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As a part of efforts to develop a laboratory soil-resin incubation technique to assess soil phosphorus (P) release by mixing resin beads directly with soil acting as a P sink to mimic plant root uptake, selecting a suitable type of anion exchange resin (AER) is essential. Thus, five types of strong basic AER in bicarbonate (HCO3)—form were evaluated for their ion exchange characteristics in salt solutions. The P adsorption study was conducted under four sulfate (SO42-) concentrations (0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 M) at each of three fixed concentrations (0.21, 0.62, and 2.06 mM) of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4). Results showed that adsorbed P was quantitatively extracted from the resins with dilute hydrochloric acid (1 M, HCl). Also, increasing the SO42- concentration dramatically decreased the adsorption of P by the resins, with little difference between a one- and seven-day equilibration period. All five resins behaved similarly at higher concentrations of SO42-, but at lower concentrations of SO42-, the HCO3—form Amberlite I-6766 resin had a higher affinity for P than other Dowex resins. There was much greater P adsorption to the resin at solution pH > 7.2, which suggests hydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) to be much more strongly adsorbed than dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4−). Also, the Amberlite resin has more favorable physical properties with a granular structure, lower density, and ease of handling and separation from soil, which was chosen for subsequent soil studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally friendly solution-phase synthesis has been developed for producing trans-5-aminopenta-3-enoic acid (trans-δ-Apa), along with several Nα- and C-terminal protected derivatives and its dipeptide. This method utilises low temperatures, minimal power, and short coupling times. Microwave-assisted synthesis demonstrates the production of non-proteogenic delta-amino acids and peptides with high purity, better yield, and scalability. The reaction is suitable for a wide range of carboxylic acid-derived amines and has been demonstrated on a gram scale. The process involves running five cycles of ion-exchange resin use, followed by regeneration. The replacement of central amide bonds by (E)-alkene in a δ-amino acid proves to be a promising approach for mimicking peptide backbone geometry in a dipeptide of α-amino acids. Introducing an (E) Cβ＝Cγ alkene unit enhances the conformational limitation for δ-amino acid residues, resulting in peptidomimetics with conformational constraints. Successful implementation of this efficient synthetic approach has resulted in amino-terminal protected, carboxy-terminal protected, and both Nα-terminal and C-terminal protected δ-amino acids with good yields. HBTU/HOBt/DIEA coupling yields the best results for dipeptides, while o-NosylOXY/DIEA exhibits the next best coupling efficiency. Additionally, the choice of solvent has been optimised for better yields. Microwave dielectric heating significantly reduces reaction times, offering an instant, cost-effective alternative with moderate to good yields under mild conditions and a greener method than conventional thermal heating methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As some of the richest sources of natural antioxidants, small berry fruits have attractive colors and special tastes, with recognized benefits for human health. However, sour tastes in small berry juices result in a poor flavor and low acceptance among consumers, greatly limiting their marketability. Among the most commonly used deacidification methods, chemical deacidification methods can neutralize fruit juice via the addition of a deacidification agent, while physical deacidification methods include freezing deacidification, ion-exchange resin deacidification, electrodialysis deacidification, and chitosan deacidification. All of these methods can markedly improve the pH of fruit juice, but they introduce new substances into the juice that may have an influence on its color, taste, and stability. Biological deacidification can effectively remove malic acid from fruit juice, reducing the content from 15 g/L to 3 g/L; additionally, it maintains the taste and stability of the juice. Therefore, it is widely applied for fruit juice deacidification. On this basis, some compound deacidification technologies have also emerged, but they also present problems such as high costs and complicated working procedures. This review of deacidification methods for small berry juice provides a foundation for the industrial development of such juices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The esterification of 1-methoxy-2-propanol (PM) and acetic acid (AA) is an important reaction for the production of 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate (PMA). Herein, we used the macroporous ion-exchange resin Amberlyst-35 as a catalyst to explore the effects of reaction conditions on the reaction rate and equilibrium yield of PMA. Under the optimized conditions of a reaction temperature of 353 K, using the initial reactant PM/AA with a molar ratio of 1:3, and a catalyst loading of 10 wt%, the PMA equilibrium yield reached 78%, which is the highest equilibrium yield so far. The reaction equilibrium constants and activity coefficients were estimated to obtain reaction thermodynamic properties, indicating the exothermicity of the reaction. Furthermore, pseudo-homogeneous (PH), Eley–Rideal (ER), and Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) kinetic models were fitted based on experimental reaction kinetic data. The results demonstrate that the LHHW model is the most consistent with experimental data, indicating a surface reaction-controlled process and exhibiting an apparent activation energy of 62.0 ± 0.2 kJ/mol. This work represents a valuable example of calculating reaction thermodynamics and kinetics, which are particularly essential for promising industrial reactor designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper synthesized a stytypyridine (LSL-030-bd) resin with small particle size and uniform distribution to recover molybdenum resources leached during neutral in-situ leaching of uranium. The batch experiment results show that the LSL-030-bd ion exchange resin produced had the highest U(VI) adsorption capacity at pH 7.0, reaching 187.20 mg·g−1. At pH 3.0, LSL-030-bd resin adsorbed 180.17 mg·g−1 of Mo(VI). At pH 7.0, the resin exhibited the highest separation coefficient for uranium and molybdenum, with a KD value of 9.08. The resin's adsorption of U(VI) is a spontaneous endothermic process involving monolayer adsorption that combines physical and chemical adsorption. The adsorption of Mo(VI) by the resin is an exothermic process that is not spontaneous. It involves monomolecular layer adsorption with hydrogen bonding as the primary chemical force. By desorbing molybdenum with NH4SCN, followed by utilizing a mixed solution of NH4HCO3 and (NH4)2CO3 to desorb uranium, a step-by-step desorption process may be achieved to separate and purify uranium and molybdenum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient water treatment ideally combines ion exchange for the removal of hardness elements and toxic trace metals as well as ultrafiltration for the removal of particulate matter. Although promising for adsorption, many high‐surface‐area polymer materials cannot be easily processed into freestanding membranes or packed bed columns, due to poor solution processability and high back pressures, respectively. The preparation of hybrid membranes comprising sulfonated hypercrosslinked polymers entrapped in nanocellulose papers is described. The hybrid membranes are effective for simultaneous ultrafiltration and ion exchange. Increasing the polymer loading of the hybrid membrane produces synergy by increasing the permeance of the membranes while enhancing the ion adsorption capacity to values exceeding those of bulk hypercrosslinked polymers. The maximum ion adsorption capacity for copper is determined to be ≈100 mg g−1 outperforming that of pure polymer (71 mg g−1) and commercially available ion exchange resins. Competitive adsorption is tested in samples containing water hardness elements and trace toxic metal ions showing high ion‐exchange capacities. Even when fully loaded with water hardness elements, Ba2+ and Sr2+ are still removed from solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mild strategy was developed for efficient preparation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) from the acetylation of salicylic acid (SA) and acetic anhydride (AA) assisted ultrasonic over Y-immobilized cation exchange resin (Y-CER). With this strategy, an ASA yield of 95.2% was obtained. The results showed that the increased yield was due to Lewis acidic sites (LAS) combined with ultrasonic assistance. The process reduced the AA reagent feed while lowering the reaction temperature. The characterization results showed that metal Y species were dispersedly anchored on the CER surface through S-O-Y triple-dentate bonds, resulting in abundant LAS and stable catalytic activity. Comparative experiments revealed that LAS was more favorable for the formation of ASA than Bronsted acidic sites (BAS). Furthermore, a plausible mechanism for the acetylation of SA and AA by Y-CER has been proposed. This work provided a practical protocol for improving ASA yield and reducing acid wastewater discharge, with potential application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To isolate and purify the polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum and study its in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-aging effect. Methods: Crude polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum were obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and then LBP was isolated and purified from crude polysaccharides by Sevage reagent and DEAE-52 cellulose ion exchange resin. By measuring the scavenging ability of LBP to DPPH free radical, hydroxyl radical and ABTS+ free radical, and Fe3+ reduction, the antioxidant ability of LBP in vitro was evaluated. The aging mouse model was established by D-galactose. After administration, the body weights and organ indexes of mice in each group were compared. The levels of MDA, SOD, GSH-Px and CAT in serum, liver and brain were measured. The protein expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 in liver tissue was detected by Western blotting. Results: The content of LBP after isolation and purification was 86.64%±2.34%. The IC50 values of scavenging ability of LBP to DPPH free radical, hydroxyl radical and ABTS+ free radical were 0.2081±0.0182, 0.7132±0.0220 and 0.3646±0.0138 mg/mL, respectively. Compared with the model group, the body weights and organ indexes of the mice in positive and high dose of LBP groups were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The levels of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in serum, liver and brain of mice in positive and high dose of LBP groups were significantly increased, and the level of MDA was significantly decreased (P<0.01). The expression level of Nrf-2 protein in liver tissue increased significantly except for in the low dose of LBP group (P<0.05), and the expression level of HO-1 protein increased significantly in all groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: LBP from Lycium barbarum has strong antioxidant ability and certain anti-aging effect, and its mechanism may be related to Nrf-2/HO-1 signal pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolyte membranes are considered as the nub of many electrochemical devices. Given the climate crisis and related concerns, the evolution of new membrane materials to support the sustainable systems is inevitable. Building on recent advances with the radiation technique and polymer chemistry, herein, anion exchange membranes (AEMs), ETFE‐g‐1VIm/4VP, were fabricated through graft copolymerization of vinyl heterocyclic monomer binary mixture, such as 1‐vinylimidazole (1‐VIm) and 4‐vinylpyridine (4‐VP) onto ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), a main polymer backbone without aryl ether bonds. The grafting reaction was achieved at 60°C and then followed by quaternization as a subsequent step. The effects of various reaction grafting conditions were investigated. The ETFE‐g‐1VIm/4VP AEM were characterized w.r.t the morphological and structural features. The dense surface of the grafted membranes is proved by field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images, which also show that the vinyl entities are clearly distributed in the prepolymer, which may lead to a continuous ion transport channel. AEMs processed from the highest graft yield showed good hydroxide conductivity at 90°C, reaching 16.9 mS/cm due to the presence of more transport sites. The same membrane has a relatively good alkaline stability, which is studied through weight percentage method and FT‐IR. Hence, we assume that the introduction of multi‐cationic moieties, pyridinium and imidazolium, contributes to the performance of anion exchange membranes and makes a perfect balance, especially the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. These data highlight the potential of the copolymer as an anion exchange membrane for wide spectra of electrochemical applications. Highlights: AEMs based on ETFE‐g‐1VIm/4VP are developed via radiation grafting.The membrane exhibits remarkable alkaline stability.FT‐IR, SEM, and weight percentage methods were used to prove the alkaline stability.The membrane has the potential to be used for different electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of methods used to recover gallium from Bayer liquors, highlights and analyzes shortcomings of the current state of research, and predicts the direction of recovery processes in the future. Currently, techniques for recovering gallium from Bayer liquor can be classified as resin ion exchange, solvent extraction, precipitation, and electrochemical. Compared with other recovery methods, the precipitation method is inexpensive but suffers from disadvantages regarding the relatively complex procedures and poor recovery results. Electrochemical methods do not change the solution composition but suffer from low electrolysis efficiency and high mercury content. Solvent extraction methods are simple to operate but complex to separate effectively because of low gallium concentrations. The resin ion exchange method has become the primary method of gallium recovery from Bayer liquor due to its simple operation, high recovery efficiency, and low contamination. Recently, researchers have discovered more efficient methods for recovering gallium based on resin ion exchange: impregnated resin methods and ion blotting. The impregnated resin method combines high adsorption efficiency with extractant selectivity but still suffers from extractant loss problems. Ion impregnation has the advantage of specific adsorption of target ions in complex systems, and its preparation process is improving, which will be a new research hotspot in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To monitor radioactivity and its emissions in retired nuclear facilities, this study established an analytical method for 63 Ni and 55 Fe in mixed soil samples from a decommissioning reactor. After ashing at 400 °C for 4 hours, the sample was dissolved in a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and hydrofluoric acid, and then heated to dryness and dissolved in 9 mol/L hydrochloric acid. Subsequently, 63Ni and 63Fe were separated and purified using sodium hydroxide precipitation, anon exchange chromatography, and nickel specific rein extraction, and then measured by the liquid scintillation method. The results showed that the final stable recovery rates of Ni and Fe were 98.8% and 95.8%, respectively. The minimum detection limit and minimum detectable activity for 63Ni and 55Fe were 208 (counting) and 0.041 Bq,208 (counting) and 0.144 Bq, respectively. The actual activity concentrations of 63Ni and 55Fe in the samples were 76.9 Bq/g and 30.4 Bq/g, respectively. The recovery simulation experiment was conducted using standard soil substances, achieving a recovery of over 95%. Experiments were conducted on the separation of Ni and Fe from various elements using alkali precipitation and anon exchange chromatography, respectively. Among them, the sodium hydroxide precipitation method effectively coprecipitated Ni and Fe, and removed most of Re,Sr, and all Cs at pH value between 8.7 and 11.1. The decontamination factors for Co,Fe, and Zn in the nickel fraction of anion exchange chromatography were all above 660, wide the decontamination factors for Co,Eu,Mn,Ni, Sr,Zn, and Zr in the iron fraction were all above 2 000. This work also investigated the purification effects of DMG precipitation method and nickel specific resin method on Ni, respectively. The recovery of Ni by DMG precipitation method was 87.14%, and the recovery of Ni by nickel resin method was close to 100% when the nickel interference element ratio was above 10:1. Moreover, the purification effect of interference elements such as Ba, Eu, Fe, Mn, and Sr was the best. Therefore, before using nickel resin, other methods such as alkali precipitation and ion exchange resin should be used for preliminary separation. This method is simple to operate and has a high recovery, which can meet the needs of monitoring 63Ni and 55Fe in retired nuclear facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Li2CO3--Na2CO3--K2CO3 carbonate system exhibits superior sulfur interception capacity and thermodynamic stability in the molten salt oxidation (MSO) of cation exchange resins (CERs) with high sulfur content. However, the spent salt from the MSO process cannot be reused to reduce the operating cost and further improve the reduction ratio. Therefore, the optimal oxygen equivalent for treatment is obtained by thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of the MSO process of CERs as 1.08 multiples of the theoretical oxygen demand and the corresponding approximate chemical formula in this work. The results of the equilibrium analysis are used as the basis to propose a replenishment cycle for the MSO process (MSO-RC), which replenishes the consumed carbonate to restore the SO2 adsorption capacity and treatment capacity of the spent salt. During the experiments, the oxidation efficiencies of MSO-RC are higher than 99%, and the volume reduction ratio is improved by 12% compared with the traditional MSO. In addition, the MSO-RC maintains sulfur interception rates above 80% across multiple cycles and preserves over 94.7% Li2CO3 by adding cost-effective Na2CO3 and K2CO3 into the molten salt system. The MSO-RC process significantly improves the efficiency of process operation with lower operational costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the ever increasing need to develop more efficient and sustainable methods for removing heavy metal contaminants from aqueous systems, the following article reports on the design of highly mesoporous alginate‐derived materials (Starbon®) and their application to the adsorption of heavy metals. Using the Starbon® process to expand, dry and pyrolyse an inherently porous polysaccharide precursor, it was possible to produce mesoporous materials (BJH mesopore volumes 0.81–0.94 cm3 g−1) with large surface areas (157–297 m2 g−1) across a range of low pyrolysis temperatures (200–300 °C). The mechanisms of thermal decomposition were explored in terms of chemical and structural changes using N2‐sorption porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, titration, FT‐IR spectroscopy and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that, as a result of intermolecular dehydration and crosslinking, sufficient chemical stability is obtained by the intermediate temperature of 250 °C, with limited improvement seen at higher temperatures. In addition, the materials retained large metal adsorption capacities (0.70–1.72 mmol g−1) as well as strong selectivity for Cu2+ ions (over Co2+ and Ni2+), as compared to commercial petrochemical‐derived cation exchange resin Amberlite™ Mac 3H. Thus, highlighting the potential of Starbon® materials as a sustainable answer to the widespread problem of heavy metal‐contaminated wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most abundant bioenergy raw material in nature, cellulose can be converted into sugar by hydrolysis, which can be further degraded to produce downstream chemicals, such as polyols. Hydrolysis technology is one of the key steps in the development and utilization of cellulosic biomass resources. In this study, the ionic liquid (IL)-catalyzed hydrolysis of sugarcane cellulose into reducing sugar was studied. Firstly, the hydrolysis of sugarcane cellulose in different ionic liquids (including benzothiazolomethane sulfonate, [HBth][CH3SO3] and 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate, [C3SO3Hmim]HSO4) in heterogeneous and homogeneous systems to produce reducing sugar was studied. In a homogeneous system, the catalytic effect of an ionic liquid on sugarcane cellulose was explored. The pretreatment, IL dosage (0.1~1.0 g), reaction temperature (100~180 °C), addition of water (0~500 μL), and time (1~6 h) were all discovered as key conditions for hydrolysis. The acidity of an acidic ionic liquid is a key factor affecting the hydrolysis of sugarcane cellulose; meanwhile, effective pretreatment and water are also important. As a comparison, the catalytic effect of [C3SO3Hmim]HSO4 in heterogeneous systems (the maximum yield of 5.98% for total reducing sugars, TRS) was not as good as that of [HBth][CH3SO3] in homogeneous systems (33.97%). A higher temperature does not necessarily lead to an increased TRS yield, but it will make the maximum TRS appear earlier. At last, 732 cationic ion exchange resin was used to investigate the separation of reducing sugar and ionic liquid, and the recovery of ionic liquid was investigated by an adsorption–desorption experiment. The ionic liquid can be well separated from TRS in the [HBth][CH3SO3] and reused at least five times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic antibodies play an important role in the public healthcare system to treat patients with a variety of diseases. Protein characterization using an array of analytical tools provides in-depth information for drug quality, safety, efficacy, and the further understanding of the molecule. A therapeutic antibody candidate MAB1 exhibits unique binding properties to both cation and anion exchange columns at neutral pH. This uniqueness disrupts standard purification processes and necessitates adjustments in manufacturing. This study identifies that the charge heterogeneity of MAB1 is primarily due to the N-terminal cyclization of glutamine to pyroglutamine and, to a lesser extent, succinimide intermediate, deamidation, and C-terminal lysine. Using three approaches, i.e., deferential chemical labeling, H/D exchange, and molecular modeling, the binding to anion exchange resins is attributed to negatively charged patches on the antibody's surface, involving specific carboxylic acid residues. The methodologies shown here can be extended to study protein binding orientation in column chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host cell proteins (HCPs) are one of the process-related impurities that need to be well characterized and controlled throughout biomanufacturing processes to assure the quality, safety, and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other protein-based biopharmaceuticals. Although ELISA remains the gold standard method for quantification of total HCPs, it lacks the specificity and coverage to identify and quantify individual HCPs. As a complementary method to ELISA, the LC-MS/MS method has emerged as a powerful tool to identify and profile individual HCPs during the downstream purification process. In this study, we developed a sensitive, robust, and reproducible analytical flow ultra-high-pressure LC (UHPLC)-high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) data-dependent MS/MS method for HCP identification and monitoring using an Orbitrap Ascend BioPharma Tribrid mass spectrometer. As a case study, the developed method was applied to an in-house trastuzumab product to assess HCP clearance efficiency of the newly introduced POROS™ Caprylate Mixed-Mode Cation Exchange Chromatography resin (POROS Caprylate mixed-mode resin) by monitoring individual HCP changes between the trastuzumab sample collected from the Protein A pool (purified by Protein A chromatography) and polish pool (purified by Protein A first and then further purified by POROS Caprylate mixed-mode resin). The new method successfully identified the total number of individual HCPs in both samples and quantified the abundance changes in the remaining HCPs in the polish purification sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the components of the wall of gram-negative bacteria, which, when in contact with blood, stimulates the immune system and causes fever and even serious adverse effects or death. Removing endotoxin is one of the most daunting challenges presented to the purification process in the production of recombinant biological drugs. Bacterial endotoxin (LPS) is resistant to heat and passes through sterilizing filters, and due to its dangerous side effects in living organisms, part of the target protein purification process is always related to removing this disturbing factor from the product. Materials & Methods: The affinity matrix S3E3-S-Sepharose, which was produced by immobilizing the improved variant of antimicrobial peptide S3 called S3E3 peptide on Sepharose chromatography resin, was used to remove endotoxin from active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of streptokinase, and the performance of this matrix was compared with the performance of a disposable commercial matrix (containing S3 peptide as its ligand) and with ion exchange chromatography resin. Results: The statistical analysis of the results revealed that compared to commercial S3 matrices and ion exchange chromatography, the S3E3-S-Sepharose matrix had higher protein recovery (84.07% compared to 81.50 and 75.31%, respectively) and higher streptokinase biological activity recovery (81.95% vs. 27 76.76 and 61.54%, respectively). Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, the S3E3-S-Sepharose matrix seems to be a suitable candidate for use in the purification processes of Streptokinase API and other recombinant biopharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The RGB-spectral conversion method has been used to quantitatively visualize proton diffusion phenomena that occur in a time on the order of 10 ms when an acidic ion-exchange resin is placed on an agar gel containing an acid-base indicator. The absorption spectra of the mixed indicator of bromothymol blue and methyl red were reproduced from two sets of color coordinates: RGB and L*a*b* values. We recorded a video of the color change of bromothymol blue–methyl red (BTB–MR)-containing agar gel in contact with the ion-exchange resin at a time interval of 10 ms. We successfully obtained the absorption spectra in a short time and predicted the pH values around the resin. Our results suggest that the spectral conversion method based on color coordinates has the potential for measuring the behavior of materials in nonequilibrium systems. Moreover, the present method would be one of the novel sensing technologies for the continuous monitoring of spectral change, which can be utilized as precise inline analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel, prevalently utilized in sectors such as new energy vehicle batteries and electroplating, has brought the environmental challenges, especially in the context of the national dual carbon strategy. The treatment of nickel (Ni2+)-enriched wastewater generated by these industries is pivotal for environmental conservation. Traditional Ni2+- enriched wastewater treatments, including, ion exchange resins, chemical precipitation, and fluidized bed crystallization granulation technology, often suffer from poor selectivity and the risk of secondary pollution. This study introduces an innovative approach employing a cobalt-based imidazole framework material, ZIF-67, which interacts with Ni2+ to form the nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxides (NiCo-LDH), effectively enhancing Ni2+ removal. The experiment spans material preparation, characterization, and adsorption performance assessment, supplemented by model analysis and mechanistic investigation. This multifaced approach aims not only to elucidate the adsorption mechanism but also to cultivate students' research interest, innovative thinking, and practical skills. Tailored for an 8- hour undergraduate comprehensive chemistry laboratory session, this experiment enables students to grasp fundamental principles and analytical methods for Ni2+ removal from wastewater. It also solidifies their foundational knowledge, demonstrating the practical application of theoretical concepts in industrial settings. This experiment is designed to bolster students' comprehensive abilities, enhance their scientific literacy, and foster their innovative spirits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods for obtaining high-purity perrhenic acid (with metallic impurities content below 100 ppm) of a high concentration > 200 g/dm3 and entirely from secondary raw materials were compared. Comparative analyses of three methods were performed: electrodialysis, solvent extraction (research carried out directly as part of the Small Grant project acronym RenMet), and ion-exchange (developed as part of previous projects implemented by Łukasiewicz-IMN). The basic process parameters were selected as comparative indicators: efficiency and selectivity of the process, purity of the obtained product, availability and consumption of raw materials and reagents, equipment necessary to carry out the process, the profitability of the technology, and the ecological aspects, i.e., the possibility of managing the generated solid waste and post-production solutions. Analysis of the verified indicators allowed us to select the most economically and ecologically advantageous method of obtaining high-purity perrhenic acid from secondary raw materials. Its preparation using the ion-exchange method emphasizes the product's purity and the process's simplicity, using readily available waste materials and renewable ion-exchange resin, and is based on a sustainable circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ionic heterogenized catalyst system for Anelli oxidation has been developed using potassium 4-sulfonato-oxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-yloxyl (TEMPO-4-sulfate) and anion exchange beads as support material. The catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol by bis(acetoxy)iodobenzene (BAIB) in acetonitrile with the modified beads gives a 94% yield of benzaldehyde within 60 min (batch operation). The beads give about the same conversion of benzyl alcohol in six consecutive cycles when reused after simple washing, albeit with a somewhat longer half-life time. The TEMPO entity could be removed from the beads using a sodium chloride/sodium hydroxy mixture. Reloading the beads with TEMPO-4-sulfate restored about 80% of their initial catalytic action. This exemplifies that the catalytic activity in a fixed bed can be regained without the need for cleaning and repacking the reactor. Preliminary experiments in a fixed bed show that a constant benzyl alcohol conversion of 84% over 10 residence times (as plug flow) can be achieved by the in-flow execution of the oxidation reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver isotopes have been extensively used in environment, archaeology, and economic geology. Nevertheless, accurate analysis of Ag isotope ratios faces challenges caused by the presence of matrix elements (e.g. Zn, Cu, and Pb) in most sulfide samples due to isobaric and polyatomic interferences during multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) routines. Most of these elements, such as Cu and Pb, can be effectively removed after the first column through a tandem column setup. However, the complete removal of Zn from Ag remains a significant unresolved issue, particularly given their common coexistence in sulfide minerals. Combining previous studies and the chemical principle of ion exchange resin, we optimized a twostage ion exchange procedure by meticulously adjusting solution volumes and the column separation process. A condensed Zn-doped NIST SRM (silver international standard reference material) 978a was tested for AG50W-X8 resin following our modified procedure, resulting in distinct elution curves of Ag and Zn. Subsequently, three sphalerite samples were selected for the optimized two-stage ion exchange procedure, and ICP-MS results of silver elution fractions demonstrated complete separation of Ag and Zn. The whole procedure achieved an Ag yield exceeding 98.1 ± 2.3% (2SD, n = 4). NIST SRM 978a and IAEA-S-1 (an inhouse standard) were tested for long-term reproducibility with -0.001 ± 0.030& (2SD, n = 25) and 0.054 ± 0.023& (2SD, n = 22) of d109Ag, respectively, indicating the high accuracy in MC-ICPMS routines. Zn-doped NIST SRM 978a and sphalerite samples were further subjected to the modified procedure, and they exhibited values of 0.004 ± 0.014& (2SD, n = 3) and -0.214 ± 0.033& (2SD, n = 12), respectively, for d109Ag. Moreover, we selected eight sphalerite samples from several hypogene deposits in China and obtained d109Ag values from -0.229& to 2.227&, indicating the significant Ag isotopic fractionation between Ag-bearing and Zn-rich minerals in hypogene deposits. In conclusion, this study shows the feasibility of accurately measuring Ag isotopes in Zn-rich samples and reveals their application potential in related Ag-bearing and Zn-rich deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examined reducing the hazardous effects of Sr(II) and Co(II) using a sodium-based purolite C100 cation exchange adsorbent. The sorption behaviour of Sr(II) and Co(II), including the impact of time, pH, initial concentrations, and temperature. The results reveal that purolite C100 has a fast equilibrium time and follows pseudo-2nd-order kinetics. The saturation capacity has high values of 190.5 and 182.1 mg g−1 for Sr(II) and Co(II), respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model is more applicable than other isotherm models. Negative Gibbs energy values demonstrated the excellent feasibility and spontaneity of the sorption process. Positive enthalpy readings indicate that this process was endothermic. Positive entropy values demonstrated that the disorder between the solid and liquid phases was enhanced during adsorption. Desorption of Sr(II) and Co(II) from the loaded purolite C100 was done by KCl (99.2%) and CaCl2 (99.3%), respectively. The recycling results indicated that the purolite C100 should be reused for repeated sorption-desorption regeneration cycles up to 14 cycles, with a low reduction in the uptake percentage. The excellent recycling results reveal the applicability of the purolite C100 to be used as an effective cation exchange adsorbent for the sorption of Sr(II) and Co(II) from aqueous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real textile wastewater (RTWW) poses significant environmental challenges. RTWW typically contains high levels of organic compounds, such as dyes, as well as inorganic substances like salts. These contaminants can harm aquatic life when released into water bodies without appropriate treatment. RTWW was subjected to a series of sequential treatments: exchange resins for removing ions, advanced oxidation with bicarbonate-activated peroxide to degrade organic matter, and a biological treatment based on the Zahn–Wellens test to remove remaining chemical oxygen demand (COD) The advanced oxidation process based on the activation of H2O2 with NaHCO3 (catalyzed with cobalt impregnated on a pillared clay, Co/Al–PILC)) was optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). After the process integration, reductions in ion concentrations, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon content (TOC) were achieved. Reduced hardness (99.94%) and ions (SO42− and acid black 194 dye of 99.88 and 99.46%, respectively), COD (96.64%), and TOC (96.89%), guaranteeing complete treatment of RTWW, were achieved. Additionally, the biodegradability index of RTWW increased from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.90 ± 0.01, and phytotoxicity was reduced, going from a phytotoxic that inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds to a phytostimulant after biological treatment with activated sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cation exchange resin (CER) has been reported to promote sludge fermentation. However, previous studies have typically focused on the effects of CER on sludge properties to enhance fermentation, and the role of CER as a biocarrier for anaerobic consortia during fermentation has been overlooked. Thus, in this study, the potential of gel-type and macro-reticular type CERs to serve as biocarriers in fermentation was investigated. A significant number of anaerobes appeared to be attached to the surfaces of CER during 2-day fermentation. However, an extended fermentation time negatively affected the attachment of anaerobic consortia, suggesting that CER may be a suitable carrier for short-term fermentation processes, such as biohydrogen fermentation. Electrochemical analyses revealed that the electron transfer capacities of CER with attached anaerobes were enhanced after both 2-day and 28-day fermentation periods, with the macro-reticular type CER exhibiting higher electron transfer capacity than the gel-type CER. Fermentation experiments using mixing model substrates with macro-reticular and gel-type CERs with attached anaerobes showed that the macro-reticular type CER was more beneficial for biohydrogen fermentation than the gel-type CER. Further analyses of microbial communities revealed that hydrogen-producing bacteria (i.e., Caloramator, unclassified_f_Caloramatoraceace, and Sporanaerobacter) were more likely to adhere to the macro-reticular type CERs. This outcome confirmed that macro-reticular type CERs have significant potential as a carrier for anaerobic consortia to promote the generation of hydrogen and volatile fatty acids. These findings are expected to provide a reference for using materials as biocarriers to enhance the biohydrogen fermentation of sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many processes can be used to remove toxic pollutants from wastewater. Adsorption process has been an important issue in water pollution control. In this research, work describes a facile procedure for synthetizing two polyampholytes through chemical modification of polyethyleneimine and their efficacy as adsorbent materials. The presence of amino and sulfonic acid groups in both polyelectrolytes gives them the property of ionic exchange, classifying them as polyampholytes. The adsorptive properties of both polyelectrolytes were evaluated in aqueous solutions with two acid dyes, Congo Red (DR28) and Eriochrome Black (MB11), and two basic dyes, Malachite Green (BG4) and Methylene Blue (BB9). These dyes possess anionic or cationic groups that interact electrostatically with these new polyampholytes that allow the adsorption. The kinetic study of adsorption for both polyelectrolytes, with all dyes, fits well with the pseudo second order model, demonstrating the chemisorption process. The adsorption percentage of both polyelectrolytes with cationic dyes is closer to 100%. The polyampholytes show adsorption capacity values ranging, with cationic dyes, from 270 to 416 mg g−1, as conventional ion exchange resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esters are important chemicals used in fine and bulk chemical industry with numerous applications: solvents, paints, varnishes, dyes, and cosmetics. Ester formation is dominated mainly by Fischer esterification and transesterification. Fischer reaction is generally used for ester production, but in certain cases, transesterification can be used with advantage. It is useful when the acid is less soluble in the alcohol or in the solvent used, thus forming two layers. Water formation creates purification problems during esterification reactions due to azeotrope formation and transesterification can be useful in such cases. Commercially, cheaply available methyl and ethyl esters can be conveniently used as raw materials for value added ester production by transesterification. Transesterification is also useful when the parent acids are highly reactive and pose difficulty in separation. Transesterifications are slow reactions and a catalyst is used: acids and bases, ion exchange resins, zeolites, and clays. Homogeneous catalysts were used in the past which are now replaced by their heterogeneous counterparts. Heterogeneous catalysts offer added advantages like reusability, lesser corrosion, and ease of separation. Transesterification can be commercially used to produce a number of esters of industrial importance like acrylics and biodiesel. This review considers all these aspects in considerable detail. A large literature set was scanned and its judicious extract is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, phosphoric acid pretreatment (0.6% H3PO4, 160 °C, 40 min) of eucalyptus residues was performed to recover the hemicellulosic fraction for further conversion to l‐lactic acid by fermentation with Weizmannia coagulans DSM 2314 (formerly Bacillus coagulans). The hemicellulosic hydrolysate was composed of xylosaccharides 24.8 g L–1 (mainly xylose, 20.3 g L–1), acetic acid 7.8 g L–1, furfural 0.7 g L–1, and acid‐soluble lignin (ASL) 2.1 g L–1. It was subsequently purified by using anion exchange or adsorption resins. Different liquor‐to‐resin ratios were evaluated to obtain a high concentration of xylosaccharides in the eluate and thorough removal of components that inhibit lactic fermentation. The best performance was observed when using Amberlite‐XAD‐4 resin at a liquor‐to‐resin ratio of 3:1. An eluted hydrolysate was obtained, preserving 80% of the xylosaccharides and effectively removing almost all furfural, 90% of ASL, and 32% of acetic acid. Subsequently, l‐lactic acid production by W. coagulans DSM 2314 was evaluated using concentrated nondetoxified and detoxified hydrolysate obtained with a vacuum oven. For the nondetoxified hydrolysate, 12 g L–1 of l‐lactic acid was obtained after 48 h showing a yield of 0.56 glactic acid gsugar–1 and a xylose consumption of 62%. The detoxification of the liquor significantly improved the fermentation performance of W. coagulans, resulting in a concentration of 16 g L–1 of lactic acid after 24 h, with a yield of 0.73 glactic acid gsugar–1, and almost complete xylose consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to clarify the relationship between the molecular structure of functional groups and the elution of carbohydrates in high-performance liquid chromatography. Herein, ion-exchange resins were synthesized with different numbers of methylene groups (two, four, or six) in the functional unit. The core-shell monomer weight ratio was 40:60 (St-60) and the degree of crosslinking was constant at 55%. The effect of the number of methylene groups on the separation of carbohydrates was examined under strongly alkaline conditions. A mixture of inositol, glucose, fructose, and sucrose was separated using a 0.10 or 0.15 moL/L NaOH eluent at flow rates of 0.3-0.7 mL/min. The retention times for St-60 variants with different numbers of methylene groups (two, four, or six) in the porous layer were found to be nearly the same. The theoretical plate number for glucose and fructose tended to show larger values at flow rates of 0.3 and 0.5 mL/min as the number of methylene groups increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the preparation and application of a 5-sulfosalicylic acid-loaded anion-exchange resin to remove Be2+ from aqueous solutions. Optimization efforts focused on critical parameters, including resin dosage, initial solution pH, and the influence of interfering ions. Results indicate an optimal resin dose of 0.3 g and a working pH of ≥ 4.0 for maximal Be2+ removal efficiency. Kinetic analysis reveals rapid removal kinetics, with 99% removal achieved within 45 min. Notably, the resin exhibits remarkable selectivity, maintaining consistent removal rates for Be2+ even in the presence of common interfering ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+. Sorption isotherms fitting the Langmuir model further support the resin's effectiveness in Be2+ removal. Thermodynamic evaluation suggests the removal process is spontaneous (∆G° < 0) and endothermic (∆H° > 0), indicating favorable energetics. Crucially, the Be-loaded resin is easily regenerated using 0.1 M HCl, enhancing its practical applicability. These results highlight the effectiveness and potency of the prepared resin in Be2+ removal, suggesting promising solutions for addressing environmental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study aimed to overproduce industrially relevant and safe bio-compound trans-cinnamic acid (tCA) from Photorhabdus luminescens with deletion strategies and homologous expression strategies that had not been applied before for tCA production. Methods and Results The overproduction of the industrially relevant compound tCA was successfully performed in P. luminescens by deleting stlB (TTO1ΔstlB) encoding a cinnamic acid CoA ligase in the isopropylstilbene pathway and the hcaE insertion (knockout) mutation (hcaE::cat) in the phenylpropionate catabolic pathway, responsible for tCA degradation. A double mutant of both stlB deletion and hcaE insertion mutation (TTO1DM ΔstlB-hcaE::cat) was also generated. These deletion strategies and the phenylalanine ammonium lyase-producing (PI-PAL from Photorhabdus luminescens) plasmid, pBAD30C, carrying stlA (homologous expression mutants) are utilized together in the same strain using different media, a variety of cultivation conditions, and efficient anion exchange resin (Amberlite IRA402) for enhanced tCA synthesis. At the end of the 120-h shake flask cultivation, the maximum tCA production was recorded as 1281 mg l−1 in the TTO1pBAD30C mutant cultivated in TB medium, with the IRA402 resin keeping 793 mg l−1 and the remaining 488 mg l−1 found in the supernatant. Conclusion TCA production was successfully achieved with homologous expression, coupled with deletion and insertion strategies. 1281 mg l−1is the highest tCA concentration that achieved by bacterial tCA production in flask cultivation, according to our knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds (HIOCs) like per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, and surfactants have been detected in water supplies. Anion exchange is an effective process for the removal of HIOCs from water. Regeneration solution comprising methanol (ca. 75% v/v) and brine is used to effectively desorb HIOCs from resins to overcome the combination of electrostatic and non‐electrostatic interactions. This research investigated different mono‐ and polyhydroxy alcohol cosolvents with brine to regenerate resins saturated with HIOCs to understand the effects of cosolvent properties on regeneration. For PFAS desorption using 25% v/v alcohol in 5% NaCl solution, regeneration efficiency increased in the order methanol < ethanol < 1‐propanol. Experiments with the pharmaceutical diclofenac and surfactant dodecylbenzene sulfonate showed similar regeneration efficiency using 75% v/v methanol in 5% NaCl solution and 25% v/v 1‐propanol in 5% NaCl solution and higher regeneration efficiency using 1‐propanol than ethanol or methanol at the same volume fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mefloquine (MQ) is an antimalarial medication prescribed to treat or malaria prevention.. When taken by children, vomiting usually occurs, and new doses of medication frequently need to be taken. So, developing pediatric medicines using taste-masked antimalarial drug complexes is mandatory for the success of mefloquine administration. The hypothesis that binding mefloquine to an ion-exchange resin (R) could circumvent the drug's bitter taste problem was proposed, and solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR was able to follow MQ–R mixtures through chemical shift and relaxation measurements. The nature of MQ–R complex formation could then be determined. Impedimetric electronic tongue equipment also verified the resinate taste-masking efficiency in vitro. Variations in chemical shifts and structure dynamics measured by proton relaxation properties (e.g., T1ρH) were used as probes to follow the extension of mixing and specific interactions that would be present in MQ–R. A significant decrease in T1ρH values was observed for MQ carbons in MQ–R complexes, compared to the ones in MQ (from 100–200 ms in MQ to 20–50 ms in an MQ–R complex). The results evidenced that the cationic resin interacts strongly with mefloquine molecules in the formulation of a 1:1 ratio complex. Thus, 13C CPMAS NMR allowed the confirmation of the presence of a binding between mefloquine and polacrilin in the MQ–R formulation studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, a zirconium-containing anion exchange resin was synthesized as an oxidizing resin for iodide adsorption from aqueous solutions. The static adsorption capacity of the oxidizing resin was 612.86 mg/g (obtained from isotherm studies and the Langmuir model). This capacity was 31% higher than the capacity of counter parent resin for iodide adsorption. Adsorption performance of the oxidizing resin was close to maximal over a wide range of pHs (2–7), and the best results were obtained at pH = 3 (8.5% higher than the resin capacity in neutral pH). Iodide removal selectivity in the presence of three commonly encountered anions SO 4 2 - , NO 3 - and Cl - was improved. The iodide selectivity of oxidizing resin in the presence of Cl - ion was excellent. Breakthrough curves of both resins with and without encountered anions were fitted with common breakthrough curve models. The results were consistent with the results of the batch mood experiments. Pseudo-second-order kinetic was described kinetic behavior of both resins well. An iodide adsorption mechanism was proposed using the results of batch experiments and the resin characterizations (XPS and Raman spectra). The potential of oxidizing resin for iodide oxidation into iodine increased the capacity and selectivity of resin toward iodide ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A radioanalytical method was developed for the determination of trace plutonium and neptunium in samples composed primarily of uranium. The procedure uses a neodymium oxalate co-precipitation and a two-column separation using ion exchange resin to achieve high uranium decontamination, high plutonium and neptunium separation factors and low impurity levels. The separation of the three actinides from each other relies on their oxidation–reduction chemistry. Various measurement techniques can be applied to determine plutonium and neptunium in the purified fractions: i.e., alpha spectrometry, and thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The method development, validation, and applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of novel composite membranes were synthesized utilizing polyethersulfone (PES), sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) as base polymer and titanium tungstomolybdate (TWM) as an inorganic ion exchange resin. The membranes were fabricated through the solution casting technique. The composite membranes exhibited enhanced thermal and chemical stability, as well as improved oxidative stability. All the composite membranes demonstrated higher hydrophilicity, with the SPES-TWM composite membranes displaying the lowest contact angle of 65°. The composite membranes also displayed favorable water uptake (up to 26% for SPES-TWM) and lower methanol uptake (maximum 12% for SPES-TWM) and better mechanical stability (maximum of 40 MPa for SPES-TWM). The SPES-TWM composite membranes exhibited the maximum ion exchange capacity of 1.32 meq.g−1. The transport number of 0.95 was obtained for SPES-TWM, which is comparable to the Nafion-117 membrane. The proton conductivity of both membranes increased as the temperature increased. The maximum proton conductivity of 6.3 mScm−1 was observed for SPES-TWM at 60 °C. • Composite membranes based on PES and SPES with nano TWM were prepared. • Composite membranes exhibited thermal stability up to 220 °C, mechanical stability of 44 MPa and good oxidative stability. • SPES-TWM membrane exhibited an IEC of 1.32 meqg−1 and proton conductivity of 6.3 mScm−1 at 60 °C. • SPES-TWM membrane exhibited higher diffusivity and permselectivity than PES-TWM membrane. • PES-TWM membrane displayed methanol permeation of 5.28 × 10−7 cm2s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of irradiation of a strongly basic vinylpyridine anion exchange resin of the VP-1AP grade in nitrate form on the onset temperatures of exothermic reactions, thermal effects and the composition of gaseous thermolysis products of VP-1AP was studied. It was established that the onset temperatures of exothermic reactions for an irradiated anion exchange resin are reduced by 59–100°C. The total thermal effect of thermolysis of the irradiated sorbent is 67% less than that of the non-irradiated one. An analysis of the composition of the gaseous thermolysis products of the VP-1AP irradiated anion exchange resin showed that at the first stage of thermolysis, the functional groups of the sorbent are predominantly decomposed. At higher temperatures, the process of degradation of the styrene-divinylbenzene anion exchange resin matrix was ​detected. The significant influence of irradiation on the conditions for the safe use of anion exchange resins during separation of radionuclides from nitric acid solutions was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a laboratory-scale direct air capture unit for evaluating and comparing amine-based adsorbents under temperature vacuum swing adsorption conditions. The experimental campaign conducted with the direct air capture unit allowed for the determination of equilibrium loading, CO2 uptake capacity, and other main performance parameters of the investigated adsorbent Lewatit VP OC 1065®. The investigations also helped to understand the co-adsorption of CO2 and H2O on the tested material, which is crucial for improving temperature vacuum swing adsorption processes. This was achieved by obtaining pure component isotherms for CO2 and H2O and using three different co-adsorption isotherm models from the literature. It was found that the weighted average dual-site Toth model emerged as the most accurate and reliable model for simulating this co-adsorption behaviour. Its predictions closely align with the experimental data, particularly in capturing the adsorption equilibrium at various temperatures. It was also observed that this lab-scale unit offers advantages over thermogravimetric analysis when conducting adsorption experiments on the chosen amine. The final aim of this study is to provide a pathway to develop devices for testing and developing efficient and cost-effective adsorbents for direct air capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral potassium binders have a role in the management of acute hyperkalemia among hospitalized patients. However, with therapeutic additions to this class, there is insufficient evidence between potassium binders to support a standard of care recommendation for use in this acute setting. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the acute potassium lowering effects of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS). Methods: A retrospective review of admitted patients who received SZC or SPS was conducted after exemption from the Institutional Review Board. Patients with baseline potassium values less than 5.1 mmol/L or factors contributing to potentially false report of serum potassium were excluded. The primary outcome was the average change in potassium from baseline to 24 hours following potassium binder administration. Secondary outcomes compared changes to potassium from baseline to various time periods after administration, presence of electrolyte changes, and documentation of serious adverse events. Results: A total of 246 patients were included, with 128 receiving SZC and 118 receiving SPS. Mean change in serum potassium (mmol/L) at 24 hours was not significant between binders (−.78 vs −.91; P =.22). Secondary efficacy and safety outcomes were also similar between groups. A total of 5 serious adverse events were reported, occurring only in the SPS group. Conclusion: SZC and SPS have comparable effects in acute potassium reduction, with serious gastrointestinal adverse events documented only in SPS patients. Health systems may consider this data in determining medication formularies or during order set development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of Mg isotopes in minerals is becoming increasingly relevant in Earth science. Usually, they are determined by dissolving mineral concentrates and, after purifying Mg with ion exchange resins, analysing the resulting solutions by TIMS or, most often, MC‐ICP‐MS. When applied to individual minerals, these methods are slow and prone to contamination from impurities in the concentrates, inconveniences that may be avoided using spot analysis techniques such as LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS or SIMS, albeit at the price of a large instrumental mass fractionation (IMF) and isobaric interferences, most prominent in the former. Here, we studied the potential of the multi‐collector SHRIMP II ion microprobe for measuring Mg isotopes in Fe‐Mg silicates and oxides. We found that, when corrected for the divergence of the Mg ion paths within the sample chamber caused by the Earth's magnetic field, the SHRIMP's IMF overwhelmingly depends on the mineral species, and the effects of variable chemical composition are negligible. We propose that the IMF is caused by the force constant difference, ∆F, between "hard" and "soft" bonds linking the ions of the studied element to the mineral lattice. Given that ∆F is a constant for each mineral species, we calculated IMF‐correction factors for the most common Mg‐bearing minerals. The thus‐calculated correction factors permit the analysis in the same session, and with reasonable accuracy (within ~ 0.3‰ of the δ26Mg determined by SN‐MC‐ICP‐MS analyses of concentrates), of samples from different mineral species, facilitating the application of Mg isotopes to terrestrial studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PFAS, or per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances, have received considerable attention due to their persistence in the environment and potential health risks. To address this problem, adsorption has emerged as an effective method for removing PFAS compounds from water. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of various adsorbents used for PFAS removal, including activated carbon, ion exchange resins, clay, and emerging materials such as covalent and metal‐organic framework adsorbents. The effectiveness of these adsorbents in removing PFAS compounds is discussed, along with the factors influencing their adsorption, such as pH, competitive matters, and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure for the separation of technetium isotopes from bulk molybdenum was developed in nitric acid media. After irradiation of natMo foils, and dissolution in H2O2, the solution is acidified to 2 M HNO3, and anion exchange resin is used to separate technetium from molybdenum. The procedure is simple, requiring only basic laboratory equipment and, with a two-column separation, the technetium yield is high (~ 85%) with extremely high purity (< 0.1 ppm natMo). This is ideally suited for laboratory production of technetium tracer isotopes, particularly 95mTc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge about behavior of 90Sr in environment is of importance to prevent and control contamination. A large number of analytical methods have been developed for the determination of 90Sr in environmental samples. The conducted study was focused on interpretation and evaluation of the results obtained using three radiochemical procedures for the separation of 90Sr and/or 90Y including the classical procedures based on a series of semi-selective precipitations, the ion-exchange procedure and the use of fuming nitric acid. The acquired results showed a good agreement between the compared methods within the terms of accuracy and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutting-edge research introduces a chemical reactor for liquid radioactive waste treatment, utilizing a four-stage radiochemical separation. Biomass conversion yielded activated carbons with impressive adsorption capacities up to 1 × 104 Bq/g and proved effective for Cs removal. Standout coagulants, AlCl3·6H2O and FeSO4·7H2O, achieved an 80% decontamination factor for six radionuclides. Sulphonated DVB ion-exchange resins showed high efficiency, achieving 100% Cs decontamination at pH 4 ± 2. Integrated processes successfully decontaminated twelve radionuclides up to 99 ± 1% with substantial demineralization of waste, up to 95%, was achieved. Current reactor system is invaluable for routine and emergency scenarios for treating liquid radioactive waste with varying radionuclide compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal areas of the lower reaches of Oujiang River Basin are rich in groundwater resources. However, the unsustainable exploitation and utilization of groundwater have led to significant changes in the groundwater environment. Understanding the characteristics and genesis of groundwater salinization is crucial for preventing its deterioration and ensuring sustainable utilization. In this study, a comprehensive approach combining the ion ratio method, mineral saturation index method and multivariate statistical analysis was employed to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and main controlling factors in the study area. The findings reveal that: (1) Groundwater samples in study area exhibit a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. The predominant chemical types of unconfined water are HCO3-Ca·Na, HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na, while confined water mainly exhibits Cl·HCO3-Na and Cl-Na types. (2) Salinity coefficients indicate an increase in salinity from unconfined to confined water. TDS, Na+ and Cl- concentrations show an increasing trend from mountainous to coastal areas in unconfined water, while confined water displays variability in TDS, Na+ and Cl- concentrations. (3) Groundwater salinity is mainly influenced by water-rock interactions, including the dissolution of halite and gypsum, cation exchange, and seawater intrusion etc. Additionally, human activities and carbonate dissolution contribute to salinity in unconfined water. Seawater intrusion is identified as the primary factor leading to higher salinity in confined water compared to unconfined water, with increasing cation exchange and seawater interaction observed from unconfined to confined water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oilfield brine is the largest byproduct stream generated during the extraction of crude oil and natural gas and may be considered a resource for the production of potable water and valuable raw materials. The high salinity of such waters limits the application of typical membrane-based techniques. In most oilfields, waste cold energy from the process of the low-temperature separation of natural gas is available and may be used as a source of cold for the freezing desalination (FD) of brine. As a result of the FD process, two streams are obtained: partially desalinated water and concentrated brine. The partially desalinated water may be suitable for non-potable applications or as a feed for membrane desalination. The concentrated brine from the FD could be used as a feed for the recovery of selected chemicals. This paper focuses on verifying the above-described concept of the freezing desalination of oilfield brine on a laboratory scale. The brine from a Polish oilfield located in the Carpathian Foredeep was used as a feed. Four freezing–thawing stages were applied to obtain low-salinity water, which subsequently was treated by reverse osmosis. The obtained permeate meets the criteria recommended for irrigation and livestock watering. The concentrated brine enriched with iodine (48 mg/L) and lithium (14 mg/L) was subjected to recovery tests. Ion exchange resin Diaion NSA100 allowed us to recover 58% of iodine. Lithium recovery using Mn- and Ti-based sorbents varies from 52 to 93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although lithium is a common element worldwide, it is primarily concentrated in specific areas, including pegmatites, granites, and clays, as well as brine. Today, research in various countries is exploring experimental techniques for extracting Li from Li rich rocks and clays. The Bigadiç boron deposits form in a volcano-sedimentary environment in western Turkey, and their boron minerals interlayer with significant amounts of Li-rich hectorite. However, the clays' high Mg content presents a significant complication, increasing the cost of lithium processes and necessitating an intricate extraction process. In this study, a solution with high Li and low Mg content was obtained by a two-step extraction process from raw Bigadiç clays with high Li content. Raw hectorite samples NaCl, CaCl2 and FeCl3 cation sources were mixed by the mechanical mixing method to provide cation absorption on the clay surface. The targeted ion, Li, was transferred from the clay to the solution by preferential displacement using acid treatment. The findings produced through DLi =[Li(clay)]/[Li(aq)] (ppm/ppm) and logDLi= 1319/T(K) + 5.5 ([Li(aq)]) -0.0806 formulae were analyzed and interpreted. The investigation has demonstrated the viability of selective cation exchange procedures upon rich lithium clay reserves present in Bigadiç. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]