Search

With the rapid growth of internet usage, especially on social media, forums, review platforms, and blogs, an enormous amount of data is being generated. This data often contains users' opinions, emotions, and arguments on various topics. To make informed decisions or predictions, it's crucial to analyze and organize this unstructured data effectively. Sentiment analysis of social media data has become essential, aiming to identify different forms of sentiments like hate speech, profanity, sentiment, and targeted insults. However, in the field of natural language processing (NLP), a significant challenge in sentiment analysis is the scarcity of labeled data. Researchers have traditionally used methods like lexicon-based and traditional machine learning approaches to process this unstructured social media data. Recent studies indicate that deep learning techniques have proven effective in handling this task. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various classical machine learning and deep learning techniques employed in sentiment analysis. We explore different sentiment analysis categories and compare their performance using various evaluation metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) confer significant risk for diabetes in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions about risk, potential pathways leading to diabetes, and solutions based on the lived experience. Three focus groups were conducted. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore prevalence and causes of ACEs, pathways to diabetes, and possible solutions. Grounded theory was used for analysis. Constant comparisons resulted in emergent themes that were indexed and compared with the rest of the data to establish analytical categories. Analytical categories were further refined as additional data was collected until groups of key themes or categories were identified and used to construct a theoretical framework. Participants totaled 23 across 3 groups. All participants were African American. Average age was 49, average number of years living with diabetes was 13 years. Participants included both men and women. Participants experienced one or more occasions of sexual abuse, physical and verbal abuse, and neglect. The major themes can be classified as A. Cause, B. Pathway, and C. Treatment/solution. Findings may not generalize to the overall population with ACEs and diabetes. Three major themes were identified: family instability and financial hardship as risks for ACEs, maladaptive coping leading to diabetes, and social structure as a potential solution. Future research is needed to examine quantitatively, pathways to inform prevention at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care for both the prevention of ACEs, mitigating risk for diabetes, and improving overall health. • Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) confer significant risk for diabetes in adulthood. • Limited work has been done to contextualize the relationship between ACEs and diabetes. • From a patient perspective, family instability and financial hardship are risks for ACEs. • Maladaptive coping may be the mechanism through which diabetes develops. • Emphasis on the social structure was identified as a key solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages serve as the primary immune cell population and assume a pivotal role in the immune response within the damaged cochleae. Yet, the origin and role of macrophages in response to noise exposure remain controversial. Here, we take advantage of Ccr2RFP/+ Cx3cr1GFP/+ dual-reporter mice to identify the infiltrated and tissue-resident macrophages. After noise exposure, we reveal that activated resident macrophages change in morphology, increase in abundance, and migrate to the region of hair cells, leading to the loss of outer hair cells and the damage of ribbon synapses. Meanwhile, peripheral monocytes are not implicated in the noise-induced hair cell insults. These noise-induced activities of macrophages are abolished by inhibiting TLR4 signaling, resulting in alleviated insults of hair cells and partial recovery of hearing. Our findings indicate cochlear resident macrophages are pro-inflammatory and detrimental players in acoustic trauma and introduce a potential therapeutic target in noise-induced hearing loss. Cochlear tissue-resident macrophages, not infiltrated peripheral monocytes, respond to noise exposure in mice. The pro-inflammatory effects of these macrophages contribute to insults of ribbon synapses of hair cell in noise-induced hearing loss [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Plant survival to a potential plethora of diverse environmental insults is underpinned by coordinated communication amongst organs to help shape effective responses to these environmental challenges at the whole plant level. This interorgan communication is supported by a complex signal network that regulates growth, development and environmental responses. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key signalling molecule in plants. However, its potential role in interorgan communication has only recently started to come into view. Direct and indirect evidence has emerged supporting that NO and related species (S‐nitrosoglutathione, nitro‐linolenic acid) are mobile interorgan signals transmitting responses to stresses such as hypoxia and heat. Beyond their role as mobile signals, NO and related species are involved in mediating xylem development, thus contributing to efficient root–shoot communication. Moreover, NO and related species are regulators in intraorgan systemic defence responses aiming an effective, coordinated defence against pathogens. Beyond its in planta signalling role, NO and related species may act as ex planta signals coordinating external leaf‐to‐leaf, root‐to‐leaf but also plant‐to‐plant communication. Here, we discuss these exciting developments and emphasise how their manipulation may provide novel strategies for crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research on asexual youth is limited, especially in understanding the impact of their outness and the intersection of sexual orientation with gender minority identities. This study investigates the influence of outness on experiences of harassment, discrimination, violence, and the risk of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among asexual youth, with a focus on those with transgender and non-binary identities. Data for this study were obtained from the 2021 Ace Community Survey, an international online survey designed to assess the needs and health status of the Ace community, targeting respondents aged 13 and older. The analysis involved a subsample of 5574 respondents aged 13 to 24 (mean age = 19.28), including 2361 cisgender (mean age = 19.65), 1,195 transgender (mean age = 18.80), and 2,018 non-binary individuals (mean age = 19.13). The results revealed that experienceds of sexual violence, verbal aggression, and physical harassment and bullying not only correlated with but also completely mediated the relationship between outness and NSSI. Asexual transgender youth experienced heightened levels of discrimination and NSSI but demonstrated notable resilience against the negative effects of identity disclosure, highlighting complex dynamics of vulnerability and protection within these communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Workplace stress can negatively impact healthcare providers' professionalism and quality of care. One source of workplace stress is the experience of workplace mistreatment. Drawing on the Job Demands‐Resources theory, this study aimed to (a) investigate the impact of mistreatment frequency experienced by healthcare workers from insider sources (i.e. co‐workers, supervisors) and outsider sources (i.e. patients, visitors) on affective ill‐being and (b) the potential moderating role of trait resilience and trait self‐efficacy, as personal resources, in the mistreatment–ill‐being relationship. Design: Lagged design. Methods: We collected data from 153 Irish healthcare workers between January 2018 and June 2019 via three surveys, separated by 1‐week intervals. Personal resources were measured at Time 1, frequency of mistreatment from the two sources was assessed at Time 2 and affective ill‐being was assessed at Time 3. We used moderated regression analyses to evaluate the association of mistreatment frequency from the two sources and affective ill‐being and the moderating effect of personal resources. Results: Only insider mistreatment frequency was positively related to affective ill‐being. Furthermore, the positive impact of insider mistreatment on affective ill‐being was moderated by self‐efficacy (but not by trait resilience). In contrast to our expectations, the relationship was stronger at high levels compared to low levels of self‐efficacy. Conclusion: Mistreatment from co‐workers and supervisors is linked to higher levels of affective ill‐being. Additionally, healthcare workers with high self‐efficacy were more vulnerable to the negative consequences of co‐worker and supervisor mistreatment as it impacted their affective ill‐being. Impact: These findings extend the literature on workplace mistreatment by integrating insider and outsider perpetrators of mistreatment and examining their differential impact on the employees' affective ill‐being. It also highlights mistreatment from organizational insiders as a significant factor in the relationship between mistreatment and affective ill‐being. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. What Does this Paper Contribute to the Wider Global Community?: The findings underscore the detrimental impact of workplace mistreatment on the well‐being of healthcare professionals.The study findings of higher frequency of insider mistreatment being associated with increased affective ill‐being call for action, with line managers and supervisors being critical to achieving respective changes in healthcare workers' environment.The findings have implications for policymakers interested in developing a framework to support healthcare professionals in addressing workplace mistreatment, enabling them to effectively fulfil their role as care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide with more than half of survivors living with serious neurological sequelae thus, it has recently attracted considerable attention in the field of medical research. Neurogenesis is the process of formation of new neurons in the brain, including the human brain, from neural stem/progenitor cells [NS/PCs] which reside in neurogenic niches that contain the necessary substances for NS/PC proliferation, differentiation, migration, and maturation into functioning neurons which can integrate into a pre-existing neural network. Neurogenesis can be modulated by many exogenous and endogenous factors, pathological conditions. Both brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and flavonoids can modulate the neurogenic process in physiological conditions and after various pathological conditions including ischemic insults. Aim: This review aims to discuss neurogenesis after ischemic insults and to determine the role of flavonoids and BDNF on neurogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions with a concentration on ischemic insults to the brain in particular. Method: Relevant articles assessing the impact of flavonoids and BDNF on neurogenic processes in various physiological/pathological conditions including ischemic insults within the timeline of 1965 until 2023 were searched using the PubMed database. Conclusions: The selected studies have shown that ischemic insults to the brain induce NS/PC proliferation, differentiation, migration, and maturation into functioning neurons integrating into a pre-existing neural network. Flavonoids and BDNF can modulate neurogenesis in the brain in various physiological/pathological conditions including ischemic insults. In conclusion, flavonoids and BDNF may be involved in post-ischemic brain repair processes through enhancing endogenous neurogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The verbal abuse research in social services is limited. This study aimed to describe verbal abuse of service users by professionals in social services. This cross-sectional descriptive study examined statutory reports of threats or risks in implementing social services in one city of Finland, from 2016 to 2020 (n = 1433). The case reports describing the verbal abuse (n = 34) were analysed using inductive content analysis. The perpetrators were registered and unregistered professionals. The types of abuse included inappropriate speaking style, oppression or dominance, and sometimes verbal abuse was accompanied by physical violence or threats of violence. The consequences affected the emotional well-being of service users, the fulfilment of their needs and the delivery of services. Actions implemented as a result of the reports consisted of monitoring, supporting, educating and alerting professionals about verbal abuse and raising awareness about the reporting. The findings suggest proactive training for professionals on behavioural boundaries and whistleblowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Billions of people spend hours on social media platforms every day. While there are numerous known benefits of social media, hate speech and abusive language on social media platforms have become an increasingly serious social problem affecting individuals and societies' psychological state. Detecting and preventing hate speech and abusive language is a crucial task for healthy and safety digital communication. To overcome this important social problem, we propose four various deep learning and pre-trained models: (i) Ensemble deep learning model, (ii) Multilingual BERT model, (iii) Arabic BERT model, and (iv) ALBERT model to detect hate speech and abusive language in Arabic text. To that end, we utilized the L-HSAB Arabic dataset to build our models, and we utilized the OSACT dataset to evaluate the generalizability of our model's architecture. Our model tackles two classification tasks: a binary classification and a multiclass classification task. Our Arabic Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)-based model achieved the best performance on the binary classification task with an F1-score of 90.8%. While our Multilingual BET-based model obtained the best result on the multi-class classification task with an F1-score of 80.0%. Finally, the generalizability experiment of our best-performing mod-el on the binary classification task achieved an F1-score of 90.2% on the OSACT dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Design, setting, participants and measurements Findings Conclusions This study aimed to identify the prevalence and types of harm to children from others' drinking in Australia, as indicated by caregivers, and examine socio‐demographic characteristics of caregivers who indicated a child was affected by others' drinking.A subsample of 854 adult respondents, who were caregivers of children under 18 years from the 2021 Australian Alcohol's Harm to Others study, were asked questions about whether children in their care had been negatively affected by others' drinking in the past year. Weighted prevalence estimates of overall and specific harms to children are presented. Logistic regressions were conducted to determine characteristics associated with indicating harms to children from others' drinking.Over 17% of caregivers (95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.0–19.0) indicated that one or more children in their care had been affected by others' drinking in the past 12 months. Verbal abuse (6.2%; 95% CI = 4.3–8.3) was the most common harm indicated, followed by financial harm (4.3%; 95% CI = 2.7–6.2). One percent of caregivers (95% CI = 0.4–2.3) indicated a child was physically hurt and less than 1% (95% CI = 0.2–1.4) indicated a child was the subject of a child protection call due to someone's drinking. Women and caregivers over 65 years were more likely to indicate a child had been affected compared with men and caregivers under 65 years. Caregivers who drank five or more drinks at least three times per week were four times more likely to indicate a child was affected compared with abstainers. Living in a household with someone who drinks heavily and who had negatively affected the child's caregiver was associated with an increased likelihood of child harm.In 2021, a weighted survey estimate for caregivers in Australia indicated that almost one in six children had been affected by others' drinking. Heavier drinking of caregivers and other household members was the most substantial predictor for indicating a child had been negatively affected by others' drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nursing students experienced various types of bullying and abuse in their practice areas. This study aims to assess the incidence, nature, and types of bullying and harassment experienced by Jordanian nursing students in clinical areas. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive design was used, utilizing a self-report questionnaire. A convenient sampling technique was used to approach nursing students who are in their 3rd or 4th year in governmental and private universities. Results: Of 162 (70%) students who reported harassment, more than 80% of them were females and single. Almost 40% of them reported that males were the gender of the perpetrator. Almost 26.5% of them reported that patient's relatives or friends were the sources of harassment. Psychological/verbal harassment was the most reported type of harassment (79%). Findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference in psychological/verbal harassment based on gender and type of the university. Also, there were significant negative correlations between psychological/verbal harassment, professional achievement, and personal life. Conclusion: Harassment in the clinical area is affecting the professional and personal lives of students, who lack the knowledge of policy to report this harassment. Key messages: 1. Most of the students who reported harassment were females and single. 2. Psychological/verbal harassment was the most reported type of harassment. 3. Psychological/verbal harassment affected the students' professional and personal achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children who grow up in institutional care are usually separated from their families. Separation from families can have lasting negative effects on the physical, cognitive and emotional development of these children. The study aimed to explore the perspectives of caregivers about the health and psychosocial wellbeing of the new generation of Hill Tribe Children in institutional care. Data collection involves both focus group interviews and in-depth one-to-one interviews. Thematic analysis was applied to derive key themes from the data. Four themes emerged from the analysis, namely, (1) Persistent health problems, including lice, scabies, and dental caries; (2) Challenging emotional and behavioral expressions of Generation Z children, including physical and verbal aggression, emotional suppression, and fading social and cultural etiquette; (3) Tensions between discipline and children “s rights; and (4) Emotional fulfillment accompanied by exhaustion. Caregivers” perspectives highlighted the challenges of working with Hill Tribe children. Further training may be needed to manage the balance between addressing the evolving needs of a new generation of Hill Tribe children and preserving their cultural background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study investigates the representation of women in the Otolaryngology department in a tertiary academic hospital, and the challenges they face during their residencies. Methods: A questionnaire which included demographic information and a series of 54-questions of academic, clinical, social, psychological, and private practice challenges was electronically distributed among female residents registered in the Department of Otolaryngology in the last 10 years (2013–2022) throughout November 2023 to January 2024. Results: Eighty-one female residents out of 103 registered (78.6%) responded to the distributed questionnaire highlighting the challenges they faced during their training period. Conclusion: The current study addresses the barriers confronted by female residents in the department as well as identifying potential solutions that might help future encouragement of women to select otolaryngology as their specialty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate over whether intellectual giftedness acts as a protective or a risk factor for various socioemotional difficulties has persisted in gifted studies for almost a century, with two contrasting views of giftedness still coexisting in the literature. Our goal was to investigate if early adversity could contribute to reconcile these views, specifically by investigating if Early Adverse Experiences (ACEs) could account for some of the vulnerabilities (e.g., anxiety, daydreaming, heightened emotional reactivity) sometimes associated with intellectual giftedness (Intellectual Quotient, IQ ≥ 130). For that purpose, 245 intellectually gifted adults (Mage = 41.71, MIQ = 137.87) and 205 control adults (Mage = 33.36, MIQ = 116.11) were surveyed. Main results revealed comparable high rates of ACEs among both groups. Severe ACE exposure correlated with heightened anxiety (r = 0.23, p < 0.001) and absorption in thoughts (r = 0.26, p < 0.001). Heightened emotional reactivity was associated with the duration of exposure (r = 0.11, p < 0.05). Parental verbal abuse correlated with reduced scores in positive relationships with others (r = 0.12, p < 0.05) and purpose in life (r = 0.13, p < 0.05). Conversely, IQ was not associated with these difficulties, except for a small protective effect against absorption (r = − 0.10, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that ACEs contribute to distinguishing gifted adults who experience socioemotional issues. However, subthreshold Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms and the limited protective effect of IQ on this condition may have led to underestimating the clinical assessment of their early environment, and to conflate early adversity effects with intelligence-related traits. Despite limitations and some nuances in our results, this study was the first to assess maltreatment and neglect in gifted adults. By contributing to fill the gap between two historical views of giftedness, it may inform improved clinical practices with intellectually gifted adults while better understanding them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve vital physiological functions, but aberrant ROS production contributes to numerous diseases. Unfortunately, therapeutic progress targeting pathogenic ROS has been hindered by the limited understanding of whether the mechanisms driving pathogenic ROS differ from those governing physiological ROS generation. To address this knowledge gap, we utilised a cellular model of Parkinson's disease (PD), as an exemplar of ROS-associated diseases. We exposed SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to the PD-toxin, MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) and studied ROS upregulation leading to cell death, the primary cause of PD. We demonstrate: (1) MPP+ stimulates ROS production by raising cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, rather than acting directly on mitochondria. (2) To raise the Ca2+, MPP+ co-stimulates NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2) and the Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin2 (TRPM2) channel that form a positive feedback loop to support each other's function. (3) Ca2+ exacerbates mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production not directly, but via Zn2+. (4) Zn2+ promotes electron escape from respiratory complexes, predominantly from complex III, to generate mtROS. These conclusions are drawn from data, wherein inhibition of TRPM2 and NOX2, chelation of Ca2+ and Zn2+, and prevention of electron escape from complexes -all abolished the ability of MPP+ to induce mtROS production and the associated cell death. Furthermore, calcium ionophore mimicked the effects of MPP+, while Zn2+ ionophore replicated the effects of both MPP+ and Ca2+. Thus, we unveil a previously unrecognized signalling circuit involving NOX2, TRPM2, Ca2+, Zn2+, and complex III that drives cytotoxic ROS production. This circuit lies dormant in healthy cells but is triggered by pathogenic insults and could therefore represent a safe therapeutic target for PD and other ROS-linked diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Violence against women is a prevalent, preventable public health crisis. COVID-19 stressors and pandemic countermeasures may have exacerbated violence against women. Cisgender college women are particularly vulnerable to violence. Thus, we examined the prevalence and correlates of verbal/physical violence experienced and perpetrated among cisgender women enrolled at a New York City college over one year during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: From a prospective cohort study, we analyzed data self-reported quarterly (T1, T2, T3, T4) between December 2020 and December 2021. Using generalized estimated equations (GEE) and logistic regression, we identified correlates of experienced and perpetrated violence among respondents who were partnered or cohabitating longitudinally and at each quarter, respectively. Multivariable models included all variables with unadjusted parameters X² p-value ≤0.05. Results: The prevalence of experienced violence was 52% (T1: N = 513), 30% (T2: N = 305), 33% (T3: N = 238), and 17% (T4: N = 180); prevalence of perpetrated violence was 38%, 17%, 21%, and 9%. Baseline correlates of experienced violence averaged over time (GEE) included race, living situation, loneliness, and condom use; correlates of perpetrated violence were school year, living situation, and perceived social support. Quarter-specific associations corroborated population averages: living with family members and low social support were associated with experienced violence at all timepoints except T4. Low social support was associated with higher odds of perpetrated violence at T1/T3. Other/Multiracial identity was associated with higher odds of violence experience at T3. Conclusions: Living situation was associated with experienced and perpetrated violence in all analyses, necessitating further exploration of household conditions, family dynamics, and interpersonal factors. The protective association of social support with experienced and perpetrated violence also warrants investigation into forms of social engagement and cohesion. Racial differences in violence also require examination. Our findings can inform university policy development on violence and future violence research. Within or beyond epidemic conditions, universities should assess and strengthen violence prevention and support systems for young women by developing programming to promote social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prior research suggests several pathways through which verbal aggression manifests across adolescent relationship contexts, including spillover (continuity of aggression across different relationships) and compensation (offsetting an aggressive relationship with less aggression in other relationships). These pathways vary across timescales in ways that between‐person analytic approaches are unlikely to adequately capture. The current study used random intercept cross‐lagged panel modeling (RI‐CLPM) to examine adolescents' spillover and compensatory responses to paternal verbal aggression. Methods: Participants were 184 adolescents (53.2% female) from a United States community sample participating in a longitudinal study. Annually from ages 13–17, participants reported on their experiences of verbal aggression in their paternal and maternal relationships and participated in observed interactions with a close peer that were coded for aggressive behavior. Results: Spillover was observed from father‐adolescent to mother‐adolescent and adolescent‐peer contexts in analyses at the between‐person level, likely capturing long‐term, cumulative effects of paternal aggression. Conversely, compensation was observed in analyses at the within‐person level, likely capturing medium‐term (i.e., year‐to‐year) adaptations to paternal aggression: Adolescents who experienced more aggression from their father than expected at a specific time point were less likely to both perpetrate and experience aggression in maternal and peer relationships the following year. Several findings differed across teen gender, with compensation more likely to occur in males than females. Conclusions: These findings highlight the multiple pathways by which father‐adolescent aggression may be linked to behavior in other relationships in the medium‐ and long‐term. They also support the value of RI‐CLPM in decomposing these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased aggression due to gaming addiction is a widespread and highly publicized problem. The underlying processes by which verbal aggression, a more harmful and persistent subcategory of aggression, is affected by gaming addiction may differ from other types of aggression. In this study, data came from 252 randomly recruited current university students (50.79% male, mean age 19.60 years, SD: 1.44 years, range 17 to 29 years). Participants reported gaming addiction and different types of aggression through questionnaires. In addition, two important explanatory processes, inhibitory control, and risk preference, were measured through behavioral experiments. A Bayesian hierarchical drift-diffusion model was employed to interpret the data from the risk preference task. In contrast to previous work, the study found that inhibitory control did not significantly correlate with either gaming addiction or any form of aggression However, the drift rate, a measure of decision-making inclination under risk, partially mediates the relationship between gaming addiction and verbal aggression (but not other forms of aggression). The findings illuminate risk preference under adverse conditions as a key predictor of verbal aggression, offering avenues for early intervention and suggesting game design modifications to mitigate verbal aggression by adjusting reward mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans and wildlife increasingly share urban space, which elevates the risk of negative interactions. Management efforts conventionally focus on controlling species that are considered problematic, but polarization in affected communities' perceptions and values may pose a greater problem for management in cities where ideas about preferred human–wildlife interactions vary greatly. This study uses Q‐method to investigate what type of human‐baboon relations are desirable among residents from seven areas in Cape Town regularly visited by chacma baboons. Two main perspectives emerged, each is motivated by a distinct set of values: 'Live with Baboons' is focused on positive outcomes for nature and society, recognizing humans' responsibility to mitigate negative interactions; whereas 'Control and Manage Baboons' views nature as something that should be controlled in order to maintain a stable and safe human society. Despite differences, the two perspectives also agree in rejecting abusive language toward baboons, recognizing that contexts differ and require different solutions, and acknowledging that resolving conflict requires collaboration. This has important bearing for recent public engagement processes led by local authorities to review management strategies. Residents' values and perceptions are manifestations of different lived realities and actively engaging with them can help to nuance dichotomies in the baboon discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences of family conflict are common in young people's accounts of homelessness, yet in‐depth explorations and conceptualisations of these experiences remain sparse. Drawing on focus group discussions with 29 participants, this article explores the accounts of young people and carers and parents about the dynamics, interactions and characteristics of family conflict. Findings highlight the primacy of verbal insults, criticisms or threats, as well as acts of aggression and violence in young people's and parent's understandings of family conflict. Feelings of mistrust, instability and a lack of safety also pervade family conflict and are considered its most impactful elements. We contend that these impacts are best understood via the concept of ontological (in)security, whereby young people's sense of self, belonging and stability are undermined by family conflict. This provides important insights for developing practice in this space, where working to remove long‐term patterns of family conflict, restoring young people's sense of self and belonging within their family, and supporting the stability and trust within a family may prove beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Risperidone is commonly prescribed off-label in children and adolescents to manage disruptive behavior. This study aimed to investigate continued benefits of risperidone after at least 1 year of treatment and effects of discontinuation on physical health. Methods: Thirty-five youths (aged 6–18 years, intelligence quotient [IQ] >70) who were treated with risperidone for at least 1 year in regular clinical practice receiving outpatient care were randomly assigned to double-blind continuation of risperidone during 16 weeks or continuation for 2 weeks, gradual dose lowering over 6 weeks, and placebo for 8 weeks. Primary outcome was the total Disruptive Behavior (D-total) score of the parent-reported Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form—Typical IQ (NCBRF-TIQ). Secondary outcome measures were the clinician-rated Clinical Global Impressions—Improvement scale (CGI-I), the parent, child, and teacher-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the parent-rated Retrospective Modified Overt Aggression Scale (R-MOAS), and several health parameters (Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser Side Effect Rating Scale [UKU-SERS], dyskinesia, akathisia, parkinsonism, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and laboratory outcomes). Mixed models for repeated measures were conducted for continuous outcomes and a chi-square test for the CGI-I. Results: Discontinuation of risperidone, as compared with continuation, was not associated with significant changes in parent-reported disruptive behaviors. However, discontinuation was related to significant deterioration in parent-rated verbal aggression, teacher-rated behavioral functioning, clinician-rated general functioning, and significant improvements in weight, BMI, waist circumference, and glucose, insulin, and prolactin levels. Although 56% of participants in the discontinuation group experienced relapse, causing premature withdrawal from the study, 44% was able to successfully discontinue risperidone. Conclusion: Discontinuation of risperidone was associated with deterioration on some, but not all behavioral measures according to this explorative study. Discontinuation was associated with important health gains. Despite long-term benefits of risperidone, attempts to withdraw risperidone should be undertaken in individual children. This is a crucial step in preventing harm and fostering health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study are: (1) To describe the levels of parental stress, self-reported child verbal abuse and corporal punishment among caregivers, and; (2) To assess the extent that having moderate or higher levels of parental stress is associated with self-reported child verbal abuse and corporal punishment. We randomly sampled 12 villages and sampled 40 households per village in Thailand's impoverished Deep South region in June 2020. Study participants included 466 caregivers residing in sampled households. Trained enumerators used the standard ST-5 questionnaire to measure stress level and asked the participants to self-report the study outcomes. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Approximately 19.1% of caregivers reported moderate, high, or severe level of stress. Caregivers with moderate and higher levels of stress were more likely than caregivers with low level of stress to report child verbal abuse (48% vs. 23%, respectively; Adj. OR = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.90, 5.11) and corporal punishment (28% vs. 8%, respectively; Adj. OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.36, 5.04). We found associations between caregiver's stress level and self-reported verbal abuse and corporal punishment of children in the household. However, social desirability, lack of details in the answers, and potential confounding by mental illness co-morbidities were notable limitations of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the major health issues facing the world today is addiction. It is a rapidly developing health issue in Saudi Arabia. Given how intensely addictive methamphetamine is and how strongly its usage is linked to violent crimes and extremely aggressive conduct, methamphetamine addiction is one of the most hazardous health problems. There has been a concerning rise in the usage of crystal methamphetamine, often known as "Shabu," in the Saudi market in recent years. The aim of this work was to identify the type of aggressive behaviors and psychotic symptoms in patients' methamphetamine abuse and patients with polysubstance abuse without methamphetamine abuse in Emergency Department, Riyadh Hospitals. Methods: The study was conducted upon 100 drug abuse participants who attended Riyadh Saudi Arabia Emergency Department seeking for treatment of drug dependence. All patients were subjected to drug screening and assessment of delusions, mood disorders and Modified Overt Aggression Scale. Results: Verbal aggression, self-aggression and aggression against others were significantly higher in methamphetamine abusers' group than other polysubstance abusers group (p<0.05). Methamphetamine addicts exhibited higher rates of restlessness, the need for physical restraint, spouse betrayal of delusion, disorientation, and self-harm than other groups of polysubstance abusers (p<0.05). Conclusion: Methamphetamine abusers displayed significantly higher rates of aggressive behaviors and specific psychotic symptoms compared to other polysubstance abusers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite how damaging the consequences of an inadequate translation of swearwords might be, little attention has been paid to insults, in both academic research and interpreting training. The mistranslation of an insult can affect how the police officer perceives the severity of the punishable offence and makes a judgment about what kind of action is appropriate. This study includes two experiments. First, an interpreting experiment was carried out with English–Spanish interpreting students (N = 36), including the translation of 30 insults in three different contexts. The second task aimed to find how each of the insults was comparable across both languages, according to native speakers' perceptions. We elicited native speakers' ratings for offensiveness of each of these lexical items (British N = 204 and Spanish N = 178). The results show variation in the degree of offensiveness by Spanish and British English speakers. We argue that learning insults needs to become part of interpreting training in legal contexts. This study aims to contribute to this interdisciplinary area, with one of the practical goals being the application of our results in professional training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief, repeated cycles of limb ischemia and reperfusion [ischemic preconditioning (IPC)] can protect against vascular insult. Few papers have considered the effect of IPC on resting vascular function, and no single study has simultaneously considered the local (trained arm) and remote (untrained arm) effects of a single session of IPC and following repeated sessions. We determined macrovascular [allometrically scaled flow-mediated dilation (FMD)] and microvascular [cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC)] function in healthy adults before, immediately post, 20 min post, and 24 h post a single session of IPC (4 × 5 min of single arm ischemia). These outcomes also were remeasured 24 h after six IPC sessions, performed over 2 wk. FMD and CVC increased in both arms 20 min post [FMD mean difference (MD) 1.1%, P < 0.001; CVC MD 0.08 arbitrary units (AU), P = 0.004] but not 24 h post (FMD MD −0.2%, P = 0.459; CVC MD −0.02 AU, P = 0.526] a single session of IPC, with no differences between trained and untrained arms. Although FMD did not increase 24 h after one IPC session, it was elevated in both arms 24 h after the sixth session (MD 1.2%, P = 0.009). CVC was not altered in either arm 24 h after the last IPC session. These data indicate that the local and remote effects of IPC on vascular health may be equivalent and that the benefits to FMD may be greater with sustained training compared with a single IPC exposure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: For the first time in a single study, we demonstrate that resting macro- and microvascular function increases 20 min, but not 24 h, after a single IPC session and that the magnitude of this improvement was the same in the trained arm and nontrained, contralateral arm. In contrast, macrovascular (but not microvascular) function was augmented 24 h after six IPC training sessions in both arms, suggesting a cumulative benefit of IPC training on macrovascular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The limited available data suggest that the Canadian surgical workforce does not reflect the racial diversity of the patient population it serves, despite the well-established benefits of patient-provider race concordance. There have been no studies to date that characterize the systemic and individual challenges faced by Black medical students in matching to and successfully finishing training in a surgical specialty within a Canadian context that can explain this underrepresentation. STUDY DESIGN: Using critical qualitative inquiry and purposive sampling to ensure sex, geographical, and student or trainee year heterogeneity, we recruited self-identifying Black medical students and surgical residents across Canada. Online in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed through an inductive reflexive narrative thematic process by 4 analysts. RESULTS: Twenty-seven participants including 18 medical students and 9 residents, were interviewed. The results showed 3 major themes that characterized their experiences: journey to and through medicine, perceptions of the surgical culture, and recommendations to improve the student experience. Medical students identified lack of mentorship and representation as well as experiences with racism as the main barriers to pursuing surgical training. Surgical trainees cited systemic racism, lack of representation, and insufficient safe spaces as the key deterrents to program completion. The intersection with sex exponentially increased these identified barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Except for a few surgical programs, medical schools across Canada do not offer a safe space for Black students and trainees to access and complete surgical training. An urgent change is needed to provide diverse mentorship that is transparent, acknowledges the real challenges related to systemic racism and biases, and is inclusive of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programming for divorce education continues to grow, but research on how programs benefit racially marginalized groups remains limited. Through a convergent mixed-methods design, this study examined the experiences of divorcing African American parents (n = 116) who took part in a state-mandated, online divorce education program. Quantitative analyses revealed women reported more problems than men in terms of what they attributed to their decision to divorce, including communication issues, emotional/psychological/verbal mistreatment, mental health, working too little, alcohol/drug abuse, online addiction, and physical violence. Participants demonstrated an improved understanding of divorce-related topics and positive coparenting practices after program participation. Findings from the qualitative analyses paralleled those from the quantitative analyses, as an increased awareness of the impacts of divorce on children emerged as the greatest benefit to participation. Participants also noted their appreciation for online delivery and content, as well as how the program helped them learn more about coparenting. Implications for facilitating divorce education programs with African American parents are discussed. Highlights: Experiences of African American parents completing divorce education were examined through a mixed-methods approach. Regarding reasons for divorce, women reported more problems than men, including communication issues and mistreatment. Both women and men improved their knowledge of divorce-related topics and positive coparenting. Qualitative analyses showed the online program was received favorably by participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is a frequent, yet sometimes dismissed dynamic in school-aged youth, despite all the literature around its prevalence and detrimental effects. Around the world, prevalence estimates have demonstrated wide variability. In Colombia, between 22% and 49.9% of adolescents have experienced bullying. Much research on school bullying has focused on perpetrators and those victimized; less is known about those who witness it. The main objective of this cross-sectional study of 1224 Colombian public high school students was to determine if there is an association between the different types of involvement (victims, aggressors, witnesses) in bullying and the presence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We measured individual sociodemographic factors, types of involvement in bullying, the presence of PTSD symptoms, and levels of family dysfunction. We found that verbal abuse was the most frequent behavior reported. Also, a high proportion of PTSD symptoms among victims, witnesses, and aggressors were identified. In the logistic regression analysis, presence of PTSD symptoms was associated with subjects identified as social victims (OR = 2.067; CI = 1.381– 3.095), verbal victims (OR = 2.779; CI = 1.599–4.828), victims by coercion (OR = 4.038; CI = 1.710–9.532), social aggressors (OR = 1.974; CI = 1.355–2.919), and in those with severe family dysfunction (OR = 3.372; CI = 1.744–6.520). Additional research is needed in the Colombian population to identify and explore appropriate options for prevention and intervention in those most vulnerable to bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that can present as severe pulmonary edema after significant neurologic insults. This is the first documented instance that shows a plausible causal link between cannabis consumption, psychogenic polydipsia, and the subsequent development of neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with status epilepticus secondary to acute hyponatremia. Case Report: We report a case of a 34-year-old female who presented to the emergency department altered and postictal after a witnessed new-onset seizure. She developed significant respiratory distress that required intubation. Her sodium was 121 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), from 137 mmol/L 36 hours prior on routine outpatient labs. Further history revealed excessive water ingestion after eating a cannabis edible prior to the seizure. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of recognizing neurogenic pulmonary edema in connection with psychogenic polydipsia, severe hyponatremia, and status epilepticus subsequent to cannabis consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aggression, and therefore gender-based violence, can be an impulsive or compulsive behavior, depending on the consumption of alcohol and/or drugs. In Europe, the prevalence of gender-based violence is 16 to 23%. This prevalence shows that there is a need to make further progress in the treatment of aggression against women. Qualitative techniques allow us to understand perceptions and attributions holistically by analyzing what people who commit the crime say, why they say it and how they say it. Aim: To explore the experience of physical and verbal aggression by a partner, dependent on the presence or absence of alcohol and drug use, in the prison population. Method: A mixed methodology was used (combining qualitative and quantitative techniques). The sample was made up of 140 men divided into two focus groups [with alcohol and/or drug consumption (SAD) and without alcohol and/or drug consumption (NSAD)] who completed the Demographic, Criminal and Behavioral Interview in Penitentiary Institutions; the Gender Violence Questionnaire (both developed for this study) and the MultiCAGE CAD-4 Questionnaire. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis and quantitative data were obtained using contingency tables. Results: It was found that the SAD group attributed the crime committed to alcohol and/or drug consumption, while the NSAD group attributed it to jealousy and to their partner. The SAD group revealed that the consequence of the physical aggressions was to get what they were looking for from their partner and the consequences of the verbal aggressions was regret, unlike the NSAD group that did not get anything from the aggressions. The SAD group recognized that to avoid future aggressions they would have to avoid alcohol and/or drug use, while the NSAD group mentioned that they would have to avoid contact with their partner. Discussion: The need to include perceptions and attributions as well as the use of alcohol and/or drugs is emphasized when assessing individuals who commit the crime of gender-based violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbes face many physical, chemical, and biological insults from their environments. In response, cells adapt, but whether they do so cooperatively is poorly understood. Here, we use a model social bacterium, Myxococcus xanthus, to ask whether adapted traits are transferable to naïve kin. To do so we isolated cells adapted to detergent stresses and tested for trait transfer. In some cases, strain-mixing experiments increased sibling fitness by transferring adaptation traits. This cooperative behavior depended on a kin recognition system called outer membrane exchange (OME) because mutants defective in OME could not transfer adaptation traits. Strikingly, in mixed stressed populations, the transferred trait also benefited the adapted (actor) cells. This apparently occurred by alleviating a detergent-induced stress response in kin that otherwise killed actor cells. Additionally, this adaptation trait when transferred also conferred resistance against a lipoprotein toxin delivered to targeted kin. Based on these and other findings, we propose a model for stress adaptation and how OME in myxobacteria promotes cellular cooperation in response to environmental stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background setting: The presumption that family violence will repeat and escalate is embedded in practices including risk assessment and case management. However, there is limited evidence that further episodes are inevitable, or that subsequent episodes will increase in severity. Therefore, we need to better understand temporal patterns in aggressor behavior to inform how risk is conceptualized in practice. Methods: For a sample of 2115 family violence aggressors who came to police attention in Integrated Safety Response catchment areas in Aotearoa New Zealand, we collected information New Zealand Police routinely recorded about reported harm between 2018 and 2020. We used a hidden Markov model to estimate the latent (i.e., unmeasurable) states behind the information reported to police, and modeled aggressors' movement between those states over time. Results: We identified three latent states. The first contained low or no reported harm, the second contained low probabilities of reported harm, and the third involved a high probability of reported verbal abuse and a moderate probability of reported physical violence. We identified four pathways through the latent states over the two-year follow-up period, which we called No reported harm, High reported harm, Low reported harm, and De-escalation. Conclusions: The findings add to the body of research indicating that family violence aggressors do not inevitably repeat or escalate their harmful behavior, and that a small subset of cases account for a large proportion of reported harm. This study demonstrates how information that police routinely collect can be used to estimate aggressors' latent behavioral states and model pathways communicating the probability that they will continue to come to police attention for family violence, contributing to improved risk assessment and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peer-delivered training of criminal offenders for aggression control and distress management was implemented for the first time in Correction Facility in Niš, Serbia. The aim of the manuscript is to present the method of the peer-delivered training and to evaluate the change in the levels of aggression and distress reaction of the participants after completing the program. In the first phase, prison administration chose offenders who completed training for the peer-workers, supervised by engaged professionals. In the second phase, those six convicts trained the sample of 106 fellow prisoners, randomly assigned to the program, through 12 workshops in order to learn and recognize their own dysfunctional reactions and to adapt social desirable behaviour. An independent evaluator compared pre to post-training differences in levels of aggression and distress also presence of psychopathic traits, and socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects, using Buss & Perry Aggression Scale, Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale DS-14 Questionnaire and Socio-demographic Questionnaire. Results indicate increased levels of aggression and decreased levels of distress after the training. Prisoners with longer sentences had increased levels of anger, physical, verbal aggression, psychopathic traits and distress compared to subgroup with sentences shorter than 5 years. Program is beneficial for prisoners with sentences less than 5 years and with high education level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The risk factors related to the mental health issues of adolescents diagnosed with mild to moderate intellectual difficulties (MMID) are not consistently recognised in South Africa. This paper aims to address the scarcity of literature by examining the risk factors linked to the mental health issues of adolescents with MMID. Design/methodology/approach: Four hundred and fourteen participants were sampled from adolescent learners attending three special educational needs schools in Gauteng, South Africa. The selected sample included 275 male and 139 female participants with a median age of 16.5 years. The three schools represented Grade 8 with 177 learners and Grade 9 with 237 learners. Data were collected through a biographical questionnaire and an Adverse Child Experiences Questionnaire. A quantitative approach was used to identify the risk factors impacting the mental health of adolescents with MMID. The findings were used to propose intervention programmes for the support of adolescents diagnosed with MMID. Findings: The findings suggest that risk factors for mental health difficulties issues among adolescents with MMID include family dysfunction, along with experiences of physical, sexual and verbal abuse as well as emotional and physical neglect. The recommendations stemming from the findings advocate empowering teachers, parents and caregivers to provide support for the mental health of learners with MMID. Originality/value: The study makes a valuable contribution to reducing the existing gap in the literature regarding risk factors impacting the mental health of adolescents with MMID in South Africa. The study served as a platform for adolescents diagnosed with MMID to articulate their challenges. This cohort is occasionally marginalised and this research acts as an active contribution to research that focuses on their experiences. Their insights are crucial for enhancing intervention programmes and promoting their overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines the extent of exposure to verbal violence experienced by people with intellectual disabilities and whether it differs based on their housing situation: living in the community, with family, or in a residential facility. Method: One hundred and eighty‐nine people with intellectual disabilities were interviewed about their experience with verbal violence. Results: Eighty‐six percent reported experiencing verbal violence in their lifetime and approximately 77% experienced it the past week. Participants were most likely to be yelled at, and friends were the most common perpetrators. While there were few differences by setting, people living with their families were more likely to be laughed at and marginally more likely to experience rude comments. Conclusions: Verbal violence is prevalent in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities in Israel. Interventions are necessary to assist people with intellectual disabilities to deal with such incidents, with possible additional supports needed for those living with family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Workplace violence (WPV) in Emergency Departments (EDs) is an increasingly recognized challenge healthcare providers face in low-resource settings. While studies have highlighted the increased prevalence of WPV in healthcare, most of the existing research has been conducted in developed countries with established laws and repercussions for violence against healthcare providers. More data on WPV against ED providers practicing in low-resource settings is necessary to understand these providers' unique challenges. Objective: This study aims to gain insight into the incidence and characteristics of WPV among ED healthcare providers in India. Methods: This study was conducted at two EDs in geographically distinct regions of India. A survey was designed to assess violence in EDs among healthcare providers. Surveys were distributed to ED workplace providers, completed by hand, and returned anonymously. Data was entered and stored in the RedCAP database to facilitate analysis. Results: Two hundred surveys were completed by physicians, nurses, and paramedics in Indian EDs. Most reported events involved verbal abuse (68%), followed by physical abuse (26%), outside confrontation (17%), and stalking (5%). By far, the most common perpetrators of violence against healthcare workers were bystanders including patient family members or other accompanying individuals. Notably, reporting was limited, with most cases conveyed to ED or hospital administration. Conclusion: These results underscore the prevalence of WPV among Indian ED healthcare providers. High rates of verbal abuse followed by physical abuse are of concern. Most perpetrators of WPV against healthcare providers in this study were patient family members or bystanders rather than the patients themselves. It is imperative to prioritize implementing prevention strategies to create safer work environments for healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of workplace violence (WPV) against pediatric emergency healthcare workers and evaluate the relationship between WPV and psychological resilience. This study is cross-sectional and correlational. According to the results, the prevalence of WPV was 69.8%, and its distribution was as follows: verbal abuse (56.9%), bullying/mobbing (37.6%), physical abuse (12.8%), and sexual abuse (2.2%). Being single/separated/divorced/widowed (odds ratio [OR]: 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-3.30), being a physician (OR: 4.74, 95% CI: 1.73-12.96), being a staff member (OR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.10-5.99), routine direct physical contact with patients/clients (OR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.40-5.48), and lack of encouragement to report WPV (OR: 3.76, 95% CI: 2.01-7.01) were independent predictors of WPV (P <.05), and WPV was found to be associated with low psychological resilience. Arrangements related to violence prevention, preparation, and intervention should be made and maintained in all pediatric emergency departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) have poorer adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART). This study investigates the interconnectivity of stressors induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety and family dynamics on adolescents' adherence to ART. A telephone survey was conducted among 196 South African ALHIV previously enrolled in support groups. Generalized structural equations modeling was used to understand how pandemic-related stressors affected ART adherence. Respondents reported experiencing life stressors since the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions, including doing worse at school (32%), loss of household income (44%) and less food available (38%). Forty-two percent reported greater verbal aggression from adults at home and 60% experienced anxiety. The structural equations model demonstrated a direct path from experiencing life stressors to increased verbal aggression from caregivers, which led to anxiety and ultimately, poorer ART adherence. Each stressor experienced increased the odds of experiencing verbal aggression by 51% (OR=1.51, 95%CI=1.14-2.00) which, in turn, increased the odds of having anxiety four-fold (OR=4.1, 95%C =2.16-7.76). Anxiety was associated with a 74% reduction in the odds of being fully ART adherent (OR=0.26, 95%CI=0.08-0.81). COVID-19-induced stressors exacerbated the mental and physical vulnerability of ALHIV. Findings elucidate how both discord at home and anxiety can result in poorer ART adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth sport competitions are often emotionally charged events, with children, parents, coaches, and officials reporting emotions ranging from anxiety and stress through to enjoyment because of their involvement. One of the sources for the negative emotions and experiences associated with youth sport is the behaviors displayed by spectators on the sidelines. Typically, in youth sport events, these spectators are the parents of the children involved in the competition. Recognizing the detrimental consequences that arise for children when parents are inappropriately or negatively involved on the sidelines, sport psychology researchers and practitioners have increasingly targeted interventions at improving parents' involvement in competitions. Although such interventions are valuable and important for improving children's youth sport experiences, their focus is typically exclusively upon the interactions and relationships between parents and their children. However, negative behaviors from parents on the sidelines can also impact others in the environment, particularly sports officials who report abuse and aggression from the sidelines as one of the primary reasons for leaving their roles. As officiating numbers decline, sporting organizations are considering how to best tackle these attrition rates and one area that may be worthy of consideration is the interaction between parents and officials. To-date, limited consideration has been given to the bi-directional interactions between parents and officials or to steps that could be taken to improve interactions. To this end, the purpose of this commentary is to increase awareness, initiate conversations, stimulate research, and enhance applied practice targeting the interactions between officials and parents in youth sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against police is a reality for many officers. Despite growing concerns over the rise in violence against police and the serious individual and societal repercussions associated with it, a comprehensive overview of the psychological and physical consequences of verbal and physical violence against police remains elusive. By performing a scoping review (n = 21) of studies and reports identified via database searches (Web of Science and Google Scholar), reference mining, and purposive sampling, and published between 2010 and 2023, this article is the first of its kind to map psychological and physical consequences of violence against police, as well as the risk and protective factors that respectively increase and decrease adverse consequences. Results indicate that officers experience primary victimization by a range of different adverse consequences, but also deal with secondary victimization. The literature has come to a standstill due to lack of (recent) studies and a lack of diversity on how consequences of violence against police are studied. We argue that this lack of academic attention might be influenced by predominant societal perspectives and officers' perceived victim status, and discuss the implications for police, policymakers, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International research in the past 2 decades has suggested that intimate partner violence among adolescents is a significant public health concern. Both are commonly understood as a pattern of behavior that is intended to establish and maintain control over a partner. Recently, a plethora of digital applications and social networking sites have presented new opportunities for adolescents to initiate, develop, and conduct intimate partner relationships. However, research exploring adverse experiences related to digital interactions in the context of adolescents' intimate partner relations is limited. This scoping review aims to identify and describe the nature and range of difficult experiences in the current published research relating to digital interactions between intimate adolescent partners, from digitalized violence to less severe adverse experiences. Systematic and manual searching resulted in the identification of 1,876 potential articles for inclusion in this review. A total of 18 articles were ultimately included based on the following predefined inclusion criteria. The article must: (a) be an empirical study that has used quantitative, qualitative, mixed, or review methods; (b) include young adolescents and adolescents of 18 years or younger as participants; (c) include accounts of young adolescents and young people's experiences and/or consequences of digital interactions within intimate partner relationships; and (d) be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Examples of less severe experiences could be different kinds of digital harassment, such as electronic intrusiveness, excessive texting, insults, unpleasant messages, and the spreading of rumors. Other adverse experiences related to digital interactions included being controlled by a partner, verbal abuse, experiences of aggression, sexual pressure, and coercion. Common consequences of adverse experiences included emotional and mental health-related difficulties, self-restricting behaviors, relationship difficulties, and risk behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to understand the discursive dimension of contemporary populism by undertaking a re-reading of classical (cultural anthropological) genre theory. Thereby, the concept of the collective genre ("Kollektivgattung") will be developed. This concept refers to a genre that is characterized by the fact that it addresses empirical collectives on the one hand, and on the other hand, imaginaries of social collectiveness – imaginaries that promise to erase difference and create wholeness. To make this point clear, I offer a parallel reading of two improbably distant textual and narrative forms: fairy tales and populist invective, which certainly have little in common except, I argue, that they follow rules of collective genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mahābhārata (MBh), whipping is mainly resorted to by charioteers while driving their horses and the terms designating whips are therefore frequently found in the war-books. Used metaphorically, the expression "whip-like words" designates cutting, hurtful speech. Excessive whipping of draught-animals is considered cruel and is seen as a sign of low birth. When humans are whipped, this is regarded as particularly insulting, since such treatment is usually reserved for animals, but the outcome for the offenders is unequal: kings who whip brahmins are swiftly punished and cursed, whereas brahmins who flog kings get away with it scot-free. Such tales are most frequently found in the MBh's Anuśāsanaparvan, where they serve to underscore the brahmins' superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although different studies have found that exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) in childhood is linked to IPV perpetration in adulthood, others have revealed null effects. Previous research has also found that some factors might mediate the relationship between exposure to IPV in childhood and later IPV perpetration. As far as we know, no studies examined the role of aggression in this relationship. This study aimed to analyze the link between exposure to IPV in childhood and IPV perpetration in adulthood and verify whether this relationship was mediated by aggression and its components (verbal and physical aggression, anger, and hostility). Two hundred and forty five men convicted of domestic violence, from prison and community, were recruited. Correlation analysis revealed a positive link between exposure to IPV in childhood, aggression traits, and specifically physical aggression, and IPV frequency in adulthood. Overall aggression traits and physical aggression traits were statistically significant mediator variables explaining almost 15% of the overall effect of exposure to IPV in childhood on overall IPV frequency in adulthood. These findings unravel the role of aggression in the perpetration of physical and total IPV, claiming our attention to the need to include strategies to increase emotion regulation and problem-solving strategies in intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal sexual coercion (VSC) and rape are common experiences among college women. Although they have been theorized to involve different risk markers, few prospective studies have examined predictors of VSC and rape separately. The present prospective study was designed to identify precollege risk markers for VSC and rape in first-year college women, with the goal of considering the degree to which they overlap or differ. Women (N = 449) recruited from the community just prior to high school graduation completed measures of sexual victimization (SV) since age 14 but prior to college, sexual refusal assertiveness, high school heavy episodic drinking (HED), college drinking intentions, and sociosexuality. Follow-up surveys at the end of the first and second college semesters assessed VSC and rape. Using the Sexual Experiences Survey's severity scoring method, women were classified into one of three groups according to the most severe type of SV reported in the first year of college: neither VSC nor rape (71%), VSC (16%), and rape (13%). Most women who experienced rape (73%) also experienced VSC. Precollege SV and college drinking intentions predicted both rape and VSC. Sexual refusal assertiveness and high school HED did not independently predict either form of victimization. Sociosexuality predicted rape but not VSC. Findings suggest a substantial overlap in the predictors of VSC and rape and support the severity continuum underlying many conceptualizations of SV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchiectasis presents a significant challenge due to its rising prevalence, associated economic burden and clinical heterogeneity. This review synthesises contemporary understanding and literature of bronchiectasis exacerbations, addressing the transition from stable state to exacerbations, underlining the importance of early and precise recognition, rigorous severity assessment, prompt treatment, and prevention measures, as well as emphasising the need for strategies to assess and improve early and long-term patient outcomes. The review highlights the interplay between stable state phases and exacerbations in bronchiectasis, introducing the concept of “exogenous and endogenous changes in airways homeostasis” and the “adapted island model” with a particular focus on “frequent exacerbators”, a group of patients associated with specific clinical characteristics and worse outcomes. The pathophysiology of exacerbations is explored through the lens of microbial and nonmicrobial triggers and the presence and the activity of comorbidities, elaborating on the impact of both exogenous insults, such as infections and pollution, and endogenous factors such as inflammatory endotypes. Finally, the review proposes a multidisciplinary approach to care, integrating advancements in precision medicine and biomarker research, paving the way for tailored treatments that challenge the traditional antibiotic paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Comparative Education / Revista Española de Educación Comparada is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the proliferation of social networks and their impact on human life, one of the rising problems in this environment is the rise in verbal and written insults and hatred. As one of the significant platforms for distributing text-based content, Twitter frequently publishes its users' abusive remarks. Creating a model that requires a complete collection of offensive sentences is the initial stage in recognizing objectionable phrases. In addition, despite the abundance of resources in English and other languages, there are limited resources and studies on identifying hateful and offensive statements in Persian. In this study, we compiled a 38K-tweet dataset of Persian Hate and Offensive language using keyword-based data selection strategies. A Persian offensive lexicon and nine hatred target group lexicons were gathered through crowdsourcing for this purpose. The dataset was annotated manually so that at least two annotators investigated tweets. In addition, for the purpose of analyzing the effect of used lexicons on language model functionality, we employed two assessment criteria (FPED and pAUCED) to measure the dataset's potential bias. Then, by configuring the dataset based on the results of the bias measurement, we mitigated the effect of words' bias in tweets on language model performance. The results indicate that bias is significantly diminished, while less than a hundredth reduced the F1 score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]