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Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research seeks to demonstrate the impact of government spending on the productive capacity of the Iraqi economy, as the continuous increase in the volume of public spending and the adoption of the planned deficit method in the budgets of various years must reflect positively on the productive capacity of the country, so the relationship between the two variables was estimated according to the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) as it shows the relationship in the short and long terms and for the period 2004-2022, and among the results obtained is that current spending has a negative impact on the productive capacity index. This means that current spending is unproductive within its vicious circle, that is, money leaks out without generating economic returns for the country. Investment spending has a positive impact on the productive capacity index, as the average investment spending during the research period amounted to approximately (20%) of government spending, which is a very low percentage that was reflected in the weakness of the investment-based structures of the Iraqi economy, and this is what made the productive capacity index of the Iraqi economy It records a low percentage, reaching its best levels (35%), and this is consistent with the weak allocation of financial resources in investment aspects. What supports the analysis is the relationship test, which shows us that investment spending has a positive and significant effect on production capacity, but its parameter reached (0.07), which is a very low percentage. It has almost no effect. However, if a large percentage of financial resources were directed towards investment areas, this would develop projects, increase their ability to produce and productivity, and achieve high rates of GDP growth. Therefore, the research recommends the necessity of directing government spending towards productive sectors in order to improve production capabilities and achieve sustainable development comparable to developed countries, as well as periodically monitoring and evaluating the extent of the productivity of public spending in various economic sectors in order to make it more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (HJUOZ) is the property of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the potential for renewable energy sources in Iraq, given the country's current reliance on fossil fuels. It discusses the economic challenges facing Iraq, including the dominance of state-owned firms, strict laws, limited access to finance, a shortage of skilled labor, and poor infrastructure. The article highlights the need for diversification in the economy and decreased dependence on crude oil export revenues. It also discusses the challenges and obstacles to investment in renewable energy projects in Iraq, emphasizing the importance of transitioning to renewable energy sources and the potential benefits they can provide to communities. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Iraqi economy, with a focus on the country's fiscal deficit and monetary policy. The decline in oil revenues and the increase in the financial deficit have led to a decrease in the value of the dinar and a rise in inflation rates. The pandemic has also caused challenges such as low oil prices, halted infrastructure investments, threats to the oil industry, and a decline in consumption rates. The government's response to the crisis has been criticized as inadequate, and recommendations have been made to address these issues. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Global Journal of Economics & Business is the property of Refaad for Studies, Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Iraqi economy is rentier and heavily reliant on oil revenues because oil prices are volatile and subject to supply and demand on the global market, causing money supply instability. Inflation is thus one of the most important sustainable economic problems and a significant obstacle. A prudent monetary policy must be developed in the face of macroeconomic policies, even partial ones, in order to reduce inflationary pressures and achieve both internal and external monetary stability. Iraq also lacks a clear economic strategy and the country's economy is still susceptible to decision-makers' whims and the demands of international organizations. It is, therefore, essential to discuss monetary policy's fundamental and successful role in managing the sustainability of the economy through its solid and practical tools. Iraq's monetary authorities scrambled to ensure the nation's economic stability through the use of monetary tools as the country's economic system started to shift towards a market economy in 2003, depending on supply and demand forces to manage the economy. The Central Bank uses tools of monetary policy, which are based on keeping an eye on the money supply and pursuing long-term objectives, to achieve the policy objective of economic stability. The goals of economic stability, according to economist Nicolas Kaldor, are to boost economic growth, achieve full employment, establish external balance, and fight inflation. This study examined the hypothesis that, between 1990 and 2020, monetary policy contributed to Iraq's economic stability using co-integration tests, fully-corrected least-squares techniques, and dynamic standard least-squares. The positive effects of monetary policy on economic variables, particularly economic stability, were demonstrated by the influence of foreign currency reserves on an improved current account balance, price stability, and a relative decline in unemployment rates. The GDP and the current account balance positively affected economic stability indicators, while the money supply adversely impacted most of them. To improve the balance of payments and encourage economic growth, investments should be made in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the analysis of indicators of changes in investment in the oil sector in Iraq to study the traditional patterns and the current patterns developed for oil investment in the extractive, transformational and distributive fields that were employed in Iraq to redraw the map of the economy in general and the oil industry in particular. The paper proceeds from the premise that the licensing rounds that took place in the Iraqi oil sector did not show their tangible results for internal and external reasons that were diagnosed. The study reached the main conclusion that the real performance and progress in the Iraqi oil sector was unbalanced and slow in some areas and that investment in it would create a balance between the urgent needs for expansion of investment projects and their capital requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims at testing the explanatory hypotheses of the relationship between internal government loan to private credit in Iraq for the period 2010-2021. The ARDL model and the limits test for co-integration were used. The results supported the Keynesian hypothesis that the relationship is positive and supports private credit, because the value of the internal government loan parameter was less than zero with a long-term and short-term relationship between the two variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aims to know the role of financial system and its developments in Iraq in order to improving sustainable development in its three dimensions (economic, social and environmental) with having been obtained quarterly data for both indicators of financial and sustainable development duration of a period of study extending from 2004-2020. Hence, the relationship was estimated by employing the statistical program (EViews), by applying the methodology of cointegration, and applying the autoregressive model which have periodic of distributed slowdowns (ARDL), and obtaining the absence of a long-term complementary relationship between indicators of financial development and sustainable development, this indicates that financial development did not contribute to achieving sustainable development. The reason behind that is the harsh conditions that the Iraqi economy experienced at the security and political level during that period, on the other hand, the study proofed the existence of a long-term complementary relationship between financial development and the economic dimension which represented by the indicator of the ratio of credit granted to the private sector then to the gross domestic product, this change that takes place in financial development adapts with the credit granted for a period of 50 days only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research, the study of (the standard and economic analysis of the investment allocations for agricultural land reclamation in Iraq for the period between 1990-2017) has been conducted and the aim of the research is to assess the effect of the investment allocations In the reclamation of agricultural land in Iraq, knowing the affecting factors during the study period, making an economic analysis for the size of investment in reclamation and specifying a number of the affecting factors in it such as the gross national product, the agricultural product and the reclaimed lands, the results and discussion include, describing the methods used in the econometrics model after testing the stability of time series of the study variables by using statistical program (E views 9), the estimation of the regression model of investment customization by using the distributing delay self-regression (ARDL). The study reached several conclusion that the product variable was positive, i.e., the increase in agricultural product in the rate of (1%) the investment allocations in the rate of (20.85%) in the short-term, that is by the increase of the agricultural product in the long-term in the rate of (10.97%). The gross nation product GDP variable showed a negative and moral effect in the short and long term. it is contrary to the economic logic that (ei) is by increasing gross national product (GDP) the investment allocations decrease in the short term in the rate of (-0.90%) and in the long term decrease in the rate of (-0.22%). While the variable of the reclaimed area in the short term has been negative and non-significant increase in reclaimed areas in the rate of (1%) investment allocations fall in the short term in the rate of (-0.0066%). As for the long-term, it has been positive effect conform to economic logic. It increases in the rate of (0.0279%). After one year, it will become significant but negative effect. The error equation has been negative and significant (has met the necessary and sufficient condition); meaning that there is a long-term balanced relationship among the variable of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central banks are important in stabilizing the general level of prices of goods and services as well as achieving some of the goals at the macro level such as growth and unemployment, etc. So both developed and developing countries have been quick to grant their central banks a great degree of independence to enable them to perform their functions optimally Iraq is one of these countries seeking independence in the framework of monetary and economic correction policies after 2003 with the issuance of Law No. 56 of 2004, which regulated currency in order to allow the Central Bank to perform its functions of drawing and preparing monetary policy in accordance with economic conditions and requirements. The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of the Central Bank in the formulation and implementation of monetary policy in achievement of independence In order to achieve the research objective, which is completed in the development of a comprehensive framework to define the concept of independence and knowledge of criteria and indicators that refer the independence of the Central Bank and its impact on monetary policy and the proof of the research hypothesis, was based on that the independence of the bank archives The stability of the general level of prices has been implemented and the precautionary measures have been applied to control the supply of money. The hypothesis of the research was proved and that the Central Bank of Iraq obtained independence by 66%, which is very good compared to the independence of other countries. The standard analysis also showed an inverse and moral relationship between inflation And independence with the marginal slope of the inflation rate for independence (-36.266) and the value of the R²-factor of 88%. The analysis also showed a positive and moral relationship between the M1 money supply and independence. The marginal value of the cash offer was 5.22408, Hope selection R²(0.16) It was also found that there was a direct and moral relationship between the legal reserve and the independence. The margi2nal value of the legal reserve was 66.707 and the value of R² (0.45) and the inverse relationship with the price of the policy was R² (0.22) R² (0.77) is an inverse and moral relationship and statistical tests show that there is consistency in the estimated models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research examined the estimation of the function of demand for money in Iraqi economy and determining the factors affecting it. The methodology of the autoregressive distributed lag model {ARDL} was used to estimate the relationship in the short and long term, The study concluded that the function is affected by the following variables: GDP, exchange rate, inflation rate, real interest rate, population, and money turnover. There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables studied according to the Bound Test methodology, The value of the error correction parameter was negative and significant (-1.47), meaning that the demand for money requires less than one year (1÷1.47=0.7) to reach its long-term equilibrium value, which is a quick response. Free of all standard problems, The (CUSUM) and the (CUSUM SQ) aggregate demonstrate the structural stability of the estimated model and the predictability of the model was high according to the Theil test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 1954 and 1956, the architect, educator, and planner, Max Lock (1909–1988) produced a trilogy of plans to modernize the historical city of Basra and create new areas at Margil and Um Qasr in the south of Iraq. The New Basrah Plan was heavily inspired by the works of Patrick Geddes and aligned with contemporaries such as Lewis Mumford, Lock's planning was progressive in scope and looked to differ from the planning of post-war principles in Britain through his notions of 'civic surgery'. Contrary to this, his plans for Um Qasr and Margil focussed on infrastructure and the creation of more industrial areas not prioritizing people and place as highly as he did in the New Basrah Plan. Lock's 'Civic Surgery' offered an alternative to mainstream thought by attempting to create usable, humanistic spaces, which hampered by politics and legislation, resulted in the plan's shelving and were contradicted by his other works' philosophies. New retrospective analysis of his underappreciated career reveals the complexities of his planning which this article demonstrates through the 'failure' of the New Basrah Plan and his plans at Um Qasr and Margil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyse the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and its repercussions for humanity from the perspective of Human Security. In addition, the aim is to focus on the international systemic problems in the UN on the basis of Human Security. The Human Security approach is expected to bring new insights both to the analysis of what happened to Iraq and its people and how the 'noble' aims of the US invasion brought about just the opposite outcomes. It is argued that Iraqis and the country's future should be thought in the context of Human Security rather than abstract ideals of democratisation and emancipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]