social Networks, [INFO.INFO-SI] Computer Science [cs]/Social and Information Networks [cs.SI], [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Tamil Nadu, [INFO.INFO-SI]Computer Science [cs]/Social and Information Networks [cs.SI], Social Hierarchy, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2017

4. The use of social networks in a self-inflicted macroeconomic shock context: demonetisation in India

Author

Guérin, Isabelle, Lanos, Youna, Michiels, Sebastien, IRD Fuel Cells A/S [Denmark] (IRD), Centre d'études en sciences sociales sur les mondes africains, américains et asiatiques (CESSMA UMRD 245), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme (DIAL), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-SI]Computer Science [cs]/Social and Information Networks [cs.SI], [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

The demonetisation that occurred in India in November 2016 has created an unprecedented shock. Among other objectives, the measure has been presented as an efficient mean to promote a less cash economy in order to formalise the economy and to promote social protection. Drawing on ground-breaking data collected in rural south-India, this note expresses serious reservations about the stated goals. In the short run, due to the importance of cash in the Indian economy (98 percent of transactions are estimated to be in cash), this measure had strong impacts on employment, daily financial practices, and network use for more than three months, as people relied more strongly on their networks to sustain their economic and social activities. Rather than fighting against it, demonetisation has mostly strengthened the informal economy, while probably marginalising further those who lack networks. In the long run, and in a context like India, where state social protection is still weak and where governmental schemes are known to obey to patronage and clienteles’ networks, having a dense network of relatives, friends and patrons ready to help when needed remains the essential form of securing everyday life and the future. Eliminating such arrangements without offering alternative protection would be counterproductive. While cash less policies flourish in various parts of the world, we believe our findings have major implications and seriously question the merit of such policies, especially for the most marginalised segments of the population.

Published
2017

5. Development of tailored high-performance and durable electrocatalysts for advanced PEM fuel cells

Author

Sara Cavaliere, Mikkel J. Larsen, Ignacio Jiménez Morales, Madeleine Odgaard, Jacques Rozière, Deborah J. Jones, Daniela Gulková, Luděk Kaluža, Jerzy Zajac, IRD Fuel Cells A/S [Denmark] (IRD), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), European Project: 303466,EC:FP7:SP1-JTI,FCH-JU-2011-1,IMMEDIATE(2013), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Catalyst support, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Electrochemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Catalysis, Polyol, chemistry.chemical_classification, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Nanomaterial-based catalyst, 0104 chemical sciences, Fuel Technology, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Electrode, 0210 nano-technology, Carbon
Abstract

International audience; A family of novel carbon materials with intermediate surface area and varying morphology and surface chemistry were used to prepare Pt/C catalysts by two different preparation procedures; a chemical impregnation method and a microwave-assisted polyol method. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized, and their electrochemical performance and stability were investigated with rotating disc electrode (RDE) cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements. The intermediate-surface-area carbon supports gave catalysts with much greater support stability than a widely used standard catalyst. The novel catalysts had lower electrochemical surface area than the reference, but their spe-cific electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) was much higher, and some of them also featured higher mass-specific ORR activity than the ref-erence. The series of catalysts prepared by the microwave-assisted polyol method fea-tured smaller Pt nanoparticles and higher activities than those prepared by impregnation. On the other hand, the impregnated catalysts showed better durability of the Pt particles. The most promising catalysts were selected and elaborated in further optimized preparation procedures to obtain quantities sufficient for their use in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).

Published
2017
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6. Fuel cell climatic tests designed for new configured aircraft application

Author

Steen Yde-Andersen, Xavier François, Fabien Harel, Marie-Cécile Péra, Sylvie Bégot, Denis Candusso, Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (INRETS/LTN), Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Transport et Environnement (INRETS/LTE), Laboratoire Commun de Belfort : Hydrogène et Pile à Combustible pour les applications au transport (FC LAB), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Laboratoire Transports et Environnement (IFSTTAR/AME/LTE), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LTN), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), IRD Fuel, IRD Fuel Cells A/S [Denmark] (IRD)-S SVENDBORG, European Project: 30135,CELINA, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LTN), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Laboratoire Transports et Environnement (IFSTTAR/AME/LTE), and Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon

Subjects
Engineering, Test bench, business.product_category, 020209 energy, Combustion, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Electric generator, Véhicule hybride, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Automotive engineering, Airplane, law.invention, Generator (circuit theory), Avion, Stack (abstract data type), law, Véhicule electrique, Chambre climatique, Pile à combustible, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Simulation, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Fuel Technology, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Fuel cells, 0210 nano-technology, business, Autonomous system (mathematics), Basse Temperature
Abstract

The implementation of Fuel Cell (FC) systems in transportation systems, as aircrafts, requires some better understanding and mastering of the new generator behaviours in low temperature environments. To this end, a PEMFC stack is tested and characterised in a climatic chamber. The impacts of the low temperatures over different FC operation and start-up conditions are estimated using a specific test bench developed in-lab. Some descriptions concerning the test facilities and the experimental set-up are given in the paper, as well as some information about the test procedures applied. Some examples of test results are shown and analysed. The experiments are derived from aircraft requirements and are related with different scenarios of airplane operation. Finally, some assessments concerning the FC system behaviour in low temperature conditions are made, especially with regard to the constraints to be encountered by the next embedded FC generators.

Published
2010
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