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The article is devoted to highlighting the importance of medical care for the population as a factor in the reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. In accordance with this goal, the essence and peculiarities of health care organization in the de-occupied territory are revealed, and the role of medical care in intensifying the reintegration mechanism is determined. The author emphasizes that the implementation of the state policy on reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories should provide for an appropriate mechanism that would combine various measures aimed at restoring state power in the respective territories, as well as at integrating the local population into the political, cultural, economic and social life of the country. The author emphasizes that by allowing temporary restrictions on the right to healthcare in general and medical care in particular, the State, represented by authorized entities, should provide an effective mechanism for restoring this right after the special legal regime is lifted, or provide appropriate guarantees for the exercise of this right during such a special period. The author identifies the circumstances that indicate the importance of medical care for the population as a factor in the reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories: a) ensuring access to medical care as a key priority; b) involvement of qualified medical personnel from among internally displaced persons, volunteers, representatives of international health organizations and foreign medical specialists; c) implementation of regional medical programs and activities; d) cooperation with international donor organizations to provide humanitarian assistance, prosthetics, rehabilitation, etc.; e) health education campaign to inform the population in a timely manner about medical guarantee programs, reimbursement of medicines, rehabilitation programs, etc. It is stated that taking into account these circumstances will not only promote understanding of the importance of medical care, but will also allow improving the reintegration mechanism and accelerating its implementation to improve the quality of life of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the system of social protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine, which has become especially relevant in the conditions of the long-term armed aggression of the Russian Federation. The author examines the legal regulation of the protection of IDPs, focusing on national legislation, in particular the Law of Ukraine «On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons», as well as on international legal acts and their implementation in the Ukrainian legal field. It examines the main social programs and services provided to internally displaced persons, including housing, medical and psychological care, social support, education and employment. The problems faced by IDPs in receiving these services, such as insufficient funding, bureaucratic obstacles and limited access to social resources, are analyzed separately. Special attention is paid to the role of local self-government in ensuring social protection of IDPs. Opportunities and challenges faced by local authorities in integrating IDPs into new communities are analyzed. Examples of successful practices of local self-government cooperation with public organizations and international partners to improve the effectiveness of social services are considered. The author identifies key problems and identifies prospects for the development of the system of social protection of internally displaced persons. Among the proposed measures are improving the efficiency of management, simplifying the procedures for receiving assistance through the introduction of electronic systems, ensuring stable financing of programs, as well as the development and implementation of comprehensive programs for the social integration of IDPs. An important aspect is cooperation with international organizations, which contributes to attracting additional resources and implementing the best global practices. The need for a systemic approach to solving the problems of internally displaced persons is emphasized, which includes reforming the legislative framework, increasing financial resources, developing innovative approaches to social protection management, and active integration of IDPs into new communities. Only under the conditions of constant monitoring and improvement of the social protection system, considering the role of local self-government, it is possible to ensure effective support and protection of the rights of internally displaced persons in Ukraine, which is an important condition for the stable development of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of marginal settlements in the Global South, largely fueled by the resettlement of millions of internally displaced people (IDPs), underscores the urgent need for tailored housing solutions for these vulnerable populations. However, prevailing approaches have often relied on a one-size-fits-all model, overlooking the diverse socio-spatial realities of IDP communities. Drawing on a case study in Medellin, Colombia, where a significant portion of the population consists of forced migrants, this interdisciplinary study merges concepts from human geography and urban theory with computational methods in remote sensing and exploratory spatial data analysis. By integrating socio-spatial theory with quantitative analysis, we challenge the conventional housing paradigm and propose a novel framework for addressing the housing needs of IDPs. Employing a three-phase methodology rooted in Lefebvre's theoretical framework on the production of space, including participatory mapping, urban morphology characterization, and similarity analysis, we identify distinct patterns within urban IDP settlements and advocate for culturally sensitive housing policies. Our analysis, focusing on Colombia, the country with the largest IDP population globally, reveals the limitations of standardized approaches and highlights the importance of recognizing and accommodating socio-cultural diversity in urban planning. By contesting standardized socio-spatial practices, our research aims not only to promote equality but also to foster recognition and inclusivity within marginalized communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article submitted for publication, the authors analyze and study the issues related to the provision of quality and timely free legal aid under martial law. The methodological basis of the study is a system of general scientific methods that provide an objective analysis and evaluation of the subject under study. The authors believe that it is now necessary to popularize free legal aid more, not only in the media, but also to attract the attention of public organizations and charitable foundations, in particular those engaged in providing assistance to internally displaced persons, since they understand better than anyone how difficult it is to live and work under martial law. In our opinion, it is advisable to revise the Law of Ukraine «On Free Legal Aid» and pay attention to the communities and regions located near the front line, because people living in such areas need much more support and attention from the state. The authors also emphasize that young people should be involved in the work of free primary and secondary care centers, and internship programs should be organized so that people really trust free aid and understand that free aid does not mean low-quality. We also consider it appropriate to note that the crucial issue of providing quality and timely assistance, in terms of free aid, has become even more urgent and painful for a significant number of our citizens under martial law. The problems of physical impossibility not only to receive legal aid, but also to access justice have been added to the existing problems. This problem has been exacerbated by the temporary occupation of the territories, the destruction of court buildings and the relocation of courts and law enforcement agencies to other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been no secret that migration processes have a great impact on the number and composition of the population of all countries. These processes have always played and will play a multifaceted role in the development of mankind, acting as a form of human adaptation to the changing conditions of its existence. The war between Russia and Ukraine, which began back in 2014 with the occupation of Crimea along with some areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, has serious far-reaching consequences, one of which is significant migration flows. As a result of hostilities, occupation, and invasion of Russian troops in February 2022, many Ukrainians were forced to seek refuge in other regions of the country or beyond. This led to the emergence of mass internal migration to relatively safe regions of Ukraine and unprecedented in the history of our country external migration to neighboring European states. Accordingly, these migration processes have a great impact on the demographic structure and social situation both in the receiving regions of Ukraine and in the countries that received Ukrainian refugees. It has been demonstrated that the main demographic risks faced by Ukraine pose a threat to stable socio-economic development and have become a serious challenge for Ukrainian society. The most urgent task of Ukrainian migration policy today is the development of political instruments that would encourage and facilitate the return of Ukrainian refugees to their homes. The article uses a systematic analysis based on statistical data of international and public organizations, and statesmen to determine the peculiarities of migration flows in war conditions; induction and deduction - to systematize the key causes and consequences of the migration of the population of Ukraine. The main emphasis is on the analysis of the impact of migration processes on the economic development of Ukraine, social stability and cultural identity of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the concept of administrative legal regulation of service provision by the State Employment Service in the context of wartime. Particular attention is paid to servicing certain categories of citizens who have suffered the most from the war in Ukraine. These categories include internally displaced persons, combatants and persons with disabilities. The author emphasizes the importance of distinguishing these categories of persons from others due to their increased mental and emotional vulnerability and significant socio-economic losses caused by the war in Ukraine. The State Employment Service, as a key executive body in the field of employment promotion, plays a critical role in providing social support and integration of certain categories of people, especially in wartime. Its functions include not only employment assistance, but also the provision of comprehensive services aimed at the socio-economic adaptation of internally displaced persons, combatants and persons with disabilities to everyday life. The article provides a detailed analysis of three key services provided by the State Employment Service. Firstly, it’s the organization of vocational education for registered unemployed individuals in specialized vocational training centers that are part of the service’s structure. Secondly, it’s the mechanism of providing vouchers for higher education in accredited higher education institutions with the assistance of the State Employment Service. Thirdly, it’s support in the form of grants aimed at stimulating entrepreneurial activity and starting your own business. Among the main problems in the mechanism of providing these services, attention is focused on overcoming primarily psychological barriers in recipients, difficulties in providing informational support regarding the offered services, as well as simplifying the process of obtaining and further implementing these services. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of expanding the classifier of professions for which one can receive a free voucher for education in higher educational institutions, in order to meet the needs of the majority of service users, taking into account their individual abilities and preferences. The conclusion is drawn that successful administrative - legal regulation of service provision for specific categories of individuals is conditioned by the cooperation of state structures, higher education institutions, charitable organizations, and the service recipients themselves to ensure their successful integration into socio-economic life, including the rehabilitation of internally displaced persons, combatants, and persons with disabilities in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nigerian state is expected to perform functions critical to the protection of citizens against disasters and harmful emergency situations through effective management of humanitarian aid. However, the reality in Nigeria shows that the government is only interested in the relocation of internally displaced people (IDP) rather than their daily survival in humanitarian camps. In addressing this problem, this article examined the indicators, reasons, and implications of the unsustainability of humanitarian aid. It is believed that research in this direction would provide an understanding of a better approach to improving the sustainability of humanitarian aid. Drawing on the state fragility theory and mixed qualitative methods involving observations, interviews, and document analysis, the findings identified a lack of capacity to control violence causing displacement, weak institutional support, political will, and capacity to finance humanitarian aid as reasons why humanitarian aid is unsustainable in IDP camps in Nigeria. It also identified the depletion of host communities’ resources, untimely deaths, harmful coping strategies, and an increased rate of out-of-school children, among others, as the implications of unsustainable humanitarian aid. The findings suggest means through which the Nigerian government can sustain humanitarian aid in IDP camps in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the spring of 2022, in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, social work teachers and students in Lviv provided shelter support to internally displaced people. This article explores the challenges faced as well as adapting pedagogy to the crisis. An online transnational collaboration and retrospective analysis approach was employed to gather information from the teachers and students. Through a descriptive analysis, informed by Honneth's theory of recognition and service-learning model pedagogy, the results highlight the complex challenges inherent in humanitarian assistance. This article contributes to a heightened understanding of the role social work plays in armed conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do UN missions reduce forced displacement? Facing insecure environments, civilians are left with three choices: staying; moving to a safer community; or moving outside their country. Their aspiration and ability to move depend on individual characteristics and macro-level factors, such as the social, economic and political context in which these people live. Research shows that UN missions can impact and reset the macro-level context altered by war, especially in the security and economic domain. However, we lack empirical evidence on whether this impact helps UN peacekeeping tackle forced displacement and returns. This article offers the first global analysis of whether and how UN missions can shape aggregate population movements during civil wars. We combine data on outflows and returns of refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) with data on distinct UN missions' features that we expect to affect population movements, namely the size of their contingents and their mandated tasks. Using matched samples, we find that the unfolding of the outflows and inflows processes are affected by different features of UN missions. Sizeable deployments decrease IDPs flows and encourage their return; refugee outflows, on the other hand, may increase in presence of UN missions. Furthermore, missions with displacement-related mandates are associated with decreasing IDP flows overall, but only encourage refugees' returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the political economy of organizing slow and ongoing genocide against the de facto stateless community of Rohingyas. We draw on the method of organizing situated solidarity offered by Richa Nagar and the concept of political society. Basing on that, we explore the ways, methods, and contents of organizing situated solidarity during Myanmar's political transition as a democratic state against Rohingyas' misrecognition and their experience of slow and ongoing genocide. We argue that such organizing urges us to recognize the structural reasons for misrecognizing Rohingyas as internally displaced people (IDP) or stateless people. Thus, our analysis shows that structuring misrecognizing by the militarized state and its interventions was deeply linked to the political economy of slow and ongoing genocide. We argue that the method of organizing situated solidarity has enabled us to constitute our situated understandings and has the capacity to extend the debate by asking what role we should undertake as researchers and business academics in an increasingly militarized racial capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ongoing armed conflict in Sudan has caused mass displacement, affecting mental health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma among refugees, internally displaced, and nondisplaced people, while also examining the link between displacement type, PTSD severity, and associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 to assess PTSD symptoms and the General Health Questionnaire-28 to evaluate depression. Data were collected from 642 participants, targeting general social media groups for those within Sudan and specific groups for refugees outside the country. Sociodemographic and trauma event data were also gathered. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, applying one-way ANOVA and independent t-tests to compare PTSD and depression. Binary logistic regression identified associations between sociodemographic factors and PTSD symptoms. Results: Among the 642 participants, 46.3% were internally displaced people (IDP), 42.1% were refugees, and 11.7% were non-displaced individuals. Clinically significant PTSD symptoms were identified in 36.6% of the participants. Refugees had a significantly greater percentage of traumatic events (M = 4.31, SD = 2.605, p <.01). Depression symptoms were found to be strongly associated with clinically significant PTSD (p <.001). Factors significantly linked to depression symptoms included female gender (p = 0.015), being single (p = 0.048), younger age (p = 0.036), dissatisfaction with living conditions (p < 0.001), and unemployment (p = 0.021). Dissatisfaction with living conditions also significantly influenced the likelihood of developing PTSD (p <.001). Conclusion: The study found that 36.6% of participants experienced PTSD, with refugees having a 1.4 times greater risk of developing PTSD compared to IDP and non-displaced individuals. Traumatic events were moderately correlated with PTSD symptoms, though non-displaced individuals had higher exposure to such events. These findings highlight the need for targeted mental health interventions, particularly for refugees and those affected by traumatic events. Further research using probability sampling is necessary to confirm these results and inform more effective mental health policies and programs for displaced populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 3.2 million civilians have been internally displaced in Myanmar due to human rights violations against civilians and indiscriminate attacks perpetrated by the Myanmar military since the coup on 1 February 2021. This situation compelled to flee the Myanmar people both within the country and to neighbouring countries such as India, Thailand, and Malaysia in search of safety and protection. India, as one of Myanmar's neighbouring countries, has received more than 78,731 refugees from Myanmar as of 2023. The investigation draws upon media and governmental reports published from February 2021 onwards. The findings show that the Indian government directed Mizoram and Manipur's state governments to prevent Myanmar's refugees from entering their territories. Nevertheless, the Mizoram State government adopted a welcoming stance towards Myanmar refugees by providing essential support, including food, blankets, education, and healthcare, through collaboration with local NGOs and communities. In contrast, the Manipur State government adopted a more restrictive approach by identifying, arresting, and repatriating Myanmar refugees, aligning with the central government's initial stance. This situation has led Myanmar refugees in Manipur State to live with constant fear of eviction and face the potential for forced repatriation to Myanmar. These contrasting responses reflect the complex interplay of local, national, and international factors shaping India's refugee policy and practice. This analysis underscores the need for a more comprehensive and consistent national approach to refugee issues, while also considering the unique local contexts of border states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nigeria face a high burden of mental health disorders, with limited access to evidence-based, culturally relevant interventions. Life skills education (LSE) is a promising approach to promote mental health and psychosocial well-being in humanitarian settings. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of a culturally adapted LSE program delivered through in-person and mobile platforms among IDPs in Northern Nigeria. Methods: This cluster-randomized hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial will be conducted in 20 IDP camps or host communities in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Sites will be randomly assigned to receive a 12-week LSE program delivered either through in-person peer support groups or WhatsApp-facilitated mobile groups. The study will recruit 500 participants aged 13 years and older. Intervention effectiveness outcomes include the primary outcome of change in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms assessed using the PCL-5 scale, and secondary outcomes of depression, anxiety, well-being, and life skills acquisition. Implementation outcomes will be assessed using the Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM), Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM), and Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM). Both sets of outcomes will be compared between the in-person and mobile delivery groups. Quantitative data will be analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression models, while qualitative data will be examined through reflexive thematic analysis. The study will be guided by the Reach-Effectiveness-Adoption-Implementation-Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Discussion: The RESETTLE-IDPs study addresses key gaps in the evidence base on mental health interventions for conflict-affected populations. It focuses on underserved IDP populations, evaluates the comparative effectiveness of in-person and mobile-delivered LSE, and incorporates implementation science frameworks to assess contextual factors influencing adoption, fidelity, and sustainability. The study employs a community-based participatory approach to enhance cultural relevance, acceptability, and ownership. Findings will inform the development and scale-up of evidence-based, sustainable mental health interventions for IDPs in Nigeria and other humanitarian contexts. Trial sponsor: Dalhousie University, 6299 South St, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06412679 Registered 15 May 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Menstrual hygiene management is a critical aspect of adolescent health. However, access to adequate menstrual hygiene products and sanitation facilities is severely restricted during times of war. There is a dearth of information about the menstrual hygiene needs of adolescent girls during humanitarian crises. This study investigated the menstrual hygiene management needs of the internally displaced adolescent girls in the war-torn region of Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in three centers for internally displaced people in Mekelle, Tigray Region. Four focus-group discussions and six in-depth interviews were conducted using the local language among 39 adolescent girls aged 13–19 years. The collected data were recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed using the ATLAS.ti-7.5.18 software through a qualitative thematic analysis approach. Results: Six primary themes were identified: 1) shortage of menstrual pads; 2) poor accommodation of latrine facilities; 3) silence around menstruation; 4) exchange of menstrual pads for life-saving commodities, 5) lack of privacy; 6) menstruation is a "curse" for adolescent girls living in displaced people's camps. The study highlights the significant challenges faced by internally displaced adolescent girls in managing their menstrual hygiene while living in camps for internally displaced people. Lack of access to adequate menstrual hygiene management supplies often leads them to use rags or worn-out clothing instead of menstrual pads. Conclusion: Access to adequate menstrual hygiene products and sanitation facilities is severely limited among displaced adolescent girls in Tigray. The findings emphasize the urgent need to address menstrual hygiene issues during emergencies. Supplying essential items such as sanitary pads, soap, water, sanitation infrastructure, and improved information on menstrual hygiene management should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Internally displaced persons (IDPs) can have limited access to HIV and hepatitis C Virus (HCV) treatment and prevention. IDPs comprise > 7% of Georgian population but prevalence and levels of HIV and HCV knowledge in this population remain unknown. We tested 100 IDPs in Georgia for HIV and HCV, many of whom had drug injecting experience, and interviewed them about their migration experience, sexual and drug injecting practices, and HIV/HCV transmission knowledge. Results: The average age of participants was 37.5 years (range 18–63); 31% were women. Almost half (N = 48) of participants reported ever injecting drugs; 17% of those (N = 8) started injecting drugs within the last year. Anti-HCV and HIV prevalence was 11% and 0%, respectively. Fewer people without drug use experience compared to people who inject drugs correctly answered all questions on the HIV knowledge test (13% vs. 35%, p = 0.015) or knew where to get tested for HIV (67% vs 98%, p < 0.001). There was no difference in HCV knowledge between the two groups. HIV and HCV prevalence remains low among Georgian IDPs, but levels of HIV knowledge were much lower than levels of HCV knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial discusses the role of Ukrainian libraries as defenders of information spaces in the face of Russian information warfare. It highlights the challenges faced by Ukrainian librarians, such as censorship, destruction of collections, and occupation of library buildings by Russian forces. Despite these obstacles, librarians continue to serve their communities, protect cultural heritage, and provide support to civilians and the Armed Forces. The article emphasizes the resilience and dedication of Ukrainian librarians in safeguarding information and preserving their cultural heritage during times of conflict. [Extracted from the article]

Burkina Faso has faced a security crisis unlike any other in its history for the past eight years. The government has lost control of up to 35 % of the national territory, and there are as many as two million internally displaced persons living in the big cities. The emblematic figure of Thomas Sankara, Burkina Faso's president from 1984 to 1987, has soared beyond the local image of the "upright man" (the ideal to which the very name "Burkina Faso" refers) to that of a globally recognised icon of resistance against imperialism. Theatre artists are inspired to create theatrical performances that "represent" (or "face up") this great figure, as the recent edition of the Ouagadougou-based biannual theatre festival called Les Récréâtrales invited them to do. This paper emphasises theatre's contribution to efforts of artistic resilience and resistance in Burkina Faso. It addresses the question: How do Burkinabè artists produce acts of artistic resilience through performance? In other words, does the staging proposed by the Burkinabè playwright Aristide Tarnagda carry the seeds of hope for a Burkina Faso entirely liberated from terrorism? The theory of communication developed by J.L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words (1962) and Anne Ubersfeld's (1982) semiotic analysis theory provide the key critical concepts of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to evaluate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in Ekilisiyar Yan'uwa A Nigeria (EYN) internally displaced persons (IDP) camp in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods by selecting 332 respondents out of 1952 IDPs. Data obtained reveals that IDPs have access to latrines and bathrooms in the camp and most (98.3%) of them have demarcation between male and female compartments. The study also revealed that 37.6% of the IDPs dispose their household waste using collective bin and have access to health care centre. The study found that the main source of drinking water among the IDPs is from borehole which also serves as the source of water for daily and domestic use. The study concluded that in order to improve the WASH facilities in EYN IDP camp, various humanitarian organizations should work hand in hand with government officials in providing sanitation, hygiene and health care facilities to the EYN Internally Displace Persons in Camp Maiduguri, Borno State. Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of internally displaced persons regarding their experiences with various human rights prescripts. This study also sought to contribute to the literature on the living conditions of internally displaced persons and narrow the gap in internal displacement studies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Design/methodology/approach: A case study approach and quantitative research paradigm were adopted in the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 584 participants in Niger State, Edo State and Kaduna State in Nigeria. Findings: The findings reveal that most of the internally displaced persons were youth, unemployed and had a strong motivation to meet their physiological needs. The empirical evidence in this study leads to the conclusion that the daily struggle of the participants to meet their survival needs overshadows every other human rights consideration among them. Research limitations/implications: Various practical and theoretical implications are inferred from this study including the imperative to urgently address the causes of internal displacement and provide urgent assistance to internally displaced persons. Originality/value: Besides the novel conceptual insights and empirical data, this study makes unique contributions to literature on internally displaced persons and human rights theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent geopolitical circumstances in the area of the eastern Ukrainian-Russian border have resulted in intense forced migrations of the Ukrainian population into and out of the territory of Ukraine. According to estimates by the United Nations and the International Organization for Migration, about 13.5 million people participated in the wave of refugees and exiles, i.e., 30% of the total population of Ukraine (May 2023). Migration movements (external and internal) caused by the war showed a distinct spatial (regional) differentiation of certain forms of forced migration with regard to the main corridors, dynamics and scale of population displacement. The largest share of war migration in Ukraine refers to refugees and asylum seekers in the European area (8.2 million), and a smaller part to the internally displaced population who replaced their pre-war residence with that in the free territories of Ukraine (5.3 million) (UNCHR, 2023). Standard analytical demographic approach was based on a list of 14 threatened areas (territories) and selected indicators of the overall and natural population movement. Selected indicators and data pointed to the negative pre-war demographic trends of the threatened areas, above all to the level of natural and total depopulation and specific regional demographic relations that are a consequence of the unevenly successful transition-reform period after independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing recognition of the challenges faced by internally displaced people as well as the potential for subnational actors to contribute to durable solutions. Despite this, we know little about local government responses, both in theory and practice. This paper draws on governance theories, practitioner experience and secondary literature to analyse the governance context, processes and interactions that shape the experience of internal displacement in eastern Ukraine between 2014 and 2022. It argues that nascent relationships built between internally displaced people and local governments in eastern Ukraine reveal the possibility of bottom-up state-led responses. The paper intervenes in debates around rebuilding a "social contract" as a mechanism for resolving displacement, demonstrating why attention must be paid to how this occurs at local levels in places of refuge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Refugees and conflict‐affected areas are often unreached by national strategies and programs. As a result, high unmet needs are more likely because of their social interruption with their traditional information sources, support, protection, and lack of income which limits refugees' ability to make a free choice that would allow them to plan and space the number of children they desire. Information on the unmet needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs) women is scarce. This study is aimed at assessing the magnitude of the unmet need for modern contraceptive methods and associated factors among IDPs currently married reproductive‐age women. Methods: A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted among 393 internally displaced women currently married reproductive‐age women using a simple random sampling method using a structured, pretested, and interview‐administered questionnaire. A logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors. Statistically significant variables at p value < 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were entered into multivariable analysis, and statistical significance was declared at p value ≤ 0.05. Results: About 160 (40.7%) (95% CI: 35.94%–45.67%) of women had an unmet need for modern contraceptive methods, 139 (35.4%) for spacing, and 21 (5.3%) for limiting. Less than 18 years of age at first marriage, lack of access to modern contraception, lack of discussion with healthcare providers, and travel time of 30 min or more to obtain family planning were found to be risk factors for unmet contraceptive needs. The risk of unmet need for modern contraceptives was high among women who were married at age of less than 18 years of age in comparison with women who were married at 18 and above (AOR = 1.559; 95%CI = 1.019–2.385). Unmet needs were higher among participants who had no adequate availability of modern contraceptive methods than those who had adequate availability of modern contraceptive methods (AOR = 1.738; 95%CI = 1.125–2.684). Similarly, the odds of unmet needs were 1.673 times higher among participants who did not discuss FP with healthcare providers than those who discussed FP with healthcare providers (AOR = 1.673; 95%CI = 1.085–2.581). Moreover, the odds of unmet needs were 1.551 times higher among participants who traveled 30 min and above to access family planning services as compared to those respondents who traveled below 30 min (AOR = 1.551; 95%CI = 1.002–2.401). Conclusion and Recommendations: The magnitude of the unmet need for modern contraceptive methods was higher than both the Ethiopian national and Oromia regional state total unmet need for the general population. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations should increase their efforts to reduce this high magnitude of unmet needs by emphasizing those factors that have a great contribution to unmet needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little evidence exists on the design and implementation of anticipatory action (AA) in complex crises. This article examines a 2022 United Nations ‘early action’ pilot in South Sudan in advance of extreme flooding. As a case study of efforts to act in a complex crisis, it contributes to learning on assisting conflict‐affected and displaced populations in advance of extreme weather events. The research points towards the possibility and value of implementing forecast‐informed early action in complex contexts with limited forecast skills and multiple hazards when trigger‐based AA is not possible. It also argues for the need to link AA implemented in complex crises to development and peacebuilding actors and processes. More broadly, examining the perceptions and processes of AA in the form of early action, rather than a formal AA framework, is highly relevant for the AA community as attention is increasingly placed on providing AA in countries affected by fragility and conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of internally displaced people are living in their own countries in a temporary status called ‘protracted displacement’, a term not without its debates. We use a social network analysis database to assess how social interactions and demographic characteristics, including the relative location of resettlement, may contribute to IDP integration during the first 2 years of displacement. Our analysis of information from 57 internally displaced individuals in the aftermath of the 2008 Russo‐Georgian War, finds that networks of persistence, rather than survival or integration, characterize patterns of protracted displacement within 2 years of displacement. This suggests a need for rethinking the mainstream definitions to ensure vital resources are provided to displaced populations to promote timely integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed at identifying the quality level of psychological life among internally displaced people in Taiz Governorate, and the differences in quality of life based on variables such as gender, age, educational level, marital status, employment, and displacement location. The study sample consisted of 267 internally displaced people (male & female), selected randomly, assessed using a psychological life quality scale developed by this study. Utilizing descriptive methodology and statistical analysis, the results showed a high level of life quality among displaced people in Taiz Governorate. There were differences in life quality ascribed to educational level variable, with those having secondary and higher education showing higher averages compared to illiterate individuals. Regarding employment variable, differences were shown in favor of the employed category over the unemployed. Additionally, there were some differences regarding displacement location in favor of the displaced among their relatives. No significant differences were found concerning gender, age marital status variables. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment, population and conflict thesis remains major to existing environment and security arguments. Throughout the 1990s, a huge increase in scholarship and policy focus was committed to unraveling the linkages amongst the three parameters. While it can very easily be asserted that both the analysis and policy communities have made substantial improvements, the academic results and policy instructions continue to be the subject matter of intense discussion. This article explores an assumptive method for the environment–conflict connection that views a collection of local parameters. The variable of resource management regimes is explored in more detail, illustrated by a case study from an Iraqi Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camp. The article finds theoretical and empirical evidence to support the view that participatory and inclusive resource management regimes may enable communities to construct resource-use conflicts in ways that help to prevent unproductive conflict. Such forms of governance can potentially be initiated in places where the state is failing to mitigate conflict through its own institutional resources. Thus, there may be an opportunity to respond to the 'ingenuity gap' that Homer-Dixon identifies as a key linkage between scarcity and conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internally displaced persons in protracted displacement may not receive optimal social work services. Governments must refrain from implicitly 'ending' displacement and uphold social care policies that really work for the displaced. By doing so, social work services become more sensitive and life-changing among people displaced for longer periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-sided damages caused by the large-scale invasion of Russia has become a great challenge for the medical care system of Ukraine. This research is aimed at studying, analyzing and summarizing data from scientific publications, personal experience, and open sources of relevant information concerning changes that occur in the work within Ukraine's healthcare system and the activity of medical staff due to the Russian invasion. Special attention has been paid to processes related to relocations of medical staff and health care establishments, field hospitals as an important tool during martial law, as well as for the different types of support provided by the international partners of Ukraine. Data concerning demographic shifts in Ukraine due to the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war are also presented. Moreover, SWOT analysis of changes in the system of health care in Ukraine during martial law has been performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst children in displaced settings is malnutrition. Approximately, 45% of deaths are linked to undernutrition among children under 5 years of age. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of malnutrition among internally displaced (IDP) children from 6 to 59 months. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study with an analytical approach was conducted from May to June 2021. A multistage cluster sampling method was used to select mothers/caregivers and administer a structured questionnaire that consisted of three sections: sociodemographic and environmental characteristics, health-related factors and anthropometric measurements) was used to collect data. Data were analysed using SPSS version 27.0. Bivariate analysis was done at p < 0.20 and logistic regression at a 5% level of significance. Results: Overall, 395 children were enrolled with a mean age of 31.4 ± 9.1 months and 59.0% were males. Findings revealed that 52% of children were malnourished; stunted (22.1%), wasted (4.8%), underweight (6.3%) and overweight (35.4%). Independent predictors of overall malnutrition were the age of the mothers/caregivers (AOR: 8.0, 95% CI: 2.0 – 32.1), children who had not taken all their vaccines (AOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4 –3.8), children not dewormed (AOR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3–6.3), Children not exclusively breastfed (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.1–9.6). Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition was high among children living in internally displaced households. Thus, there is a need for vaccination and deworming campaigns, and nutritional and educational intervention programmes to improve both forms of malnutrition: undernutrition and over-nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period following the military operation against insurgents in the Swat district during 2009-10, the Pakistani government, with support from international organizations, initiated a comprehensive program aimed at the rehabilitation and reintegration of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). This research study utilizes the Delphi method to gather data through face-to-face interviews with officials involved in the rehabilitation efforts. The analysis revealed a range of challenges, such as security threats, infrastructural deficiencies, bureaucratic complexities, educational system revival, unmet donor commitments, financial constraints, weakened local governance, and communication breakdowns. Despite these obstacles, strategic interventions have ameliorated the IDPs' conditions, including enhanced security, temporary infrastructure, international partnerships, makeshift educational provisions, and a dedicated rehabilitation budget. Nevertheless, the full rehabilitation of IDPs remains an unachieved goal. This article suggests that successfully reintegrating affected communities requires innovative strategies tailored to Pakistan's unique sociostructural context, which could serve as a model for similar situations globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of Boko Haram's violence on northern Nigeria, particularly focusing on the willingness of conflict-induced internally displaced persons (CIIDPs) to return home and the role of restoring social infrastructure in this process. We employed a mixed-methods approach, collecting data from 866 randomly selected internally displaced persons (IDPs) across eight camps in North-East Nigeria and conducting focus group discussions in two of these camps. Our findings, as revealed by correlation analysis, suggest a positive albeit weak link between the restoration of social infrastructure and the willingness of IDPs to return to their homes. Specifically, the selected social infrastructure improvements accounted for a modest 3% change in the willingness to accept a voluntary return. This implies that while restoring social infrastructure plays a role, it alone is insufficient to significantly boost the willingness of IDPs in North-East Nigeria to return voluntarily. However, our regression analysis offers more nuanced insights. It indicates that restoring access to water and rebuilding access roads in affected communities can have a substantial impact on motivating CIIDPs to return home. Therefore, we conclude that while restoring social infrastructure is a factor, it should not be viewed as the sole solution for promoting willingness to return in a post-conflict context. To address the broader issue, we recommend that governments and policymakers in conflict-affected communities prioritize the restoration of water sources and access roads, as these appear to be critical factors in encouraging the return of IDPs. Additionally, further research is necessary to identify other essential needs and interventions to facilitate the return of CIIDPs to their home communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The rapid growth of marginal settlements in the Global South, largely fueled by the resettlement of millions of internally displaced people (IDPs), underscores the urgent need for tailored housing solutions for these vulnerable populations. However, prevailing approaches have often relied on a one-size-fits-all model, overlooking the diverse socio-spatial realities of IDP communities. Drawing on a case study in Medellin, Colombia, where a significant portion of the population consists of forced migrants, this interdisciplinary study merges concepts from human geography and urban theory with computational methods in remote sensing and exploratory spatial data analysis. By integrating socio-spatial theory with quantitative analysis, we challenge the conventional housing paradigm and propose a novel framework for addressing the housing needs of IDPs. Employing a three-phase methodology rooted in Lefebvre’s theoretical framework on the production of space, including participatory mapping, urban morphology characterization, and similarity analysis, we identify distinct patterns within urban IDP settlements and advocate for culturally sensitive housing policies. Our analysis, focusing on Colombia, the country with the largest IDP population globally, reveals the limitations of standardized approaches and highlights the importance of recognizing and accommodating socio-cultural diversity in urban planning. By contesting standardized socio-spatial practices, our research aims not only to promote equality but also to foster recognition and inclusivity within marginalized communities.

Samuel J Martin,1 Phaibun Chiraphatthakun,2 Anan Samson Keereemalee,2 Wirachat Chiraphatthakun,2 Robert W Arnold2– 4 1Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; 2Jungle School of Medicine Kawthoolei, the Free Burma Rangers, Kawthoolei, Karen State, Burma; 3Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, USA; 4Ophthalmology Department Consultant, Providence Alaska Medical Center (1989-2024), Anchorage, AK, USACorrespondence: Robert W Arnold, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, 3500 Latouche Street &num;280, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA, Tel +1 (907)561-1917, Fax +1 (907)563-5373, Email eyedoc@alaska.netPurpose: The rate of moderate-to-severe hearing loss in Southeast Asia is 5.8%, among the world’s most prevalent. However, it is difficult to measure for people whose healthcare access is limited by the ongoing civil war. Therefore, a cross-sectional study of the impacts of hearing loss was incorporated with ongoing vision/cataract clinics along the Thai-Burma border.Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, culturally sensitive informed consent was obtained from patients presenting to a regionally promoted hearing clinic in Karen State, Burma (Myanmar) with a chief complaint of hearing loss. They were then administered a standardized survey derived from the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults/Elderly (HHI), then assessed based on history, otoscopy, Weber and Rinne testing, and portable audiometry.Results: Twenty-two adults and children presented with a chief complaint of hearing loss, and 26 others came seeking vision care needing cataract surgery. HHI survey showed 41% had mild-to-moderate, and 34% had moderate-to-severe hearing impairment. On a 0– 4 Likert scale, prominent complaints due to hearing loss were feeling upset (2.4 ± 1.8), limited social life (2.2 ± 1.6), using the phone less (2.1 ± 1.8) and needing to be warned of the danger by others (2.1 ± 1.9). Seventy-three percent had no prior hearing care. Access was limited due to financial (59%), limited travel (50%), and military conflict (41%). Pure-tone averages were 55.3 + 22.1 dB and 67.9 + 14.5 dB for the right and left ears, respectively. Pure tone averages are negatively correlated with HHI survey score (R = − 0.53). Chicken feathers were a common mechanism of ear drum trauma. Twenty patients received Solar Ear hearing aids.Conclusion: Ongoing military conflict in the Karen State leaves the internally displaced people with high prevalence of hearing loss and fear of additional injury due to inability to hear danger. Surveys such as this appear more useful to assess the individual impact of hearing loss rather than severity. Efforts by regional medics to provide hearing care should be supported.Plain Language Summary: Residents in a war zone in Karen State, Burma, had survey, ear exam and audiometry showing high prevalence of hearing loss including tympanic membrane perforation by chicken feathers.Keywords: internally displaced persons, hearing loss, audiometry, chicken feather injury, tympanic membrane perforation, health care access

Background Conflict and violence lead to the displacement of millions of people. A significant number of those who are exposed to potentially traumatic events, such as conflict and violence, may develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health or behavioral conditions. This study plans to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of PTSD and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among internally displaced persons residing in different relief camps during Manipur violence. Materials and Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among internally displaced persons (IDPs) residing in relief camps located in Imphal East District of Manipur using a pretested, semistructured, validated questionnaire consisting of PTSD checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorders Assessment tool (GAD-7). The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Results More than half (65.8%) of the respondents were found to have PTSD. One-fourth of the respondents (24.8%) were found to have moderate anxiety, and 15.2% have severe anxiety. Female gender, age between 20 and 59 years, marital status, and employment status after conflict were found to be significantly associated with PTSD. Marital status and witnessed destruction of property were found to be significantly associated with GAD. Around 3/4th of the respondents (235, 75.8%) reported witnessing destruction and burning of property, and 29 (9.4%) reported witnessing death of family members or friends. Around 58 (18.7%) were currently separated from family, and 25 (8.1%) had experienced some kind of trauma at the time of displacement. Conclusion A majority of the participants have PTSD, whereas 15.2% have severe anxiety. Efforts and interventions should be made to improve the psychological well-being through psychological support and counseling from mental health professionals and provision of vocational training for income generation for the IDPs.

Abstract Background Internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nigeria face a high burden of mental health disorders, with limited access to evidence-based, culturally relevant interventions. Life skills education (LSE) is a promising approach to promote mental health and psychosocial well-being in humanitarian settings. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of a culturally adapted LSE program delivered through in-person and mobile platforms among IDPs in Northern Nigeria. Methods This cluster-randomized hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial will be conducted in 20 IDP camps or host communities in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Sites will be randomly assigned to receive a 12-week LSE program delivered either through in-person peer support groups or WhatsApp-facilitated mobile groups. The study will recruit 500 participants aged 13 years and older. Intervention effectiveness outcomes include the primary outcome of change in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms assessed using the PCL-5 scale, and secondary outcomes of depression, anxiety, well-being, and life skills acquisition. Implementation outcomes will be assessed using the Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM), Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM), and Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM). Both sets of outcomes will be compared between the in-person and mobile delivery groups. Quantitative data will be analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression models, while qualitative data will be examined through reflexive thematic analysis. The study will be guided by the Reach-Effectiveness-Adoption-Implementation-Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Discussion The RESETTLE-IDPs study addresses key gaps in the evidence base on mental health interventions for conflict-affected populations. It focuses on underserved IDP populations, evaluates the comparative effectiveness of in-person and mobile-delivered LSE, and incorporates implementation science frameworks to assess contextual factors influencing adoption, fidelity, and sustainability. The study employs a community-based participatory approach to enhance cultural relevance, acceptability, and ownership. Findings will inform the development and scale-up of evidence-based, sustainable mental health interventions for IDPs in Nigeria and other humanitarian contexts. Trial sponsor Dalhousie University, 6299 South St, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06412679 Registered 15 May 2024.

During protracted displacement, women and girls often face serious gender-specific challenges and vulnerabilities, including adverse norms and institutional barriers. Using survey data from 18,533 displaced and non-displaced individuals in El Fasher, Sudan, we document that livelihoods are significantly shaped by a strong and complex intersectionality between long-term displacement and gender. IDP women work more (including paid labour, on- and off-farm self-employment) than non-IDP women but are poorer, on average. For men, there is no such difference in employment between IDPs and non-IDPs. These outcomes are the result of the 'double burden of female protracted displacement'. First, norms and institutions at the destination create access barriers to decent employment (due to women's displacement status). Second, norms and institutions at the place of origin create endowment barriers to decent employment (due to their gender). The double burden is strongest for older displaced women. By contrast, protracted displacement can be an (educational) opportunity for girls who grow up in displacement. Future policies should address the challenges stemming from the intersectionality of gender and protracted displacement by reducing past and contemporary institutional barriers and market asymmetries facing IDP women and by targeting the particular vulnerabilities older IDP women carry, enabling better education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The full-scale armed aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine has caused a deep economic crisis and social upheaval that has a devastating impact not only on Ukrainian society but also reverberates around the world. A huge number of Ukrainian citizens have been forced to flee their homes and emigrate abroad in search of safety and decent living conditions. Migration processes in Ukraine and abroad will be one of the key components that will significantly affect the reconstruction and further development of the economy, society, and the state in the postwar period. The phenomenon of mass forced migration of Ukrainians will require a comprehensive study by scholars in various fields to comprehensively understand its causes, factors, peculiarities of its course and consequences. The article comprehensively examines the scale and consequences of the forced migration of Ukrainians as a result of the full-scale war unleashed by russia against Ukraine in 2022. The author analyzes in detail the statistics on the number of internally displaced persons within Ukraine and Ukrainian refugees who have sought refuge abroad. Attention is focused on possible discrepancies in the calculation methods that could lead to differences in statistics by the Ukrainian authorities and non-governmental organizations. Reported figures are provided, and the dynamics of migration flows and the geography of their distribution are analyzed. A separate content block is devoted to the reintegration of internally displaced Ukrainians after the cessation of hostilities and their involvement in the processes of rebuilding the country and restoring social and political life. The article comprehensively analyzes the migration dimension of the war in Ukraine through the prism of assessments by the state and non-governmental organizations, raising a number of pressing issues of reintegration of society, ensuring the voting rights of internally displaced persons and restoring political processes after the end of the armed conflict.

Internal migration caused by the war of russia against Ukraine (with the active phase starting in February 2022) has increased the socio-economic burden on the host communities welcoming internally displaced population from the frontline and occupied territories. On the other hand, it intensifies behavioral reflections of local residents on the integration of internally displaced persons (IDPs). The study aims to identify opportunities, challenges, and prospects for IDPs’ adaptation in host communities (a case study of Lviv oblast, Ukraine). The paper conducted a sociological survey among 2,500 respondents in November 2022–February 2023. The results show that the lack of housing, lack of permanent employment, language contradictions, and forced limited contact with relatives who remain in the combat zone are existential barriers to the integration of IDPs into host communities. The study identified such opportunities for the integration of IDPs into the host society: reducing the risk of depopulation of territories, reducing imbalances in the local labor market in certain sectors of the economy, strengthening social cohesion, developing small businesses, and improving social infrastructure. The respective challenges include increased social tension, competition for jobs and housing, shortage of places in preschool institutions, and disproportionate distribution of budget funds between the local population and IDPs. Conflicts between IDPs and local residents, as well as IDPs and local authorities, require a proactive position of local authorities to initiate psychological support programs and create communication platforms for the exchange of individual experiences and discussion of psychological and emotional issues.

This study was aimed at developing methods to improve the effectiveness of psychological assistance to Ukrainians affected by the Russian-Ukrainian war. For this purpose, the current legislation of Ukraine was analysed, a survey among the affected civilian population was conducted, and international experience in providing psychological assistance in war and crisis situations was considered. The findings demonstrated significant gaps in the legislation presented in the reviewed regulatory documents. The identified weaknesses related to coordination between different services, funding of programmes and specific needs of different population groups (children, women, the elderly and internally displaced persons), which led to a lack of efficiency in the provision of psychological assistance and limited access to the necessary services in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. A survey of respondents on the availability and quality of psychological assistance showed that 28% of respondents in Group 1 (whose participants had experienced traumatic experiences, including the occupation) highly appreciated the availability of assistance, while in Group 2 this figure was 59%. The findings indicated significant differences in the perception of the availability of assistance between different categories of the population, which is likely related to the level of trauma and the effectiveness of existing support programmes. It was found that the need for psychological assistance far exceeds the available resources, and the need to expand assistance programmes and increase their effectiveness was substantiated. International experience of providing psychological assistance in war and crisis situations has shown that integrated interventions that combine medical and psychosocial support are effective in reducing the level of mental disorders among refugees and victims. Recommendations for improving legislation included the introduction of information campaigns to reduce the stigma of mental disorders and raise public awareness of available services. The findings pointed to the need to integrate psychological support into the general healthcare system and to increase funding for programmes

Introduction: Climate change is contributing to increase the frequency and severity of climate disasters in Mozambique, leading, since 2019, to extensive damage to infrastructure and displacement 1.3 million people. Aim of this study is to evaluate baseline preparedness to vector-borne and water-borne infections among households and internally displaced people exposed to climate disasters in Mozambique. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, community-based survey assessing the preparedness to infectious diseases outbreaks among people exposed to climate disasters in six districts in Mozambique. Structured form was delivered via face-to-face between October 15th and November 7th, 2022. Study outcome was defined as a seven-point score of preparedness to infectious disease outbreaks. Multivariable analysis of the score was conducted using Conway-Maxwell-Poisson regression. Results: This study included 2,140 households and 11,239 people, with IDPs accounting for 30% of them. Overall, 1,186 (55.4%) households were overcrowded. Median score of preparedness was 3 points (IQR 2–4). At multivariable analyses, districts with low preparedness were Montepuez and Mueda. Higher preparedness was associated with family planning (p < 0.0001), access to primary education for all children living in the household (p < 0.001) and possession of a birth certificate for all children aged < 5y (p < 0.0001), while preparedness was heterogeneous among the districts (p < 0.05). Households composed by IDPs were not associated with a lower preparedness score. Conclusions: In climate-vulnerable communities in Mozambique, households practicing family planning, providing access to primary education and birth certificate for all children were less vulnerable to water-borne and vector-borne infectious disease outbreaks. Being family planning and childcare primarily performed by women, our findings can inform policymakers and practitioners on the importance of addressing women to mitigate the impact of climate disasters and reduce the risk of infectious disease outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 70.8 million Internally Displaced Persons in the world. In Sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria has 16.5 million people and the highest displacement rate. IDPs in Nigeria need shelters primarily to mitigate homelessness and improve their quality of health through sustainable building materials (SBM) used in design and construction. The study aimed to investigate SBMs and their impact on the health/wellbeing of Displaced Persons in IDP facilities to promote the health benefits of SBMs. Assess the SBMs used to design IDP facilities in the three case studies; ascertain the health/wellbeing components of the SBMs; and analyse the impact of SBM on displaced persons' health/wellbeing. The study used the mixed (quality and quantitative) research method while leveraging the case study design. The research philosophy is pragmatism, and the research paradigms are interpretivist and constructivist. The data collection instrument includes a questionnaire survey for quantitative data, an in-depth interview guide, and an observation schedule (direct and participant). The findings reveal that SBMs have some health benefits, SBMs have impacts on the IDPs' wellbeing, and SBMs can be sourced locally. According to the study, SBMs can reflect the people's culture, making IDPs homely, happy and comfortable with positive psychosocial impacts that may improve their mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid climate changes bear significant consequences on various aspects of our lives, notably by deteriorating living conditions in certain areas to such extent that inhabitants have no choice but flee. Despite recognition of this issue, the dynamics of the relationship between the environmental factors and the human mobility have yet to be thoroughly investigated. This study aims to explore the application of advanced remote sensing analytics for developing detailed climate indicators at a micro (district) level, and to examine the relationship between climate factors and internally displaced persons. After detailing our data sources and the analytics employed for indicator development, we discuss various types of events and their repercussions. Our findings corroborate that slow-onset and rapid-onset climate events differently impact society, and the responses hinge on the urgency precipitated by the detrimental aftermath of the extreme weather event and, most crucially, on people's capabilities. We also underscore the importance of data quality and availability for the socio-economic indicators to enhance future studies, given the intertwined associations between climate change, economic deprivation, and violent conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle East region has a long history of resistance, activism, and advocacy movements in health, most recently as part of the 2011 region‐wide Arab Spring. Despite this storied history, however, movements of resistance, activism, and advocacy in health in the region are rarely unpacked, examined, or documented. This historical and contextual analysis aims to examine the long‐standing confiscated health rights and subsequent experiences of resistance, activism, and advocacy in health in populations in Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq. Promoting a health equity and health rights‐based approach is key to achieving Universal Health Coverage and health‐related Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in contexts that experience fragile socioeconomic and humanitarian conditions and political instability such as many countries in the Middle East. Marginalized populations, including Palestinians living under Israeli occupation, Lebanese Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender+ (LGBT) communities, Egyptian women and girls affected by Female Genital Mutilation, and Iraqi refugees and Internally Displaced Persons, have been severely impacted by decades of oppression, conflict, and displacement. These populations have faced various forms of discrimination, neglect, and violence that have hindered their access to quality healthcare and basic health rights. Rather than relying on government efforts, local and international movements to advocate for and protect the health rights of these populations are key. Innovative approaches, strategic dialogue and collective actions are prerequisites for promoting resistance, activism, and advocacy in health in all country's systems structure. This analysis highlights the important of this social public health issue in the most turbulent region and provides evidence to guide all countries to realize equitable human rights for health for all populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In post war regions, especially in low-income countries, the health care systems often require immediate support. For example, after the terror of the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in 2014, many internally displaced persons took refuge in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Those displaced by war have had to face the reality that psychotherapy did not exist as a service in the Kurdish health system. Many projects and Non-Government-Organizations (NGOs) that work in post-conflict regions focus on short term and quick response and/or basic psychological services. The implementation of the "Institute for Psychotherapy and Psychotraumatology" (IPP) at the University of Dohuk, follows a long-term approach. The 3-year-program teaches students to become professional psychotherapists, with respect to evidence-based and culturally adapted methods of psychotherapy. To achieve sustainability, the project is working towards handing over the teaching and organizational responsibilities into local hands. This article highlights the chances and challenges during this transition, as well as the importance of cultural understanding and realistic, practical solutions. An honest reflection on existing cultural challenges, e.g. inflexible hierarchical structures or an "old-fashioned" religious view of homosexuality, can then lead to practical solutions. These include winning over local authorities by including them in the process, culturally adapting to customs with the help of educated locals, demonstrating nonauthoritarian forms of leadership, and explicitly promoting newly graduated young lecturers into positions of authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The escalation of the Boko Haram insurgency in the Northeast region of Nigeria since 2009 has led to the death of thousands of people and left over 4 million displaced. Internally displaced persons were resettled by the Nigerian authorities in 22 IDPs camps in Borno and other states in the Northeast region and Abuja. Many of them were resettled in host communities with relatives, friends and also in informal IDP camps. What remains to be investigated is the International Christian Centre for Missions' intervention for the resettlement of the IDPs from the Northeast region at Uhogua in Edo State. This paper argues that the church's intervention was primarily to offer adequate protection to the IDPs from the minority Christian communities in the Northeast states, whose homes were devastated by Boko Haram. This paper investigates the Church's intervention being the only faith-based organization that is offering humanitarian assistance to IDP from the Northeast region at its camp in Edo State. It investigates the following: who initiated the idea and established the connections for the Church's intervention? Who identified and moved the IDPs from the Northeast to the camp? What is the nature of ICCM's intervention and challenges faced by the church? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women, children, the aged, and the physically challenged, among others, constitute the vulnerable population in every society but are usually catered for in crisis-ridden situations by the leadership of developed nations, contrary to what obtains in Nigeria, consequent upon rural banditry attacks. This paper investigated how leadership's attitude to banditry attacks on rural communities in Benue State, Nigeria, has rendered the vulnerable miserable with the manner in which the various Internally Displaced Persons' Camps (IDPCs) have been established to give relief to the victims. It adopted a descriptive research method, extracted data using secondary sources of data collection, and used Emergency Management Theory (EMT) to explain the paper. It reveals that before the escalation of rural banditry in Benue State, women, children, and the physically challenged were carrying out their various agricultural practices and other personal businesses without any hindrance. It observed that people appeared to have been merely protected by the efforts of their various family members and their various communities. It argued further that bandits' attacks on these rural communities created an upheaval in the environment, bringing about looting, kidnapping, maiming, and loss of lives and property of serious magnitude. The deadly attacks on these various communities, their desertion, and the displacement of family members led to a humanitarian crisis of multiple dimensions. The need to take care of the vulnerable population by the government led to the setting up of Internally Displaced Persons' Camps (IDPCs). The paper concluded that these IDPCs are poorly managed and characterized by corruption and negligence, among others. It is recommended that security in rural communities be beefed up to forestall further bandits' attacks, while the IDPCs should be properly protected, funded, and better managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines how displacement has exacerbated poverty among internally displaced people (IDPs) in Nigeria. While there has been significant research on IDPs in Nigeria, studies specifically addressing the relationship between displacement and poverty are scarce. This survey was conducted in five locations: Tse Yandev in Benue State, Durumi Area One in Abuja, Rann in Borno State, Nbyiro in Adamawa State, and Government Lodge in Yobe State. Twenty five informants were purposively selected for the study, and thematic analysis was employed. The findings reveal a high incidence of poverty among IDPs due to their lack of access to basic necessities such as shelter, food, and clothing. It was gathered that people become dislocated when they are internally displaced. This condition has heightened the poverty situation that many in Nigeria find themselves in. It was also established that dislocation never left anyone the same. Rather, it either makes them poorer or simply makes their condition worse. Recommendations are also provided for addressing these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has one of the highest numbers of un and under-vaccinated children as well as number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world. This study aims to determine and compare the proportion and characteristics of zero-dose (ZD) and under-vaccinated (UV) children among refugees and IDPs in the DRC, as well as the reasons for incomplete vaccination schedules. Methods: Data from a rolling vaccination coverage survey conducted from September 10, 2022, to July 03, 2023, among refugees and IDPs in 12 provinces of the DRC. ZD was defined as a child aged 12–23 months who had not received any dose of pentavalent vaccine DTP-Hib-Hep B (by card or recall) and UV as a child who had not received the third dose of pentavalent vaccine. The proportions of non and under-vaccination and the associated factors using a logistic regression model are presented for ZD and UV children. The reasons for non-vaccination of these children are described using the WHO-Immunization behavioral and social-drivers-conceptual framework and compared using Pearson's Chi2 test. Results: Of 692 children aged 12 to 23 months included in the analysis, 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2–11.7%) were ZD and 40.9% (95% CI: 95%: 37.2–44.6%) UV. The Penta1/Penta3 drop-out rate was 34.9%. After adjustment, ZD children had a significant history of home or road birth. And UV children were significantly associated with mothers/caregivers being under 40, uneducated, farmers, ranchers, employed, rural residents, as well as with home or road births. Reasons linked to people's perceptions and feelings were cited much more often for ZD (50.0%) than for UV (38.3%). Those related to social reasons were cited much more often by ZD (40.6%) than by UV (35.7%). Reasons related to "programmatic and practical issues" were cited less for ZD (90.5%) than for UV (97.1%). Conclusions: ZD and UV children represent significant proportions in refugee and IDPs sites in the DRC. However, the proportion of ZD is less than for the entire country, while the proportion of UV is comparable, reflected in a very high drop-out rate. Similarly to studies in the general population in DRC, the reasons for ZD children were mainly linked to challenges in caregiver motivation to vaccinate, while for UV children, they were more often linked to pro-grammatic and practical problems of the health system. Plain English summary: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has one of the highest numbers of un and under-vaccinated children as well as number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world. This study aims to determine and compare the proportion and characteristics of zero-dose (ZD) and under-vaccinated (UV) children among refugees and IDPs in the DRC, as well as the reasons for incomplete vaccination schedules. Data from a rolling vaccination coverage survey conducted from September 10, 2022, to July 03, 2023, among refugees and IDPs in 12 provinces of the DRC. ZD was defined as a child aged 12–23 months who had not received any dose of pentavalent vaccine DTP-Hib-Hep B (by card or recall) and UV as a child who had not received the third dose of pentavalent vaccine. The proportions of non and under-vaccination, the associated factors and reasons for non-vaccination are presented for ZD and UV children. Of 692 children aged 12 to 23 months included in the analysis, 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2–11.7%) were ZD and 40.9% (95% CI: 95%: 37.2–44.6%) UV. The Penta1/Penta3 drop-out rate was 34.9%. After adjustment, ZD children had a significant history of home or road birth. And UV children were significantly associated with mothers/caregivers being under 40, uneducated, farmers, ranchers, employed, rural residents, as well as with home or road births. Reasons linked to people's perceptions and feelings were cited much more often for ZD (50.0%) than for UV (38.3%). Those related to social reasons were cited much more often by ZD (40.6%) than by UV (35.7%). Reasons related to "programmatic and practical issues" were cited less for ZD (90.5%) than for UV (97.1%). ZD and UV children represent significant proportions in refugee and IDPs sites in the DRC. However, the proportion of ZD is less than for the entire country, while the proportion of UV is comparable, reflected in a very high drop-out rate. Similarly to studies in the general population in DRC, the reasons for ZD children were mainly linked to challenges in caregiver motivation to vaccinate, while for UV children, they were more often linked to pro-grammatic and practical problems of the health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]