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Concepts such as "global work" and "cross-cultural interaction" have been used to refer to a variety of types of encounters, resulting in imprecise theorizing and difficulty drawing implications for practice. Integrating across disparate literatures, we developed a meta-theory for "global work encounters," defined as instances in which individuals associated with different cultural, national, or geopolitical institutional contexts interact for the purpose of completing organizationally sanctioned tasks. Our meta-theory incorporates theoretical perspectives from the domains of diversity, cross-cultural psychology, and international management, each of which focuses on different global work encounters and the processes and spaces they create: "cosmopolitan spaces," characterized by status entrenchment resulting from maintenance processes; "hybrid spaces," characterized by amalgamation resulting from adaptation processes; and "optimally distinctive spaces," characterized by both uniqueness and commonality resulting from adjustment processes. Our theoretical framework identifies the initial conditions—consequences at the individual level on identity, interpersonal level on mutuality, and task level on synthesized knowledge—that give rise to these three types of spaces and the processes that prompt evolution from one space to another. We thus offer a nuanced view of global work encounters to capture the range of experiences individuals may have in global work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racism from one's partner is a highly sensitive phenomenon that has received little research attention. The current research introduces the concept of "intimate racism" to refer to racism from close others. The manifestation of intimate racism in intercultural romantic relationships was explored with a sample of 92 racialized minorities who were currently, or previously, in an intercultural relationship. An online survey enquired about the experience of racism from their partner, and responses were coded and analyzed using thematic content analysis. More than 50 different manifestations of intimate racism emerged and these were grouped into eight categories: explicit racism, microinsults, microinvalidations, positive stereotypes, racial fetishization, partner abuse, defensiveness, and others. Co‐occurrence analyses revealed links between intimate racism with negative, neutral and positive experiences, which were connected to participants' responses to racism (e.g., confronting, disengaging) and to stressful identity experiences. The present work opens a new field of study to examine intimate racism and its implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual collapse of the work unit system and high population mobility have exacerbated Chinese urban dwellers' life uncertainties, and many have been forced to invest less in their surroundings and become alienated from local life. This study posits that people's passive alienation from local life is mainly due to certain cultural differences at the interpersonal level and a lack of cultural ties at the person-place level. Self-location, self-extension, and self-storage are the three main dimensions of reorganization that Chinese urban dwellers must consider in their local lives. Currently, Chinese urban dwellers' local lives remain in a state of constant flux. Cultural memories of Chinese cities and beliefs regarding future culture continuity could play a role in the reorganization of Chinese urban dwellers' local lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arguments for using narratives to organize one's leadership practice are helpful in that they justify and organize many of the activities that go into the leader's professional and personal life. This paper explores the complex nature of narratives in a professional setting and the manner in which leaders can use the therapeutic methodology of cultural relational psychology to address multiple meanings embedded in narratives. People narrate their own subjective and embodied realities and reveal themselves metaphorically and symbolically through the stories they tell. The author outlines methods that leaders can use in the context of giving and sharing narratives; including empathic attunement, contextualization, relationship authenticity, using conflicts and tensions to make relationships stronger, understanding why people feel disconnected or disempowered, and honoring individual differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on Goffman's (1967) notion of interaction rituals, we propose a process model, a causal model, and several propositions about effective relationship restoration behavior following relationship conflict. We conceptualize relationship restoration as a ritualistic process triggered by a violation. We identify two types of relationship violations and show how they are linked to different restoration processes. We also argue that culture governs restoration rituals for different violations. Therefore, effective relationship restoration results from an interaction of the disputants' cultures, the violation type, and the type of restoration mechanism offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we introduce the concept of cultural recomposition and propose its effects on group interaction processes. To gain an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie these effects, we employ self-categorization theory and control chart theory. From these we develop our own theory, proposing that cultural recomposition causes the type of variation in group interaction processes that may have substantial implications for group performance. We also identify factors that may determine whether cultural recomposition will cause this type of variation in group interaction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examines consumer socialization, parental age expectations, and overall patterns of parent-child interactions in a cross-national context. Socialization is defined by a patient, maturational approach to parenting in Japan and by a greater emphasis on autonomy in the United States. Japanese mothers have late consumer-related developmental timetables and maintain greater control over their children's consumption than do American mothers, who encourage and expect the earlier development of independent consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lethal and nonlethal suicidal behaviors are major global public health problems. Much suicidal behavior (SB) occurs after the suicide victim committed a murder or other serious transgression. The present study tested a novel evolutionary model termed the Costly Apology Model (CAM) against the ethnographic record. The bargaining model (BRM) sees nonlethal suicidal behavior as an evolved costly signal of need in the wake of adversity. Relying on this same theoretical framework, the CAM posits that nonlethal suicidal behavior can sometimes serve as an honest signal of apology in the wake of committing a severe transgression, thereby repairing valuable social relationships. To test this hypothesis, the CAM was operationalized into a set of variables, and two independent coders coded 473 text records on suicidal behavior from 53 cultures from the probability sample of the Human Relations Area Files. The results indicated that in ethnographic accounts of suicidal behavior, transgressions, punishment, and shame were relatively common, supporting the CAM, but explicit motives to apologize and evidence of forgiveness were rare, contrary to the CAM. The theoretical variables of the CAM nevertheless formed a cluster distinct from the BRM, and a subset of cases of suicidal behavior were largely related to transgressions and other CAM variables rather than BRM or other variables. Support for the CAM varied widely across cultures, but there was evidence for it in every major geographical region. Exploratory analyses suggested that the CAM is potentially more likely to occur in response to severe conflicts concerning transgressions committed against nonkin. Furthermore, in text records that involved transgressions, male suicidal behavior was most frequently associated with murder, whereas female suicidal behavior was most frequently associated with sexual transgressions. In conclusion, the results provided mixed support for the hypothesis that some instances of suicidal behavior function to send a costly signal of apology to those harmed by a transgression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a survey comparing international human resource policies and practices in Japanese, European, and United States multinational companies. The survey focused on the use of expatriates over local nationals in overseas management positions, adoption of nonethnocentric policies, and incidence of international human resource management problems. Regression analysis using the entire sample indicated that ethnocentric staffing and policies are associated with higher incidence of international human resource management problems. Also, Japanese companies as a group are shown to have more ethnocentric staffing practices and policies, and they experience more international human resource management problems than do American and European firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent models of unethical behavior have begun to examine the combination of characteristics of individuals, issues, and organizations. We extend this examination by addressing a largely ignored perspective that focuses on the relationships among actors. Drawing on social network analysis, they generate propositions concerning types of relationships (strength, multiplexity, asymmetry, and status) and the structure of relationships (structural holes, centrality, and density). We also consider the combination of the type and structure of relationships and how this embeddedness perspective relates to social contagion and conspiracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on different aspects of the exchange paradigm concept in the field of marketing. The author focuses on examining the theory of marketing by discussing the various types of exchange: restricted exchange, complex exchange, and generalized exchange. It is suggested that all marketing exchanges fall into one of three categorizes: Utilitarian Exchange, Symbolic Exchange, and Mixed Exchange. Additional elements related to the subject of social marketing are examined. The implications for society are also discussed.

Interview data from China are used to test an argument that executives develop personal connections in societies with underdeveloped legal support for private businesses. In China, such connections are called guanxi. An underdeveloped legal framework makes private-company executives more dependent on guanxi than executives in state-owned or collective-hybrid companies. Compared to the other executives, private-company executives considered business connections more important, depended more on connections for protection, had more government connections, gave more unreciprocated gifts, and trusted their connections more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finding that, across nations, power distance (expected and accepted unequal interpersonal influence) is positively related to role overload (Peterson et al., 1995) might be an artifact of the relation between role overload and ambient temperature or other third factors. We related data on power distance and role overload to other data sets, making explicit how much is often not considered when countries are compared. Results show a mysterious but unmistakable heat-overload link, which is discussed from both a physiopsychological and an evolutionary cultural perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, author talks about the stories of Mullâ Nasreddin and interpersonal relations in Iranian culture. Topics discussed include information on the artfulness of the deep roots in Iranian folklore culture; discussions on the intimate rituals of Islam; and the information on the daily conduct relations between men and women in the Judaism culture.

Academic spoken discourse has been a dominant issue for discourse studies researchers for the last 25 years or so. Different spoken academic genres have been analysed (Swales, 1990, 2004; Berkenkotter and Huckin, 1995; Bhatia, 2001, 2002; Mauranen, 2001; Juzwik, 2004; Crawford-Camiciottoli, 2004, 2007; among others) thanks to the compilation and the easy access to electronic spoken corpora. This study focuses on the genre of lecture as “the central ritual of the culture of learning” (Benson, 1994) in higher education. Here, I analyse the use of evaluative language in medical discourse lectures. A contrastive study between Spanish and English medical lectures is carried out. To my knowledge, little attention has been paid to the analysis of evaluative language in medical discourse. The present study employs a quantitative and a qualitative approach to analyse four Spanish and English medical discourse lectures with an average of 35,000 words. The English lectures have been taken from the Michigan Corpus of Academic and Spoken English (MICASE) and the Spanish lectures have been recorded and transcribed in the Degree in Medicine course at a Spanish university for the purpose of this study. Corpus analysis tools have been used to analyse attitudinal language expressing explicit evaluation. The findings show similarities and also differences in the use of evaluative markers in academic medical discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using latent class analysis (LCA), we examined patterns of participation in multiple scenes, how sexual risk practices vary by scene, and psychosocial factors associated with these patterns among 470 gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) recruited from Toronto. We calculated posterior probability of being in a class from participation in nine separate scenes. We used Entropy, the Bayesian information criterion and the Lo-Mendel-Rubin likelihood ratio test to identify the best fit model. Fit indices suggested a four-class solution. Half (50%) of the GBM reported no or minimal participation in any scene, 28% reported participating in the dance club scene, 16% reported participating in the BDSM, bear, and leather scenes, and 6% reported participating in circuit, party and play, and sex party scenes. Compared to GBM who did not participate in scenes, GBM participating in the BDSM-Bear-Leather scene were more likely to be older, white, to report higher sexual self-esteem, and to engage in condomless anal sex; Party and Play scene members were more likely to be of Asian origin, and to use drugs before and during sex, whereas Dance Club scene members were more likely to be younger and to report lower self-esteem but higher hope. LCA allowed us to identify distinct social niches or micro-cultures and factors characterizing these micro-cultures. GBM differ in their risk for HIV and STIs according to characteristics associated with participation in distinct micro-cultures associated with scenes. Tailored interventions may be needed that focus on reducing HIV risk and promoting sexual health in specific contexts such as the BDSM-Bear-Leather and Party and Play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of culture, while recognized, has received proportionately less attention than political and economic issues and objective interests in settling political disputes. Traditional ways of understanding conflict and approaches to reconciliation nevertheless appear to play a major role in the frequent breakdown of peace agreements, as parties’ underlying needs and expectations are not met. A review of data on peace agreements in the Middle East as compared to the rest of the world shows that power imbalance, perceptions of injustice and the authority of potential mediators play especially important roles in success. In cases of inter-Arab and Arab–Israeli conflict, reconciliation requires power rebalance, demonstrated mutual respect and security guarantees. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries proved transformative for Cherokee people. At the dawn of the eighteenth century, Cherokees lived in towns and nurtured strong regional affiliations that were overlaid with the sacred obligations associated with membership in one of seven matrilineal clans. But all this changed. The encroaching Anglo settler frontier from the east and pressure from the Spanish, the French, and hostile Native warriors from the north all prompted changes in how Cherokee people represented themselves to outsiders. This article draws on colonial archives, missionary records, ethnographic travel writing, and the written and oral traditions of the Cherokee people to explore the importance of friendship among Cherokees in the Native South. What did friendship mean to Cherokees? How did Cherokees represent friendship? And how was friendship performed (and those performances interpreted) in diplomatic, social, and cultural contexts? These questions frame this essay's analysis as it seeks to enrich our understanding of friendship in Cherokee history and to highlight what Cherokee Chiefs meant when they declared "Our Hands and Hearts are Joined Together". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay exposes the constructed nature of the east/west binary as a means by which westerners (especially) can reinforce their sense of superiority, while easterners can use it as an intellectual stick to criticize their western counterparts. In its place I advocate a more measured approach based on listening to and understanding alternative perspectives, not only in terms of interpersonal relationships but in terms of personal psychology. The importance of mesearch as a concept, uniting scholarly and personal approaches, is proposed as a means to achieve this aim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is now widespread recognition that relationships have important implications for health. To better understand this linkage, scholars have called for greater bridging between relationship science and the study of health. The goal of this paper is to raise awareness of another factor that needs to be incorporated into this area of study: culture. I recommend three steps that researchers can take to systematically incorporate culture into the study of relationships and health. First, I suggest four possible culture patterns to study: similarity, moderation, mediation, and novel constructs. Second, I suggest that theoretically meaningful cultural variation and multiple cultures be concurrently studied. The value of this strategy is highlighted via examples from three contexts that emphasize distinct approaches to self and emotion in relationships. Third, I suggest that key relationship processes in families and couples, two relationships with extensive implications for health, be studied. Selected studies of four relationship processes known to be relevant for health - expectations, formation and maintenance, emotions, and social support - are briefly reviewed to highlight the value of this focus. The theoretical and applied benefit of incorporating culture into the study of the association of relationships with health is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]