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Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-grafted 2, 6-bis[2-(amino methyl)phenol]pyridine (BAPP) synthetic ligands were effectively used as novel ion carriers in the structure of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) for simultaneous trace-level assessment of Hg(II) and Cu(II) by potentiometry. Utilising pyridine-based Cu(II) and Hg(II) complexing agents and MWCNTs as signal boosters has reasonably eventuated in an acceptable sensitivity and selectivity over Cu(II) and Hg(II) target ions in the presence of some interfering species. The working linear range, limit of detection, and Nernstian slope of the sensor were recorded as follows, respectively, Hg(II): 4.0 × 10−9 to 3.0 × 10−4 mol L−1, 2.0 × 10−9 mol L−1 and 43.2 (±0.4) mVdecade‒1 (n = 5) and Cu(II): 4.0 × 10−9 to 2.2 × 10−2 mol L−1, 7.9 × 10−10 mol L−1 and 29.8 (±0.5) mVdecade‒1 (n = 5). The working pH range of 3.0‒4.5 and 4.0‒7.0 and dynamic response time of 7.0 s and 5.0 s were evaluated for the Hg(II) and Cu(II) sensors, respectively. The modified sensors also displayed an acceptable reproducibility, response repeatability and useful lifetime over around 45 days. Eventually, the practical utility of the chemically modified sensors was confirmed by trace-level potentiometric monitoring of mercury and copper ion quantities in some environmental, industrial and biological aqueous samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising ionic conductors for developing high‐specific‐energy solid‐state lithium metal batteries. However, developing SPEs with both high ionic conductivity and interfacial compatibility remains a challenge. Here, we propose a design concept of an anion‐modulated polymer electrolyte (termed AMPE) for high‐voltage Li metal batteries. Specifically, we design the AMPE by incorporating high‐voltage‐resistant and high charge density units with an anion receptor unit. The high‐voltage‐resistant and high charge density segments contribute to achieving a decent voltage tolerance of the polymer chains and ensure sufficient carrier ions. The anion receptor, represented by a boron‐containing molecule, promotes the generation of free Li+ by dissociating anion‐cation pairs. More importantly, the strong interaction between the electron‐deficient B and the TFSI− in the matrix promotes the anion reduction to form a stable anion‐derived mosaic‐like solid electrolyte interphase on the Li‐metal anode. As a result, the AMPE exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 3.80×10−4 S cm−1 and effectively suppresses lithium dendrites, enabling an all‐solid‐state Li|AMPE|LiCoO2 cell to achieve a cycle life of 700 cycles at an operating voltage of 4.40 V. This design concept would inspire efforts to develop high‐performance SPEs for high‐specific‐energy solid‐state lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensity‐modulated photocurrent and photovoltage spectroscopy (IMPS/IMVS) are powerful tools in optoelectronics such as photoelectrochemistry and photovoltaics, as they demonstrate distinct charge dynamic processes at different frequencies. Unlike the material characterization techniques, IMPS/IMVS offer an approach for investigating the dynamic behavior of charge carriers and ions from the device perspective. This review examines IMPS/IMVS from both theories and experiments to understand the intricate charge dynamics in solar cells with various materials and structures. To accommodate different types of cells, four primary theoretical models including the rate constant model, drift‐diffusion model, equivalent circuit model, and distribution of relaxation times, are evaluated in detail. In the future, the incorporation of IMPS/IMVS with other time‐domain and frequency‐domain methods, along with imaging techniques, can significantly facilitate the characterization of charge dynamics with enhanced convenience, spatial dimensions, and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafiltration polymer inclusion membranes (UPIMs) have become increasingly significant for the separation and purification of heavy metals from industrial wastes and wastewater due to their convenience compared to other liquid membranes. A novel process for cadmium separation and recovery has been developed using biodegradable ion carriers, specifically room temperature ionic liquids with various molecular structures. This innovation has greatly enhanced the efficiency and application of UPIMs for cadmium separation, while also providing the membranes with unique functional properties. In this study, various UPIMs were produced using polyvinyl fluoride hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐co‐HPF) as the base polymer, different plasticizers, and symmetric room temperature ionic liquids as ion carriers. The ability of these membranes to extract cadmium ions was evaluated, demonstrating a removal rate of 9.70 μmol s−1 from a 25 ppm Cd(II) solution under optimum conditions. The selectivity and stability of the optimized UPIM were examined under different conditions to obtain a deeper insight into of its performance. The morphological characteristics of the optimized UPIM were examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the mammalian central nervous system; glutamate transporters keep the synaptic glutamate concentrations at bay for normal brain function. Arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid, and other unsaturated fatty acids modulate glutamate transporters in cell- and tissue slices-based studies. Here, we investigated their effect and mechanism using a purified archaeal glutamate transporter homolog reconstituted into the lipid membranes. AA, docosahexaenoic acid, and related fatty acids irreversibly inhibited the sodium-dependent concentrative substrate uptake into lipid vesicles within the physiologically relevant concentration range. In contrast, AA did not inhibit amino acid exchange across the membrane. The length and unsaturation of the aliphatic tail affect inhibition, and the free carboxylic headgroup is necessary. The inhibition potency did not correlate with the fatty acid effects on the bilayer deformation energies. AA does not affect the conformational dynamics of the protein, suggesting it does not inhibit structural transitions necessary for transport. Single-transporter and membrane voltage assays showed that AA and related fatty acids mediate cation leak, dissipating the driving sodium gradient. Thus, such fatty acids can act as cation ionophores, suggesting a general modulatory mechanism of membrane channels and ion-coupled transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Electrochemical energy devices serve as a vital link in the mutual conversion between chemical energy and electrical energy. This role positions them to be essential for achieving high-efficiency utilization and advancement of renewable energy. Electrochemical reactions, including anodic and cathodic reactions, play a crucial role in facilitating the connection between two types of charge carriers: electrons circulating within the external circuit and ions transportation within the internal electrolyte, which ensures the completion of the circuit in electrochemical devices. While electrons are uniform, ions come in various types, we herein propose the concept of hybrid electrochemical energy technologies (h-EETs) characterized by the utilization of different ions as charge carriers of anodic and cathodic reactions. Accordingly, this review aims to explore the fundamentals of emerging hybrid electrochemical energy technologies and recent research advancements. We start with the introduction of the concept and foundational aspects of h-EETs, including the proposed definition, the historical background, operational principles, device configurations, and the underlying principles governing these configurations of the h-EETs. We then discuss how the integration of hybrid charge carriers influences the performance of associated h-EETs, to facilitate an insightful understanding on how ions carriers can be beneficial and effectively implemented into electrochemical energy devices. Furthermore, a special emphasis is placed on offering an overview of the research progress in emerging h-EETs over recent years, including hybrid battery capacitors that extend beyond traditional hybrid supercapacitors, as well as exploration into hybrid fuel cells and hybrid electrolytic synthesis. Finally, we highlight the major challenges and provide anticipatory insights into the future perspectives of developing high-performance h-EETs devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimuli‐responsive synthetic ionophores allow for spatial and temporal control over ion transport, with promise for applications in targeted therapy. Relay transporters have emerged as a new class of ion transporters ‐ these are anchored carriers that sit in both leaflets of the bilayer and mediate transport across the membrane by passing ions between them. The relays are themselves membrane impermeable, and so must be incorporated into the membrane during vesicle preparation. Here we show that relay transporters can be delivered to both sides of the membrane of vesicles using a synthetic flippase. By incorporating an aryl azopyrazole photo‐switch into the movable arm of the relay transporters the ion transport activity can be very efficiently and reversibly switched between off and on states. This control is achieved by extension and contraction of their movable arms via photo‐isomerization of the central aryl azopyrazole moiety, hence modulating the ability of the relays to pass ions across the membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is a widespread form of inter-bacterial competition mediated by CdiA effector proteins. CdiA is presented on the inhibitor cell surface and delivers its toxic C-terminal region (CdiA-CT) into neighboring bacteria upon contact. Inhibitor cells also produce CdiI immunity proteins, which neutralize CdiA-CT toxins to prevent auto-inhibition. Here, we describe a diverse group of CDI ionophore toxins that dissipate the transmembrane potential in target bacteria. These CdiA-CT toxins are composed of two distinct domains based on AlphaFold2 modeling. The C-terminal ionophore domains are all predicted to form five-helix bundles capable of spanning the cell membrane. The N-terminal "entry" domains are variable in structure and appear to hijack different integral membrane proteins to promote toxin assembly into the lipid bilayer. The CDI ionophores deployed by E. coli isolates partition into six major groups based on their entry domain structures. Comparative sequence analyses led to the identification of receptor proteins for ionophore toxins from groups 1 & 3 (AcrB), group 2 (SecY) and groups 4 (YciB). Using forward genetic approaches, we identify novel receptors for the group 5 and 6 ionophores. Group 5 exploits homologous putrescine import proteins encoded by puuP and plaP, and group 6 toxins recognize di/tripeptide transporters encoded by paralogous dtpA and dtpB genes. Finally, we find that the ionophore domains exhibit significant intra-group sequence variation, particularly at positions that are predicted to interact with CdiI. Accordingly, the corresponding immunity proteins are also highly polymorphic, typically sharing only ~30% sequence identity with members of the same group. Competition experiments confirm that the immunity proteins are specific for their cognate ionophores and provide no protection against other toxins from the same group. The specificity of this protein interaction network provides a mechanism for self/nonself discrimination between E. coli isolates. Author summary: Bacteria compete for growth niches and other limited resources in the environment. Many species of Gram-negative bacteria use CdiA effector proteins to inhibit the growth of neighboring competitors. CdiA proteins carry a variety of toxin domains that are delivered directly into target bacteria upon cell contact. CdiA producing cells protect themselves from auto-inhibition with CdiI immunity proteins, which specifically neutralize toxin activity. Here, we describe a new family of CdiA toxins that block energy production in target bacteria by dissipating the transmembrane electrical potential. Although these toxins share the same activity, they are highly variable in sequence and appear to enter target-cell membranes using different molecular pathways. The associated CdiI proteins exhibit even greater sequence polymorphism, and each immunity protein only protects against its corresponding toxin. The specificity of this toxin-immunity interaction network enables CdiA expressing cells to discern whether neighboring bacteria are genetically identical or nonidentical. This mechanism of self/nonself discrimination can dictate whether bacterial populations engage in antagonistic or collaborative interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photo‐regulated transmembrane ionophores enable spatial and temporal control over activity, offering promise as targeted therapeutics. Key to such applications is control using bio‐compatible visible light. Herein, we report red‐shifted azobenzene‐derived synthetic anionophores that use amber or red light to trigger (E)‐(Z) photoisomerisation and activation of transmembrane chloride transport. We demonstrate that by tuning the thermal half‐life of the more active, but thermodynamically unstable, Z isomer to relax on the timescale of minutes, transient activation of ion transport can be achieved by activating solely with visible light and deactivating by thermal relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made significant strides in efficiency, but their long‐term stability remains a challenge. While external encapsulation mitigates extrinsic degradation and lead leakage, it does not fully address performance decline due to ion migration within the perovskite devices. Therefore, an internal encapsulation layer that can selectively transport charge carriers and suppress ion migration across the interface is of great significance for achieving long‐term stability in these devices. Here, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) can serve as an effective internal encapsulation layer between the perovskite film and the electron transport layer in the inverted PSCs is demonstrated. The PTFE layer can selectively transport electrons and suppress ion diffusion, resulting in a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.49% compared to 24.74% of the control devices and much better long‐term stability. Even after 1500 h of air exposure, the internal encapsulated perovskite devices can maintain 92.6% of their original PCE, outperforming the control devices at 80.4%. This approach offers a novel solution for addressing ion migration‐induced instability in perovskite devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the structural and electrochemical properties of commercial powders of the nominal compositions Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9, Sc0.1Ce0.01Zr0.89O1.95, and Sc0.09Yb0.01Zr0.9O1.95 were investigated. The materials are prospective candidates to be used in electrochemical devices, i.e., gas sensors and fuel cells. Based on a comparison of the EIS spectra in different atmospheres (synthetic air, 3000 ppm NH3 in argon, 10% H2 in argon), the reactions on the three-phase boundaries were proposed, as well as the conduction mechanisms of the electrolytes were described. The Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 material is a mixed ionic–electronic conductor, which makes it suitable for anode material in fuel cells. Moreover, it exhibits an apparent and reversible response for ammonia, indicating the possibility of usage as an NH3 gas-sensing element. In zirconia-based materials, electrical conduction is realized by oxygen ion carriers. Among them, the most promising from an applicative point of view seems to be Sc0.09Yb0.01Zr0.9O1.95, showing a high, reversible reaction with hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removing heavy metal ions from wastewater reduces health and ecological risks and allows for their reuse. Polymer inclusion membranes with integrated ion carriers offer an efficient solution for removing toxic metal ions from industrial wastewater. These membranes can be further enhanced by using biodegradables polymer blends and incorporating nanofillers to improve their selectivity, stability, extraction efficiency, and biodegradability. In this study, a novel biodegradable polymer blend consisting of 54% poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and 13% polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) was utilized as the base polymer, with 30% Aliquat 336 as an ion carrier and either 3% graphene oxide (GO) or 3% cloisite 30B (C30B) as nanofillers. The hybrid blend contained a total of 3% nanofillers, with 1.5% graphene oxide (GO) and 1.5% cloisite 30B (C30B). These components were integrated through the evaporation casting method and evaluated for their potential as polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) for Cr(VI) extraction. Various analytical methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were employed to explore the microstructure-property relationships of the fabricated nanocomposite PIMs. The analyses revealed the development of new semi-crystalline membrane structures, resulting in enhanced hexavalent chromium extraction. It was found that the presence of nanofillers altered the bulk structure, creating apparent microvoids in the membranes filled with 3% GO and the hybrid membrane, which were not observed in membranes filled with C30B. This resulted in higher extraction efficiency in the membranes loaded with GO, whereas membranes loaded with C30B exhibited decreased Cr(VI) extraction. An intermediate extraction percentage was found in the hybrid membrane filled with both nanofillers. Additionally, the incorporation of GO and C30B significantly improved membrane stability across various media, reducing mass loss in NaCl/NaOH to 13.36%. The TGA analyses further confirmed that membranes incorporating GO and C30B exhibited improved thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twin arginine translocation (Tat) pathway transports folded protein across the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria, archaea, and across the thylakoid membrane in plants as well as the inner membrane in some mitochondria. In plant chloroplasts, the Tat pathway utilizes the protonmotive force (PMF) to drive protein translocation. However, in bacteria, it has been shown that Tat transport depends only on the transmembrane electrical potential (Δψ) component of PMF in vitro. To investigate the comprehensive PMF requirement in Escherichia coli, we have developed the first real-time assay to monitor Tat transport utilizing the NanoLuc Binary Technology in E. coli spheroplasts. This luminescence assay allows for continuous monitoring of Tat transport with high-resolution, making it possible to observe subtle changes in transport in response to different treatments. By applying the NanoLuc assay, we report that, under acidic conditions (pH = 6.3), ΔpH, in addition to Δψ, contributes energetically to Tat transport in vivo in E. coli spheroplasts. These results provide novel insight into the mechanism of energy utilization by the Tat pathway.

Background: Malaria-associated acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ALI/ARDS) is a fatal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection that is partially triggered by macrophage recruitment and polarization. As reported, copper exposure increases the risk of malaria infection, and copper accumulation-induced cuproptosis triggers M1 macrophage polarization. It is thus hypothesized that cuproptosis could act as a critical mediator in the pathogenesis of MA-ALI/ARDS, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the role of cuproptosis in the severity of murine MA-ALI/ARDS. Methods: We utilized an experimental model of MA-ALI/ARDS using female C57BL/6 mice with P. berghei ANKA infection, and treated these animals with the potent copper ion carrier disulfiram (DSF) or copper ion chelator tetrathiomolybdate (TTM). The RAW 264.7 macrophages, which were stimulated with infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in vitro, were also targeted with DSF-CuCl2 or TTM-CuCl2 to further investigate the underlying mechanism. Results: Our findings showed a dramatic elevation in the amount of copper and the expression of SLC31A1 (a copper influx transporter) and FDX1 (a key positive regulator of cuproptosis) but displayed a notable reduction in the expression of ATP7A (a copper efflux transporter) in the lung tissue of experimental MA-ALI/ARDS mice. Compared to the P. berghei ANKA-infected control group, mice that were administered DSF exhibited a remarkable increase in parasitemia/lung parasite burden, total protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung wet/dry weight ratio, vascular leakage, and pathological changes in lung tissue. Strikingly, the experimental MA-ALI/ARDS mice with DSF treatment also demonstrated dramatically elevated copper levels, expression of SLC31A1 and FDX1, numbers of CD86+, CD68+, SLC31A1+-CD68+, and FDX1+-CD68+ macrophages, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF-α] and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) in lung tissue, but showed a remarkable decrease in body weight, survival time, expression of ATP7A, number of CD206+ macrophages, and mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor beta [TGF-β] and interleukin 10 [IL-10]). In contrast, TTM treatment reversed these changes in the infected mice. Similarly, the in vitro experiment showed a notable elevation in the mRNA levels of SLC31A1, FDX1, CD86, TNF-α, and iNOS in iRBC-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells targeted with DSF-CuCl2, but triggered a remarkable decline in the mRNA levels of ATP7A, CD206, TGF-β, and IL-10. In contrast, TTM-CuCl2 treatment also reversed these trends in the iRBC-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the activation of cuproptosis with DSF aggravated the severity of MA-ALI/ARDS by partially inducing M1 polarization of pulmonary macrophages, while inhibition of cuproptosis with TTM contrarily ameliorated the severity of MA-ALI/ARDS by promoting macrophage M2 polarization. Our findings suggest that blockage of cuproptosis could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of MA-ALI/ARDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A typical broiler production program includes three feeding phases: Pre-starter (from day 1 to 10), Starter (11-21 days), and Grower (from day 22 to slaughter). The program should allow the bird to express its genetic potential and respond to the nutritional challenges. Objective: To determine the effect of duration of the starter and grower phases on growth performance parameters (feed intake and feed conversion), mortality, skin pigmentation, and carcass yield in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 1,500 Ross 308 AP male broilers were randomly assigned to five feeding programs with different duration, feed presentation (pellet vs. crumble), and anticoccidial (narasin + nicarbazin vs. salynomicin). The variables evaluated were growth performance (body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion), carcass (weight and yield), breast weight and yield, and skin pigmentation. Statistical evaluations were conducted on d 28 and 40 of age. Results: On d 28 of age, differences (p<0.05) were observed for body weight and feed conversion, but not for feed intake. T4 and T5 resulted in the best weight and feed conversion. Differences (p<0.05) were recorded on d 40 for body weight, with higher values in T4 and T5 compared to T1. Carcass weight differed between T1 and T4 (p<0.05), without difference for carcass or breast performance. The statistical analyses of carcass pigmentation showed an effect on redness ("a") and yellowness ("b") at d 28. Conclusions: Body weight and feed conversion of broilers from d 22 to 28 improve by extending the starter phase one week, using pelleted feed added with an ionophore anticoccidial. Skin pigmentation of broilers at slaughter is not affected by restricting pigment intake for one week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large‐sized and atomically thin two‐dimensional metal thiophosphate materials have been widely exploited in detectors due to their rich physical/chemical properties of high surface area and massive adjustable sites. However, existing production methods are limited in terms of meeting the demanding challenges in achieving the scalable fabrication of high‐quality nanomaterials under mild conditions. Here, we develop a facile intercalation–exfoliation method that can fabricate large lateral size (>23 μm) and few‐layer LiInP2S6 nanosheets with high crystalline quality fast. Due to the advantage of hydrophilicity of lithium, swelled interlayer spacing can be obtained, which enables the rapid exfoliation by only slight manual shaking within tens of seconds. Concomitantly, the inorganic LiInP2S6 film manufactured by nanosheets has inter‐connected ionic channels, which can be adjusted on the basis of the water content, enabling tunable ionic conductivity. As a result, ionic conductor films using ions as charge carriers can achieve high water response with good repeatability and excellent long‐term stability in a wide moisture range. Moreover, the as‐prepared detector has excellent capability in real‐time noncontact human–machine interfacing. This study, not only is a powerful strategy for the fabrication of large‐sized and high‐quality nanosheets presented but also proof for the promising development of iontronic devices in new applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There has been an exponential increase in demand for poultry meat and eggs worldwide. Therefore, it is essential to keep coccidiosis under control in broilers to fulfill the increase in demand for protein. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of two ionophore coccidiostats against coccidiosis and their impact on broiler gut health and performance. Both the ionophores were effective in treatment against coccidiosis, and out of the two, narasin demonstrated superiority in terms of improved performance parameters compared with salinomycin. This finding is highly important as it significantly focuses on sustainable poultry and, in turn, can help prevent economic losses and maintain broiler health. The objective of this study was primarily to assess the different performance impacts of two ionophore coccidiostats (narasin and salinomycin) used to manage coccidiosis. While both products may be efficacious in controlling disease challenges, previous literature has suggested that some ionophores are less well tolerated by the broiler chickens. In this study, we were particularly interested to know how the use of different coccidiostat programs translates into broiler health and performance, as measured by zootechnical parameters such as the feed conversion ratio, average daily gain, and final body weight. A total of 352 male Ross 308 one-day-old broilers were randomly divided into two treatment groups (T1 and T2). Treatment 1 included a basal diet (BD) + nicarbazin/narasin (Maxiban®, Elanco) at 100 ppm 0–24 days, narasin at 70 ppm 25–42 days, and (2) Treatment 2 included basal diet + nicarbazin/narasin at 100 ppm 0–24 days, salinomycin (Sacox®, Huvepharma) at 70 ppm 25–42 days. Efficacy and performance parameters, slaughter analysis, dry matter (DM) in litter, and intestinal integrity (I2) were measured for the broilers from both treatment groups. The findings demonstrated more favorable results for broilers reared in the group diet fed with narasin (in the finisher phase), including higher daily body weight gain, higher final body weight, lower feed conversion ratio value (improved feed efficiency), and higher European Production Efficiency Factor value, compared with the salinomycin-supplemented group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address solubility, plasticizer leakage, and ionic carrier issues in PVC-based solid ion-selective electrodes, a novel plasticizer-free photocurable solid Ca2+-selective electrode (GC/PANI/CPANI/Ca2+(PBA)-ISE) was developed using a novel electrode structure. A new Ca2+-sensitive membrane based on poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) was synthesized by ultraviolet polymerization, with conductive polyaniline (PANI) as the solid contact layer and a copolymer of aniline and 2,5-dimethoxyaniline (CPANI) as the coating. All potential electrochemical tests were carried out on the prepared Ca2+-selective electrode. The response slope of the electrode was 28.33 mV decade−1, the detection limit was 6.9 × 10−6 M, the stable linear range was 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 M, and it had a good Nernst response. The chronopotentiometric analysis and water layer tests showed that the potential drift of GC/PANI/CPANI/Ca2+(PBA)-ISE was as low as 0.0125 mV s−1 and 1.247 mV h−1. In addition, the interference tests of environmental factors were carried out. When the electrode was in different interference light and gas environments, the potential changes of 1.6 × 10−4 mV s−1 and 1.2 × 10−3 mV s−1 were observed. Compared with previous reports and commercial electrodes, the prepared GC/PANI/CPANI/Ca2+(PBA)-ISE showed good electrochemical performance, and the recovery rate in Ca2+ test solutions was higher (97.2–99.9%). This study provided theoretical insights to address solubility, plasticizer leakage, and ion carrier leakage issues in solid-state contact ion-selective electrodes. At the same time, this study provided a new structure and preparation method for the preparation of all-solid-state Ca2+-selective electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercalation and deintercalation are fundamental processes in battery electrodes that involve the reversible addition and extraction of carrier ions such as lithium (Li) and sodium (Na) into a host framework made of transition metal (TM) ions and ligands. Although TM–ligand interactions are known to primarily determine intercalation potentials, a comprehensive understanding of their interactions involving the carrier ions still remains elusive. This study investigates the complex interactions between carrier ions (Li and Na) and the ligand in Berlin green (BG, Fe3+[Fe3+(CN)6]) cathodes to elucidate their effects on intercalation potentials and phase evolution. Comprehensive X‐ray characterizations and electrochemical analyses reveal that the strong carrier ion–ligand interaction, influenced by the type and concentration of carrier ions, can modify the electronic structure of Fe ions and affect the intercalated structure of BG cathodes, thereby tuning the intercalation potentials. Specifically, the enhanced covalent interaction of the Na–CN units compared with that of the Li–CN units induces rhombohedral distortion in the fully sodiated state and increases the working potential of high‐spin Fe ions. The findings highlight the critical role of carrier ion–ligand interactions in tuning the electrochemical properties of battery electrodes for the design of advanced battery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inherent limitations of lithium (Li)-ion batteries have sparked interest in exploring alternative technologies, especially those relying on metallic anodes: monovalent Li and divalent zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) metals. In particular, Mg and Ca metal batteries offer significant advantages based on the natural abundance of their raw materials and high energy-storage capabilities resulting from the bivalency of the carrier ions. Yet, these battery systems are far from commercialization, and the lack of reliable electrolytes constitutes a primary concern. The formation of ion-insulating passivation layers on these metallic anodes and their inferior desolvation kinetics have long been recognized as formidable hurdles in the way of optimizing the electrolyte composition. These impediments call for innovative strategies in electrolyte engineering and an extensive analysis of the resulting solid–electrolyte–interphase (SEI) layer. In this review, we introduce recent pioneering studies of divalent Mg and Ca metal batteries that have been concerned with these issues. This review particularly focuses on drawing an analogy with Li and Zn metal batteries in terms of the relative advancement and by benchmarking against the strategies developed for these analogous systems. The areas of interest include a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics and evolution of the morphology of metallic anodes, a correlation between the electrolyte and SEI compositions, state-of-the-art electrolyte strategies to realize reversible (de)plating of Mg and Ca, and new perspectives on the SEI properties and their relevance to corrosion and the calendar life. We finally encourage researchers in the community to delve into these emerging areas by linking with successful stories in the analogous systems, but identifying distinct aspects of Mg and Ca batteries that still require attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical application of all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) is limited by lithium (Li) anode instability including Li dendrite formation and deteriorating interface with electrolytes. Here, a functional additive, isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) with a non‐resonant structure (O2−N−O−) is reported, which improves its reactivity and is utilized to build a stable N‐rich solid electrolyte interface, effectively alleviating Li dendrite and side reactions for poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI)‐based electrolyte (PLE‐ISMN). In addition, the ion‐dipole interaction between ISMN and Li ions facilitates the dissociation of LiTFSI to form carrier ions, improving the ionic conductivity (4.4 × 10−4 S cm−1) and transference number (0.50) of PLE‐ISMN. Consequently, the Li/Li symmetric cell delivers a high critical current density of 2.0 mA cm−2 and stable Li stripping/plating cycling over 5000 h with a capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the Li|LiFePO4 cell delivers an excellent initial discharge capacity of 154.0 mAh g−1 with an outstanding capacity retention of 88.9% after 500 cycles at 0.5 C. The Li|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cell also exhibits a good cycling performance at 4.4 V at 1 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential trace element, copper has major effects on cell metabolism. Therefore, interfering with the balance of copper metabolism in such a way that leads to copper deficiency or excess causes disease. It has been reported that copper metabolic imbalance, or cuproptosis, affects the development of cardiovascular diseases by mediating cellular oxidative stress and vascular remodeling and by interfering with mitochondrial functions. Importantly, copper chelators, copper ion carriers, small molecule inhibitors of copper chaperones, and dietary copper can alleviate cardiovascular diseases caused by copper metabolic imbalance or cuproptosis. In this review, we comprehensively considered the molecular mechanisms of copper metabolic homeostasis and cuproptosis, as well as their significance and therapeutic advances in cardiovascular diseases, aiming to provide insights on therapeutically targeting copper metabolic homeostasis and cupro-ptosis as a novel strategy for managing cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low level of Neurotrophins (NTs), their Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (Trks), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) and their receptors, mainly VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, characterizes AD brains. The use of NTs and VEGFs as drugs presents different issues due to their low permeability of the blood−brain barrier, the poor pharmacokinetic profile, and the relevant side effects. To overcome these issues, different functional and structural NT mimics have been employed. Being aware that the N-terminus domain as the key domain of NTs for the binding selectivity and activation of Trks and the need to avoid or delay proteolysis, we herein report on the mimicking ability of two cyclic peptide encompassing the N-terminus of Brain Derived Growth Factor (BDNF), (c-[HSDPARRGELSV-]), cBDNF(1-12) and of Neurotrophin3 (NT3), (c-[YAEHKSHRGEYSV-]), cNT3(1-13). The two cyclic peptide features were characterized by a combined thermodynamic and spectroscopic approach (potentiometry, NMR, UV-vis and CD) that was extended to their copper(II) ion complexes. SH-SY5Y cell assays show that the Cu2+ present at the sub-micromolar level in the complete culture media affects the treatments with the two peptides. cBDNF(1-12) and cNT3(1-13) act as ionophores, induce neuronal differentiation and promote Trks and CREB phosphorylation in a copper dependent manner. Consistently, both peptide and Cu2+ stimulate BDNF and VEGF expression as well as VEGF release; cBDNF(1-12) and cNT3(1-13) induce the expression of Trks and VEGFRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium is a metallic element that is used in various industries. Because when chromium is placed in the environment, it is possible to be absorbed by humans and other environmental receptors, which is why the control of this element is very important. Ionselective electrodes are commonly used today to measure a large number of cations and anions, which do not have some of the problems of the other analytical methods. In this study, to design and build a new chromium ion-selective potentiometric sensor, two ligands (E)-4-amino-N'-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene) benzohydrazide (LP5) and (E)-4-amino-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) benzohydrazide (LP7) was used as ionophores. Then, two ligands used as ionophores were compared in terms of performance and efficiency, and finally the best ionophore was selected for further experiments. The potentiometric responses of electrodes for both ligands were without any changes in the pH range of 2.5 to 10. The electrode with LP5 ligand showed a detection limit of 9.8x10-8 and the LP7 ligand showed a detection limit of 9.5x 10-8. As a result, the LP7 ligand indicates a favorable selectivity toward the Cr3+ ion. The optimal composition of the membrane that led to the desired results was 8% ionophilic, 4% additive, 64% plasticizer, and 24% PVC powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death caused by damage to lipid membranes due to the accumulation of lipid peroxides in response to various stimuli, such as high levels of iron, oxidative stress, metabolic disturbance, etc. Sugar, lipid, amino acid, and iron metabolism are crucial in regulating ferroptosis. The solute carrier transporters (SLCs) family, known as the "metabolic gating" of cells, is responsible for transporting intracellular nutrients and metabolites. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of SLCs family members in ferroptosis by controlling the transport of various nutrients. Here, we summarized the function and mechanism of SLCs in ferroptosis regulated by ion, metabolic control of nutrients, and multiple signaling pathways, with a focus on SLC–related transporters that primarily transport five significant components: glucose, amino acid, lipid, trace metal ion, and other ion. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications of targeting SLCs with ferroptosis inducers for various diseases, including tumors, are discussed. Overall, this paper delves into the novel roles of the SLCs family in ferroptosis, aiming to enhance our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and identify new therapeutic targets for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of copaiba oleoresin (CO) as a substitute for sodium lasalocid on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Twenty-four Pantaneiro lambs, aged 152 days and weighing an initial body weight of 21.2 ± 3.9 kg, were distributed in a randomised block design with three treatments and eight replications. The treatments correspond to the additive supplements: LAS (22.5 mg of sodium lasalocid/kg of diet); CO-0.5 (0.5 mL of CO/animal/day); CO-1.0 (1.0 mL of CO/animal/day). The doses of CO were administered to the animals orally with the aid of a graduated syringe. Lambs supplemented with LAS had higher hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, cold carcass yield, and degree of fattening compared to CO-0.5, while CO-1.0 did not differ from LAS. It can be concluded that daily ingestion of CO up to 1.0 mL/lamb did not negatively affect carcass characteristics when compared to LAS supplementation. However, lower ingestion (0.5 mL/day) can reduce the carcass weight and carcass yield. Although CO supplementation minimally affected the meat quality and FA profiles, both doses reduced crude protein content in meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light and pH dual-responsive ion transporters offer better applicability for cancer due to higher tunability and low cytotoxicity. Herein, we demonstrate the development of pH-responsive β-carboline-based ionophores and photocleavable-linker appended β-carboline-based proionophores to facilitate the controlled transport of Cl− across membranes, leading to apoptotic and autophagic cancer cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the initial efficacy of enzalutamide in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), inevitable resistance remains a significant challenge. Here, the synergistic induction of copper‐dependent cell death (cuproptosis) in CRPC cells is reported by enzalutamide and copper ionophores (elesclomol/disulfiram). Mechanistically, enzalutamide treatment increases mitochondrial dependence in CRPC cells, rendering them susceptible to cuproptosis, as evidenced by specific reversal with the copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate. This susceptibility is characterized by hallmarks of cuproptosis, including lipoylated protein aggregation and iron‐sulfur cluster protein instability. Interestingly, the mitochondrial matrix reductase, FDX1, specifically correlates with elesclomol sensitivity, suggesting a potential mechanistic divergence between the two copper ionophores. Notably, this synergistic effect extends beyond in vitro models, demonstrating efficacy in 22Rv1 xenografts, mouse Pten p53 knockout organoids. Importantly, enzalutamide significantly enhances copper ionophore‐mediated cytotoxicity in enzalutamide‐resistant cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that enzalutamide and copper ionophores synergistically induce cuproptosis, offering a promising therapeutic avenue for CRPC, potentially including enzalutamide‐resistant cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of new chelating copolymers containing 20% azomethine groups, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinylsalicylideneimine) (poly[VP-co-VSalI]), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinylpicolinideneimine) (poly[VP-co-VPicI]), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinylpyridoxylideneimine) (poly[VP-co-VPyrI]) with M = 63000 Da and their vanadium(IV) complexes – poly(VP-co-VSalI)-VO, poly(VP-co-VPicI)-VO, poly(VP-co-VPyrI)-VO, were designed and synthesized. These are intended for the delivery and pH-dependent release of vanadium species in the intestine environment. The chelating polymers were obtained from poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-N-vinylamine) (poly[VP-VAm]) by polymer-analogous transformations with the corresponding aldehydes. The vanadium content, determined by ICP-AES and spectrophotometric methods, was 5.36%, 4.99%, and 9.1% of the dry mass for poly(VP-co-VSalI)-VO, poly(VP-co-VPyrI)-VO, and poly(VP-co-VPicI)-VO, respectively. XPS data confirmed that only vanadium(IV) is presented in the complexes. All complexes demonstrated a pH-dependent release of low molecular weight vanadium species, making them promising candidates for the development of vanadium-containing systems for oral administration. These systems protect the main vanadium content in the stomach but can release biologically active ions in the intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) method is an efficient and elegant method for estimating the critical parameters of a wide range of compounds. In this work, the QSPR data set included the structures of 45 modified diphenyl phosphoryl acetamide ionophores along with their sensitivity to Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+. The data set was divided into the training set, including 36 compounds, and the test set, including 9 compounds. The stepwise -multiple linear regressions (SW-MLR), firefly multiple linear regressions (FA-MLR), and firefly-support vector machine (FA-SVM) models were produced on the training set with sensitivity of ionophores for Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ for predicting the potentiometric sensitivity of plastic polymer membrane sensors. The FA-SVM model showed good statistical results for all three cations. Internal and external validation was done to ensure the performance of the model. The results showed acceptable accuracy of the proposed method in identifying important descriptors in QSPR. The results of this study and the interpretation of the descriptors entered in the model can help to design new selective ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is an essential element in living organisms and is crucial in marine ecosystems. However, excessive concentrations can lead to seawater pollution and pose a risk of toxicity to marine organisms, as it is a heavy metal. In addition, it can enter the human body through the food chain, potentially endangering human health. Consequently, there is increasing focus on the rapid and highly sensitive detection of copper ions (Cu2+). We prepared a graphite carbon electrode modified with graphitised multi-walled carbon nanotubes/copper(II) ion carrier IV (GMWCNT/copper(II) ion carrier IV/glassy carbon electrode (GCE)) using a drop-coating method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the composite material film possessed a large surface area. Incorporating this composite material significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity for ions on the electrode surface and greatly improved conductivity. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was employed to quantify copper levels in seawater. Under optimal experimental conditions, a strong linear relationship was observed between the Cu2+ response peak current and its concentration within a range of 50–500 µg L−1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. The GMWCNT/copper(II) ion carrier IV/GCE exhibited excellent stability and reproducibility, achieving a low detection limit for Cu2+ at 0.74 µg L−1 when applied to copper detection in seawater. Furthermore, spiked recovery rates ranging from 98.6% to 102.8% demonstrated the method's high sensitivity, convenient operation, and practical value for real-world applications in detecting Cu2+ levels in seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products include inorganic as well as organic compounds. Living organisms face constant challenges in acquiring essential metal ions and getting rid of non-essential ones with toxic actions. They employ an extracellular biochemistry in these tasks and use it to engage in a chemical warfare against invaders and competitors by either increasing or decreasing the availability of metal ions for maintaining their welfare in aquatic or terrestrial ecological niches. To control mutualistic, cambialistic or parasitic symbiosis with other organisms they use a remarkably rich suite of secreted bioactive molecules with ligand donor atoms for metal binding. This overview discusses the interactions of these extracellular natural products with a multitude of metal ions in the periodic system of the elements. It focuses mainly on metallophores and metal ionophores secreted from bacteria, fungi, and plants, but metal-carrying cofactors and other chelating agents will also be mentioned in the context of related functions and with an intent to categorize. The intracellular fate of the metal ions and the controlled pathways for the biosynthesis, secretion, uptake, biodegradation or recycling of the secreted natural products that interact with metal ions will not be covered. Metallophores make extracellular metal ions available via delivery to specific transporters and unavailable to competing organisms, especially pathogens, though some invaders have developed ways to compete efficiently for metal ions. The classic concept of siderophores, carriers of iron(III) ions, is extended here to specific and broad-band metallophores for metal ions such as copper (chalkophores), zinc (zincophores), and yet others. Metal ionophores, in contrast, transport metal ions through biological membranes. There is a wide variety of chemical structures for either metallophores or metal ionophores. Together with physicochemical investigations of metal complexation und conditions mimicking the natural environment, “omics” mining and mapping the diversity of chemotypes is an on-going effort with analytic, genetic, and bioinformatic tools and comes together in defining the metallometabolome, which combines the metabolome and the metallome. Investigations are highly multidisciplinary, include an important, but academically infrequently crossed bridge between the biosciences (biochemistry) and the earth sciences (geochemistry), define significant applications in the pharmaceutical/medical sciences regarding immune modulation and the control of virulence at the host-pathogen interface, and have implications for the nutritional/toxicological and environmental/ecological sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon neutralization has promoted the identification of new types of energy storage devices. Aqueous iodine batteries (AIBs) with reversible iodine redox activity are considered a viable candidate for stationary energy storage units and thus have recently drawn extensive research interest. Herein, we introduce an aqueous manganese iodine battery (AMIB), utilizing sodium iodide (NaI) as a redox‐active additive in the Mn(ClO4)2 (NMC) electrolyte, activated carbon (AC) as a redox host and Mn ions as the charge carrier. Taking advantage of enhanced kinetics facilitated by I2/2I− redox activity, our suggested AMIBs can be electrochemically charged/discharged with only a 6 % loss in capacity after 2,000 cycles at a low current density of 0.3 A g−1 in an AC||AC coin cell configuration. Moreover, the AC||Zn−Mn hybrid full‐cell configuration is also established with AC and a Zn−Mn anode involving the NMC electrolyte, which retains a high energy of 185 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 2,600 W kg−1. Overall, the AMIBs in this study preferred I2/I− conversion chemistry, yielding stable cycle stability, rate performance, and low capacity loss per cycle when compared to Manganese Ion Batteries (MIBs) which are based on Mn2+ intercalation chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used electrophysiology and Ca2+ channel tethering to evaluate the performance of jGCaMP8 genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs). Orai1 Ca2+ channel-jGCaMP8 fusions were transfected into HEK 293A cells and jGCaMP8 fluorescence responses recorded by simultaneous total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. Noninactivating currents from the Orai1 Y80E mutant provided a steady flux of Ca2+ controlled on a millisecond time scale by step changes in membrane potential. Test pulses to -100 mV produced Orai1 Y80E-jGCaMP8f fluorescence traces that unexpectedly declined by ~50% over 100 ms before reaching a stable plateau. Testing of Orai1-jGCaMP8f using unroofed cells further demonstrated that rapid and partial fluorescence inactivation is a property of the indicator itself, rather than channel function. Photoinactivation spontaneously recovered over 5 min in the dark, and recovery was accelerated in the absence of Ca2+. Mutational analysis of residues near the tripeptide fluorophore of jGCaMP8f pointed to a mechanism: Q69M/C70V greatly increased (~90%) photoinactivation, reminiscent of fluorescent protein fluorophore cis-trans photoswitching. Indeed, 405-nm illumination of jGCaMP8f or 8m/8s/6f led to immediate photorecovery, and simultaneous illumination with 405 and 488-nm light blocked photoinactivation. Subsequent mutagenesis produced a variant, V203Y, that lacks photoinactivation but largely preserves the desirable properties of jGCaMP8f. Our results point to caution in interpreting rapidly changing Ca2+ signals using jGCaMP8 and earlier series GECIs, suggest strategies to avoid photoswitching, and serve as a starting point to produce more photostable, and thus more accurate, GECI derivatives.

Transition metal dysregulation is associated with a host of pathologies, many of which are therapeutically targeted using chelators and ionophores. Chelators and ionophores are used as therapeutic metal-binding compounds which impart biological effects by sequestering or trafficking endogenous metal ions in an effort to restore homeostasis. Many current therapies take inspiration or derive directly from small molecules and peptides found in plants. This review focuses on plant-derived small molecule and peptide chelators and ionophores that can affect metabolic disease states. Understanding the coordination chemistry, bioavailability, and bioactivity of such molecules provides the tools to further research applications of plant-based chelators and ionophores.

Evaporation‐driven electricity generators have been proposed to generate electricity by water interacting with nanostructured materials. However, several proposed mechanisms, such as intrinsic gradient of polar functional groups principle and electrokinetic effect perspective, are in wide discrepancy. Here, through the combination of theoretical calculations involving time dimension on material's moisturizing process and experimental analyses, it is revealed the working principle through the water molecule triple roles in driving moisture electric generators (MEGs): 1) intrinsic H2O absorption on the material surface and splitting into hydroxy group and proton due to the polarizability of the material surface determined by the static electric potential of the materials. This process induces the electrochemical potential difference of the materials via the work function changes; 2) freely diffused protons derived from the H2O splitting work as the ions charge carriers; 3) via the hydrogen bond of the water molecules to drive charge carriers diffuse between opposite electrodes, maintaining the internal circuit current flow. It is successfully unveiled that anatase TiO2 based materials for output voltage changes correlated to the domains' work function's difference, tuning by the surface adsorption species (H, Cl, OH) and anisotropic exposed crystal facets of the material. This work unveils MEG's general working principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, titanium and its alloys have emerged as the predominant metallic biomaterials for orthopedic implants. Nonetheless, the relatively high post-operative infection rate (2–5%) exacerbates patient discomfort and imposes significant economic costs on society. Hence, urgent measures are needed to enhance the antibacterial properties of titanium and titanium alloy implants. The titanium dioxide nanotube array (TNTA) is gaining increasing attention due to its topographical and photocatalytic antibacterial properties. Moreover, the pores within TNTA serve as excellent carriers for chemical ion doping and drug loading. The fabrication of TNTA on the surface of titanium and its alloys can be achieved through various methods. Studies have demonstrated that the electrochemical anodization method offers numerous significant advantages, such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and controllability. This review presents the development process of the electrochemical anodization method and its applications in synthesizing TNTA. Additionally, this article systematically discusses topographical, chemical, drug delivery, and combined antibacterial strategies. It is widely acknowledged that implants should possess a range of favorable biological characteristics. Clearly, addressing multiple needs with a single antibacterial strategy is challenging. Hence, this review proposes systematic research into combined antibacterial strategies to further mitigate post-operative infection risks and enhance implant success rates in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuproptosis is a new Cu-dependent programmed cell death manner that has shown regulatory functions in many tumor types, however, its mechanism in bladder cancer remains unclear. Here, we reveal that Phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B), a cuproptosis-associated gene, could reduce the invasion and migration of bladder cancer. PDE3B is downregulated in bladder cancer tissues, which is correlated with better prognosis. Conversely, overexpression of PDE3B in bladder cancer cell could significantly resist invasion and migration, which is consistent with the TCGA database results. Future study demonstrate the anti-cancer effect of PDE3B is mediated by Keratin 6B (KRT6B) which leads to the keratinization. Therefore, PDE3B can reduce KRT6B expression and inhibit the invasion and migration of bladder cancer. Meanwhile, increased expression of PDE3B was able to enhance the sensitivity of Cuproptosis drug thiram. This study show that PDE3B/KRT6B is a potential cancer therapeutic target and PDE3B activation is able to increase the sensitivity of bladder cancer cells to copper ionophores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries have attracted much attention in recent years owing to their fast kinetics, long cycle life, and low manufacture cost. Organic compounds with flexible structural designability are promising electrode materials for aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries. In this review, the recent progress of organic electrode materials is systematically summarized for aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries with the focus on the interaction between non‐metallic ion charge carriers and organic electrode host materials. Both the cations (proton, ammonium ion, and methyl viologen ions) and anions (chloridion, sulfate ion, perchlorate ion, trifluoromethanesulfonate and trifluoromethanesulfonimide ion) storage are discussed. Moreover, the design strategies toward improving the comprehensive performance of organic electrode materials in aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries will be summarized. More organic electrode materials with new reaction mechanisms need to be explored to meet the diverse demands of aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries with different charge carriers in the future. This review provides insights into developing high‐performance organic electrodes for aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper levels in biological fluids are associated with Wilson's, Alzheimer's, Menke's, and Parkinson's diseases, making them good biochemical markers for these diseases. This study introduces a miniaturized screen-printed electrode (SPE) for the potentiometric determination of copper(II) in some biological fluids. Manganese(III) oxide nanoparticles (Mn2O3-NPs), dispersed in Nafion, are drop-casted onto a graphite/PET substrate, serving as the ion-to-electron transducer material. The solid-contact material is then covered by a selective polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane incorporated with 18-crown-6 as a neutral ion carrier for the selective determination of copper(II) ions. The proposed electrode exhibits a Nernstian response with a slope of 30.2 ± 0.3 mV/decade (R2 = 0.999) over the linear concentration range 5.2 × 10–9 – 6.2 × 10–3 mol/l and a detection limit of 1.1 × 10–9 mol/l (69.9 ng/l). Short-term potential stability is evaluated using constant current chronopotentiometry (CP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A significant improvement in the electrode capacitance (91.5 μF) is displayed due to the use of Mn2O3-NPs as a solid contact. The presence of Nafion, with its high hydrophobicity properties, eliminates the formation of the thin water layer, facilitating the ion-to-electron transduction between the sensing membrane and the conducting substrate. Additionally, it enhances the adhesion of the polymeric sensing membrane to the solid-contact material, preventing membrane delamination and increasing the electrode's lifespan. The high selectivity, sensitivity, and potential stability of the proposed miniaturized electrode suggests its use for the determination of copper(II) ions in human blood serum and milk samples. The results obtained agree fairly well with data obtained by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive thermodynamic and structural study of the complexation affinities of tetra (L1), penta (L2), and hexaphenylalanine (L3) linear peptides towards several inorganic anions in acetonitrile (MeCN) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was carried out. The influence of the chain length on the complexation thermodynamics and structural changes upon anion binding are particularly addressed here. The complexation processes were characterized by means of spectrofluorimetric, 1H NMR, microcalorimetric, and circular dichroism spectroscopy titrations. The results indicate that all three peptides formed complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry with chloride, bromide, hydrogen sulfate, dihydrogen phosphate (DHP), and nitrate anions in acetonitrile and DMF. In the case of hydrogen sulfate and DHP, anion complexes of higher stoichiometries were observed as well, namely those with 1:2 and 2:1 (peptide:anion) complexes. Anion-induced peptide backbone structural changes were studied by molecular dynamic simulations. The anions interacted with backbone amide protons and one of the N-terminal amine protons through hydrogen bonding. Due to the anion binding, the main chain of the studied peptides changed its conformation from elongated to quasi-cyclic in all 1:1 complexes. The accomplishment of such a conformation is especially important for cyclopeptide synthesis in the head-to-tail macrocyclization step, since it is most suitable for ring closure. In addition, the studied peptides can act as versatile ionophores, facilitating transmembrane anion transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, ion-selective optodes (ISOs) have remarkably progressed, driven by innovative modern designs and nanomaterial integration. This review explored the development of modern ISO by describing state-of-the-art strategies to improve their sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time monitoring capacity. The review reported the traditional membrane based-optodes, and investigated the latest research, current design principles, and the use of essential components, such as ionophores, indicator dyes, polymer membranes, and nanomaterials, in ISO fabrication. Special attention was given to nanomaterials (e.g., quantum dots, polymer dots, nanospheres, nanorods and nanocapsules) and particularly on how rare earth elements can further enhance their potential. It also described innovative ISO designs, including wearable optodes, smartphone-based optodes, and disposable paper-based optodes. As the pursuit of highly sensitive, selective, and adaptable ion sensing devices continues, this summary of the current knowledge sets the stage for upcoming innovations and applications in different domains (pharmaceutical formulations, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and industrial applications).

Voltage‐gated ion channels prevalent in neurons play important roles in generating action potential and information transmission by responding to transmembrane potential. Fabricating bio‐inspired ionic transistors with ions as charge carriers will be crucial for realizing neuro‐inspired devices and brain‐liking computing. Here, we reported a two‐dimensional nanofluidic ionic transistor based on a MXene membrane with sub‐1 nm interlayer channels. By applying a gating voltage on the MXene nanofluidic, a transmembrane potential will be generated to active the ionic transistor, which is similar to the transmembrane potential of neuron cells and can be effectively regulated by changing membrane parameters, e.g. thickness, composition, and interlayer spacing. For the symmetric MXene nanofluidic, a high on/off ratio of ~2000 can be achieved by forming an ionic depletion or accumulation zone, contingent on the sign of the gating potential. An asymmetric PET/MXene‐composited nanofluidic transitioned the ionic transistor from ambipolar to unipolar, resulting in a more sensitive gate voltage characteristic with a low subthreshold swing of 560 mV/decade. Furthermore, ionic logic gate circuits, including the "NOT", "NAND", and "NOR" gate, were implemented for neuromorphic signal processing successfully, which provides a promising pathway towards highly parallel, low energy consumption, and ion‐based brain‐like computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]