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Around the world, governments are contemplating taking steps to reverse or mitigate the negative health and developmental effects that come from the increasing amount of time children are spending online and using screens. In 2023, the People's Republic of China (PRC) released a draft regulation restricting minors' screen time and internet use, which imposes a significant burden not only on children, but also on technology and internet companies that wish to continue operating in the country. However, the PRC's proposed minor mode regulation is neither an extreme departure from the types of restrictions neighboring countries in East Asia have imposed on children's screen time and internet use, nor its own previous regulations in this area. As such, the proposed regulation is unlikely to have violated a norm of customary international law against restricting children's internet use. Similarly, although international instruments like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights guarantee a universal right of expression, which arguably includes an implied right to the internet, the proposed Chinese regulation is not likely to be deemed violative of either of these instruments because of ambiguities within them as to how states are meant to weigh children's rights against their protection. This conclusion is bolstered by the competing provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child about protecting children's fundamental rights while also ensuring their health and wellbeing. As such, the PRC's Draft Minor Mode Guidelines are likely to pass without facing significant legal challenges domestically or internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter gives an overview of some challenges faced by OECD countries regarding children and digital inequalities. Despite a narrowing gap in terms of access to digital tools and the Internet, inequalities are persistent and pervasive. Many children in OECD countries lack adequate access to digital tools and the Internet that can impede their participation in an increasingly digital world. Furthermore, disparities in digital skills are stark and some students risk being left behind. Mitigating these disparities is a key policy objective in many education systems, as is supporting all children to safely navigate the digital environment while minimising risk of harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has changed the landscape young people face as they come of age. It has changed how children interact with their parents, schools, community organizations, and the state. Despite many benefits, digital technologies that employ data collection, algorithms, and artificial intelligence pose significant risks for the next generation. Private businesses can collect, use, and sell a child’s data in ways never imagined by their families. Information collected by third parties with good intentions can be stolen through data breaches. Through faulty algorithms, websites can make inaccurate assumptions about young people’s interests, teachers can make inaccurate assumptions about a student’s potential achievement, and the state can make inaccurate assumptions about a child’s risk to engage in criminal activity. It can also feed young people information that is harmful to their physical or psychological well-being. Meanwhile, current efforts in the United States that promise to protect children online threaten to undermine their right to privacy. United States federal and state laws are ill-equipped to truly offer children online privacy protections. There are few legal remedies available to young people whose data is used in malicious ways. The remedies that do exist are insufficient to simultaneously safeguard children while respecting privacy as young people mature. To that end, this Article seeks to explore how current laws centered on children’s online protection are inadequate, and why the obsession with keeping young people safe online often curtails their need for agency and autonomy. It offers a cogent path forward to guide federal and state policymakers as they update children’s online privacy protection law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research explores online advice to parents for managing children's Internet and social media use to understand what courses of action are recommended for parents. Background: Parents often play a protectionist role in parenting, including trying to limit their children's Internet use to reduce harms. However, little is known about the advice parents are provided about how to make these decisions. Methods: We conducted a content analysis of 73 websites offering advice to parents on guiding their children's Internet use. These websites are sponsored by professional associations as well as magazines, blogs, and others. Results: Privacy, monitoring, limiting use, parent–child communication, and safety were the most common topic areas. We find that sites emphasize the risks of being online roughly twice as often as the opportunities. Only approximately two fifths of the websites addressed the permanence of online sharing or how this may impact future college admissions or employment opportunities. Conclusion: Advice given to parents focuses on protecting children (privacy, safety, monitoring) much more than teaching children how to navigate social media platforms for their benefit. Implications: Given the proliferation of social media and the Internet and how online behavior affects opportunities, it is increasingly important to understand what guidance parents are provided to teach children how to develop digital cultural capital in a technologically advanced world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics on children's digital presences are staggering, with an overwhelming majority of children having unique digital identities by age two. The phenomenon of "sharenting" (parents sharing content of their children on social media) can start as early as a sonogram photo or a birth video and evolve into parent-run Instagram and TikTok accounts soon after. Content is often intimate, sometimes embarrassing, and frequently shared without children's consent. Sharenting poses a myriad of risks to children including identity theft, digital kidnapping, exposure to child predators, emotional trauma, and social isolation. In the face of such significant risks to children's well-being, one can only hope that parents will take care in deciding what information to share about their children online or whether to share at all. In recent years, that delicate risk calculus has been skewed by the potential to garner immense wealth from sharing content about children on sites like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram. It is high time that regulations protect the rights and privacy of children online. However, attempts to regulate sharenting itself will struggle to overcome the strong countervailing parental constitutional rights to free speech and parental autonomy. This Note proposes limiting the ability to profit from sharenting so that settled parental rights are undisturbed while the perverse incentive to expose children to immense risk for the possibility of profit is mitigated. This Note: (1) provides an overview of the phenomenon of sharenting, (2) surveys the current regulatory framework and its lapses in adequately protecting child influencers, (3) addresses the strong countervailing parental rights to parental autonomy and free speech, and (4) introduces an incentives-based solution to reduce the incidence of harmful child exposure online while respecting parental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital age, the internet has become an essential source of information gathering and maintains a network of social contact. In this paper, we use microdata from the China Family Panel Studies to examine the effects of guardian's internet use on teenager's cognitive skills. Using mobile internet users and base station density as instruments, we found that guardian's internet use had a significant impact on teenager's cognitive abilities as measured by math and verbal tests. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact is more substantial for guardians in rural areas and less-educated guardians. Further exploration of the mechanism shows that internet usage affects cognitive skills through monetary investment, time investment, and parental environment. The result suggests that promoting internet usage for less educated families in rural areas can potentially improve children's academic performance and decrease inequality across regions and generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children’s engagement with the internet has exploded. From education to social media, companies have offered products and services that—far from being mere distractions for children—have increasingly become necessities. These necessities are most keenly felt in the EdTech world. As companies in the United States rely on the verifiable parental consent required by the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) to collect and use minors’ data, reviewing boilerplate waivers of liability and consent forms for children’s online activities has thus become part of parenting. This piece argues that under the common law tradition of protecting the best interests of the child, when it comes to protecting children’s digital privacy, relying solely on parental consent is insufficient and ill-suited. This work compares parental consent forms for children’s online activities to parental waivers for tort liability for physical injuries suffered by children. In the latter, courts have not reached a consensus on whether such contracts are enforceable or altogether void. However, most courts have struck down such waivers as against public policy in commercial settings. By relying on courts’ decisions regarding the role of parents in protecting the best interests of the child when faced with a child’s physical injury, this piece argues that public policy should have to force to override parental consent as it pertains to the protection of a minor’s digital privacy and their use of EdTech tools. It thus encourages lawmakers at the federal and state levels to move away from a parental consent apparatus and instead put forward new measures for the protection of children’s digital privacy. It further illustrates that, despite COPPA, common law privacy torts are not fully preempted. Adopting the approach proposed in this work will also motivate companies to be more vigilant towards handling minors’ data to avoid potential lawsuits. It will further encourage a market for competition between socially responsible companies that would prioritize children’s privacy over an endless list of corporate interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses legal issues concerning commercial sharenting, the practice of oversharing photos and images of children by their parents on social media platforms, with particular focus on the protection and rights of the said children.

TikTok is a popular platform allowing users to view and make short videos. The platform's embeddedness among youth cultures is key to TikTok's commercial success, to attract and sustain a diverse array of international users. The discourse around children and social media especially TikTok is laced with technopanics, as is the case in India. Although sparse, literature shows children in India want to explore social media but parental mediation usually follows a restrictive style. Using a qualitative approach and multimodal methods, we unpack how children (10–18 years) in a large Indian metropolitan city use TikTok for self-presentation and creative expression while navigating restrictive parental mediation. This article helps gain in-depth understanding of children's TikTok cultures in India by foregrounding their voices and contributes to larger scholarship on youth digital cultures by focusing on their: (a) vernacular cultures on TikTok, (b) deliberations on safety and wellbeing, and (c) negotiations regarding agency and resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the intersection of biometric data and online social media within the scope of young children using these sites and the danger that this may pose to them. Topics include an explanation of the concept of a biometric data, how social media sites use and collect this data from its users, some data security issues related to this biometric data use and collection, and the decreasing age of Internet users and the issue of general unawareness by parents.

Parental concern about children's media use has been a recurring issue in research on parent-child communication. For the past three decades, online risks associated with children's Internet use have also become a particular concern. However, recent evidence remains inconclusive about whether parental awareness of online risks is a result or antecedent of parental mediation of children's Internet use. The aim of this narrative review is threefold: to propose (a) a bi-factor conceptualization of parental mediation--enabling and restrictive mediation as two sides of the same coin; (b) a transactional conceptualization of relationships between parental awareness, mediation, and selfefficacy; and (c) a transactional framework of parenting for children's Internet use. Further research could test the proposed conceptualization and framework for distinguishing between when parental awareness is the result and antecedent of parental mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children’s media socialisation, parental concerns, and mediation styles have been studied mainly in the US and Europe. The present research aims to extend media socialisation theory by investigating children’s media behaviour and parental concerns and mediation styles in Iran, and then to compare the findings with the research based on parents in Western countries. Based on in-depth interviews with parents from Iran, we put forth propositions and a media socialisation model. We find that parental concerns and behaviour are influenced by their cultural practices and expectations, government regulations, and media dominant in the local region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses a variety of developments relating to privacy law in the U.S. Topics include developments in online privacy protections for children such as a discussion of the Federal Trade Commission's position on education technology and a review of enforcement actions, a review of an FTC study on privacy practices of major Internet service providers such as AT&T, Verizon and Comcast, and a shift in the self-regulation of data brought about by Apple's App Tracking Transparency policy.

The Intermediary landscape in India is extensive and regulating; it is often laborious considering the expanding market and ensuing policy changes. The advent of globalization heralds the inrush of entities that operate transnationally, which often beget legal uncertainties in outlining the intermediary liabilities conundrum. Many jurisdictions oscillated from the notions of liability to safe harbor in fixing the intermediary liabilities. Children are often an easy target of online abuse and Child Sexual Abuse Materials (CSAM) is the most circulated object in the cyberspace. This paper has adopted both empirical and doctrinal research methods. The paper primarily addresses the accountability and response on the part of intermediaries for abusive content against children transmitted in their platform and is an attempt to provide an insight into the reasons behind the online exploitation of children in India. The study analyses the public opinion on the online exploitation of children based on a survey conducted among 270 respondents aged from 14 to 50 years. The findings gave support to the suggestions that the exploitation and abuse of children frequently transpire online, and the public perception regarding the gender of child victims varies between girls and boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children start using smartphones increasingly from early ages. This makes it more difficult for them to develop an understanding of online privacy and managing their personal data. Many parents monitor and regulate children's online media use. However, they also encourage using smartphones to ensure the safety and security of their children. This study explores how children use smartphones in relation to their understanding of privacy of communication, content, data, and location. It examines data from 7 focus groups with arts-based methods conducted with 37 children in UK. The findings suggest that children think of their smartphones as a private communication technology and a private place, and they manage their locational privacy based on the necessity of using a mobile app and through adjusting the location settings on their phones. The findings also suggest that privacy of mobile data and user content are dependent on where mobile communication takes place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children use the Internet at an increasingly younger age and many parents do not have the necessary knowledge to protect or guide them. A previous study showed that 78% of children between the ages of 6 and 9 used the Internet and that their parents were usually with them, but 40% of these children would surf at some point without supervision. This research aims to examine the relationship between the parents' digital competence and the different elements included in the parental mediation process. The sample is made up of 1827 parents who answered the survey. A relationship is observed between the parents' level of education and their digital competence. The results show that for parents with greater digital competence it is more likely that their 6-to 9-year-olds are already surfing the Internet. They also supervise more frequently and have more knowledge of the online activities that their children carry out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberbullying victimization is a key risk factor facing contemporary young men. Parental internet supervision is thought to be effective in mitigating these risks in mixed-gender samples, but the efficacy of internet supervision for young men specifically is unclear. This study examined the effects of internet supervision upon cybervictimisation among adolescent boys in an all-boys school (Mage = 13.44), moderated by internet use and availability of internet-enabled devices in the home. Both active and restrictive forms of supervision were conditionally related to increased cybervictimisation, suggesting that the efficacy of internet supervision may be highly sensitive to contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses approaches related to the inequalities in contemporary technology. It provides information about inequalities in technological structures, hardware, and systemic factors in different applications. It describes how access to the internet can impact wealth and productivity, innovation, consumer behavior, and global trade. It focuses on children's media use, education, and developmental psychology.

Nowadays, communications have innovated with the emergence of the internet and mobile telephony (smartphone). Undoubtedly, this technological innovation has favored every sector of the worldwide population, thanks to the various forms of interaction in communication. Therefore, the aim of this essay focuses on the analysis of the literature about constructs of the internet and Smartphone addiction, and how this symptom has become present in the user population. For this purpose, a review of the literature on the subject is carried out, which allows us to identify some aspects that relate to both constructs. In the final reflections from the analyzed literature, we observe that some elements that most influence internet addiction are: leisure, online games, random games, cybersex, social networks to interact with other people, and sometimes to search for information. About this, it has already been reported in several studies, however, a question arises, has little been seen or at least it was not located, that the use of the internet is being the preferred channel of people to their academic training?, or just forced by the global health contingency? Today, the worldwide activity will no longer be the same after the COVID-19 pandemic that we are suffering from, and it is possible that the teaching-learning processes will frequently be taught through the different electronic media, hence this technology is emerging to be an agent of change in education worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the topic of children's online aggression, this article explores a subsample from the EU Kids Online dataset (2017–2019) of 1404 children, aged 9–16, who reported having engaged in aggressive acts online in the previous year. Through a cluster analysis, respondents were classified into three groups. Findings emphasize the risk factors for aggression and how they relate to age-specific developmental tasks. Boys predominate, but the gender gap is not as wide as in offline contexts. For almost half of the children, aggression goes hand in hand with victimization. All the clusters share high levels of emotional deprivation. A sense of lacking social support, from both adults and peers, becomes more relevant among those children with high and more problematic engagement in online aggression. Results confirm that online aggression must be considered within the complex and fluid offline–online continuum cutting across the social contexts in which children grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although numerous media literacy training sessions on internet safety for children and adolescents have been conducted, their number contrasts sharply with the few systematic studies on their effectiveness. In this study, we describe the evaluation of nationwide-implemented training sessions on internet safety in Luxembourg, which included perceptions of learning outcomes and evaluations of implementation and effectiveness. Training data from 2011 to 2018 were analyzed, including 28,060 students and 5,031 teachers. Students reported pronounced learning effects, especially for younger students and for repeated training participation. Teachers greatly appreciated the implementation and effectiveness, which generally increased over the years. The perceived effectiveness of the training was significantly related to teachers' planning to cover internet safety topics in future lessons. The present study shows that carefully planned and continuously evaluated training sessions on internet safety successfully support children's understanding and teachers' willingness to implement internet safety in their curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the last decade, research has shown inconsistent findings about validity of parental mediation scales for children’s Internet use. This inconsistency has manifested itself in at least 10 parental mediation models, which are also inconsistent in contents and definitions, lacking content validity thereof. With the goal of facilitating a consistent framework, this narrative review focuses on the content and factorial validity of 10 measurement scales. A panel of eight experienced researchers in the field of children’s online safety/risks assessed the content validity. Based on this assessment, the present review proposes a trichotomy of restrictive-enabling-observant parental mediation and corresponding conceptual definitions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the association of internet use, and electronic game-play with academic performance respectively on weekdays and weekends in Australian children. It also assessed whether addiction tendency to internet and game-play is associated with academic performance. Overall, 1704 children of 11–17-year-olds from young minds matter (YMM), a cross-sectional nationwide survey, were analysed. The generalized linear regression models adjusted for survey weights were applied to investigate the association between internet use, and electronic-gaming with academic performance (measured by NAPLAN–National standard score). About 70% of the sample spent > 2 h/day using the internet and nearly 30% played electronic-games for > 2 h/day. Internet users during weekdays (> 4 h/day) were less likely to get higher scores in reading and numeracy, and internet use on weekends (> 2–4 h/day) was positively associated with academic performance. In contrast, 16% of electronic gamers were more likely to get better reading scores on weekdays compared to those who did not. Addiction tendency to internet and electronic-gaming is found to be adversely associated with academic achievement. Further, results indicated the need for parental monitoring and/or self-regulation to limit the timing and duration of internet use/electronic-gaming to overcome the detrimental effects of internet use and electronic game-play on academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's privacy is at great risk. Due to the emergence of the Internet of Things ("IoT"), whereby ordinary objects became connected to the internet, children might now be constantly datafied during their daily routines, with or without their knowledge. IoT devices might collect and retain mass amounts of data and metadata on children and share them with various parties--able to extract data on where children are, what they are doing or saying, and perhaps even capture imagery and videos of them. While Congress previously responded to rather similar privacy threats that emerged from the internet with the enactment of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act ("COPPA"), this regulatory framework only applies to a limited set of IoT devices--excluding those which are not directed towards children nor knowingly collect personal information from them. Essentially, COPPA is ill-suited to properly safeguard children from the privacy risks that IoT entails, as it does not govern many IoT devices that they are exposed to. The move towards an "always-on" era, by which many IoT devices constantly collect data from users, regardless of their age, exposes them to great privacy risks. The dire consequences that IoT entails for children's privacy thus necessitates a comprehensive reform of the regulatory framework that governs such protection. This Article focuses on the privacy implications of IoT on children under the current regulatory framework, analyzes its shortcomings to protect them, and offers various solutions to properly safeguard children in a hyper-connected world. It proceeds as follows: The second Part surveys surveillance and the development of IoT within digital datamining practices. This Part then turns to discuss the potential interaction of children with IoT devices while offering a taxonomy of different types of IoT devices. Part III turns to discuss IoT in the context of children's privacy. It begins with a general review of children's right to privacy in general and the regulatory framework that governs it online. This Part then discusses said regulatory framework in light of IoT and suggests that merely recalibrating this framework might not advance children's privacy protection to a great extent. Part IV further challenges the current regulatory framework set to protect children online. It begins with questioning the sectoral approach to privacy in general; adds non-legal modalities like the market, social norms, and technology to aid in such protection; and raises dilemmas on digital parenting and the future of children's privacy in the always-on era. The final Part summarizes the discussion and suggests that the always-on era must not lead to the demise of privacy in general, and especially, that of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the public discourses about parental guidance of children's digital media use in Australia and Belgium? The findings of a multi-method interpretive content analysis suggest that both risks and opportunities are made significant, (re-)claiming power for parents to decide what is realistic. Belgian critical-optimistic commentary suggests that it is normal to see a variety of parenting practices in society, encouraging parents to make informed decisions considering the child's developmental age and mutual trust. Australian public commentary features emotionally laden, opposing views, whereby restriction seems the golden rule for guiding young children's engagement with digital media. Across the 30 months of the dataset, however, Australian pieces began to give voice to experts who embrace more relaxed rules. The study illuminates how public narratives are sites of political manoeuvring, revealing ideological stances relating to parental mediation and children's media use, sensitive to and reflective of situated meanings bound by space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article an elementary school teacher shares her experiences of making the shift to remote teaching during covid-19 school closures. It focuses on closing of schools in response to the COVID-19 virus and begin online instruction; also discusses efforts of the district, schools, teachers, and families to bring schooling into the homes.

Aim of the study is reviewing parental mediation based on some variables by adapting "Parental Mediation of Young Children's Internet Use Scale"- which was developed by Nikken and Jansz (Learning, Media and Technology, 39(2), 250–266, 2014) - into Turkish. The study was conducted in two steps. At the first step, data was collected for the scale adaptation process, and validity and reliability of the scale were calculated. 170 parents participated into the study at the first step. At the second step, scanning was done through adaptive scale. 341 parents participated at the second step. This study was conducted through purposive and convenience sampling method by selection of the parents with different socio-demographic features and having children at 5th and 6th grades in middle school. Self-description form and two different scales were utilized in the study. At the end of the study, to detect parental mediation of young children's internet use level, a scale which is competent, valid and reliable in terms of content was contributed to the related Turkish literature. Within frame of this study, parental mediation of their young children's internet use levels were found to differentiate based on levels of age, education and internet usage experience through the scanning done by utilizing the scale created as a result of the scale adaptation. Additionally, a positive and meaningful relation between parental mediation scores and digital data security was found in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, it was tried to recognize the variability of family upbringing when monitoring their children to prevent exposure to the disadvantages or negatives uses of the internet. The study adopts the use of a sample-based social survey methodology. Each sample was selected on the condition that the father and mother shall have children still studying in school and using the internet. This study observes 300 families in Al-Ain, UAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides practical guidance for researchers who wish to enroll and collect data from pediatric research participants through online and mobile platforms, with a focus on the involvement of both children and their parents in the decision to participate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to know parents' perceptions of their children's use of Internet, and the mediation strategies they used to promote the benefits and avoid the risks of online activity. This is a descriptive study based on a survey of 186 parents whose children were in the third and sixth year of primary school education. Most parents questioned tended to use "pure" mediation strategies that were instructive in nature, followed by shared and restrictive approaches; one third of parents surveyed said they applied a mix of mediation strategies; parents adapted their interventions according to the perception of the type of Internet activity their children were engaged in, and age. Although altogether no significant differences were found in parental mediation of the use of the Internet depending on the sex of the parents or that of the children, some trends that could have implications for the process of gender socialization in the media and familiar context are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online advertisers are increasingly enjoying the ability to target messages to specific segments based on information collected at Web sites. Information collection, particularly from children, has been an ongoing concern of regulators, consumer advocates, and advertising industry organizations. Although the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has advocated the implementation of safeguards (such as warnings, threats, and barriers) designed to limit children's online disclosure of sensitive information, little research to date has examined the effectiveness of these safeguards. We address this issue by first examining the current state of online safeguards for Web sites that target preteen children, a group shown to be particularly vulnerable to the persuasive efforts of marketers. We then present a quasi-experimental investigation of online safeguard types and how their effectiveness in limiting preteen information disclosure is moderated by the mediation strategies of parents. Implications for advertisers, policymakers, parents, and educators are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children have long been acknowledged as playing an important role within family purchasing decisions, with their ability to directly and indirectly influence family purchasing. In addition to their role within the family, children are seen as an important group of consumers in their own right due to their individual purchasing power. Over recent years the use of the Internet by children has increased and they are commonly portrayed as confident and able users of Internet technology. It is important to understand how the Internet will be used by children as an additional shopping medium and to explore the issues surrounding this use. This paper reports on data collected during an in-depth study exploring family purchasing behaviour and the role of the Internet. The findings discussed address a specific and important aspect of the data, namely the use of the Internet as a shopping medium by children for purchases for themselves. A number of important themes were identified including; use of the Internet as an information source, factors surrounding purchase influence, payment barriers and children's level of online consumer skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media researchers have studied how parents and children influence and guide each other's media use. Although parent and child socialization and influence are thought to be bidirectional, they are usually studied separately, with an emphasis on parental socialization, influence, and guidance of the child's media use. In this article, we present results from a study that investigates perceived bidirectional digital media socialization between parents and children from the same household (N = 204 parent-child dyads). This study simultaneously tested parent-to-child and child-to-parent influence using the actor-partner interdependence model to examine the association between perceived Internet self-efficacy and perceived digital media influence. Although the results showed significant cross-sectional actor and partner effects for Internet self-efficacy and perceived digital media influence, these effects largely disappeared in a longitudinal setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the UK government issued an ambitious White Paper as a precursor to the regulation of 'online harms'. This article adopts a socio-cultural and legal approach to analysing the proposed law in the context of children. How childhood is conceptualized influences public policy and legal interventions, including on the digital space. This remains a contested terrain with different conclusion on the effects of the cyberspace. The biggest challenge with legal interventions on the digital realm is the need to achieve a balance between protection and participation rights of children. The dominant conception of childhood as a period of vulnerability has meant 'protection' often overrides participation rights. However, such focus is the subject of challenge, with some suggesting that regulation is the product of moral panic. A further strand is the potential of disproportionate punitive measures against Internet companies against the backdrop of human rights obligations. The UK proposition is discussed within this socio-cultural and legal contexts with the objective of highlighting challenges and legal pitfalls. This article argues that Internet governance ought to give serious consideration to the new sociology of childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various provisions of the U.S. Communications Decency Act of 1996, and its role in preventing online human trafficking. Topics include growing sex trafficking targeting children due to Internet and the Internet Service Providers (ISPs); vision for progress and potential strategies against bad actors like cyber entities Backpage; and Fourth Circuit decision in the case Zeran v. America Online Inc. which interpreted the Act's immunizing scope as essentially unqualified.

The increased rate of technology usage that started globally with Generation Y has climbed to even higher levels with Generation Z. Widespread Internet usage has come with some risks that are now threatening children such as bullying, racism, deception and sexual abuse. The main purpose of this research is to consider mothers' opinions of their children's habits in using technological tools and the problems observed in children due to the use of technology and addresses in detail how mothers manage their children's technology use and the problems associated with this usage. This research was carried out with 20 mothers whose children are primary school students. The content analysis method was used for the analysis of the data obtained during the research. The data obtained during the research was evaluated by two different specialists to determine the relevant themes. The interobserver reliability coefficients regarding these two evaluations were calculated. Research findings show that mothers generally see themselves as a parent enough. Most of the mothers stated that the use of technology caused some problems in their children. However, it can be said that mothers are insufficient to cope with these problems and that they exhibit inconsistent behaviors in coping with problem behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]