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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar na Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo A falta de segurança alimentar é um dos problemas mais importantes de saúde pública em todo o mundo. No controlo dos processos de produção, a segurança alimentar baseia-se na implementação de medidas preventivas, sendo a metodologia HACCP (Análise de Perigos e Controlo de Pontos Críticos) a referência internacionalmente reconhecida como sistema de autocontrolo. A sua implementação, nomeadamente em unidades de restauração, auxilia o cumprimento das exigências legais e permite aumentar a confiança e a segurança em questões relacionadas com alimentos. Este estágio realizou-se na empresa de consultoria Qualiminho, em plena pandemia, entre setembro de 2020 e março de 2021, tendo como objetivo o acompanhamento do HACCP em restaurantes, pastelarias e talhos, e avaliar o grau de cumprimento das empresas nos pré-requisitos estabelecidos. Estes pré-requisitos são baseados no Código de Boas Práticas para o Setor Alimentar. Segundo o Regulamento (CE) N° 852/2004, na União Europeia é obrigatório desde 2006, a implementação de requisitos de higiene e segurança alimentar para todos os operadores do sector alimentar, embora ainda subsistam diversas falhas. A necessidade de avaliar o grau de implementação dos requisitos de higiene e segurança alimentar, permitiu ter conhecimento das dificuldades na implementação e no cumprimento das regras legais em vigor em estabelecimentos de pequena dimensão (talhos, pastelarias e restaurantes). Para uma correta avaliação da implementação de pré-requisitos é necessário realizar no mínimo duas auditorias. No entanto, este estágio foi realizado em contexto pandémico e com várias restrições, sendo possível apenas realizar uma auditoria inicial, impossibilitando a realização de uma segunda para verificar a aplicação das propostas de melhoria e ações corretivas recomendadas. Assim, numa primeira fase procedeu-se ao preenchimento de listas de verificação, onde foram analisados onze parâmetros. Estas listas foram elaboradas pela empresa como instrumento de trabalho utilizado nas diferentes auditorias de higiene e segurança alimentar. Foram analisados vários requisitos nomeadamente de higiene pessoal, higiene das instalações e equipamentos, condições de armazenamento e conservação, onde foram contabilizados os requisitos não cumpridos. Os resultados obtidos nas auditorias não foram satisfatórios, uma vez que as percentagens globais de incumprimentos foram elevadas. O setor da restauração apresenta a maior percentagem de incumprimentos (33,3%). As restantes percentagens de incumprimentos obtidas foram de aproximadamente 25% para as pastelarias e 23% para os talhos. Estes resultados são expectáveis, já que se previa no setor da restauração maior percentagem de incumprimentos (33,3%), uma vez que apresenta um maior número de etapas, nomeadamente de receção de matérias-primas, preparação/confeção das matérias-primas e tratamento térmico, ou seja, este é o setor onde existe uma maior manipulação, logo há um maior contacto com os alimentos, daí a percentagem de incumprimentos ser a mais elevada. As principais não conformidades detetadas são por exemplo: Tetos e paredes em mau estado de conservação, ausência de lavatórios de serviço com água quente e fria, equipamentos mal higienizados e com vestígios de muita sujidade, produtos fora do prazo de validade e produtos não acondicionados/embalados corretamente. A seguir à restauração, as pastelarias são o setor que apresenta maior percentagem de incumprimentos. Neste setor, embora também haja transformação, a percentagem é menor. O setor com uma percentagem mais pequena de NC é o setor dos talhos. Neste setor, não se verifica uma elevada transformação, visto que a carne só está exposta e não é transformada. Muitos dos incumprimentos verificados nos talhos referem-se a questões de organização, por exemplo, ausência de tabela de preço e ausência do rótulo para a carne de bovino. De forma a ultrapassar as não conformidades detetadas, sugeriu-se a implementação de algumas medidas, nomeadamente, promover a formação e qualificação, definir responsabilidades para as diversas funções e adquirir novos métodos e instruções de trabalho e envolvendo todos os operadores e promovendo a cultura da segurança alimentar. No final do presente trabalho, verificou-se que é imprescindível a implementação de novas medidas de sensibilização e informação para todos os operadores envolvidos na área alimentar, de modo a assegurar a formação e o empenho de todas as partes interessadas e assim garantir a segurança, qualidade e higiene alimentar de todos os géneros alimentícios. Como este estágio foi realizado em contexto pandémico, as fiscalizações aos estabelecimentos em estudo foram realizadas com algumas restrições, nomeadamente uma redução na duração da visita. No entanto, todas as empresas em estudo colaboraram de forma a permitir que este estudo fosse realizado e que se conseguisse recolher toda a informação necessária para a sua realização. Cumprindo sempre com as normas impostas para mitigar a propagação da COVID-19. Food safety is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. Regarding the control of production processes, food safety is based on the implementation of preventive measures being HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) methodology the international reference as a self-control system. Its implementation, namely in catering units, helps to comply with legal requirements and allows to increase confidence and security in matters related to food. This internship took place at the consultancy company named Qualiminho between september 2020 and march 2021 - in the midst of a pandemic – with the objective of not only supporting the HACCP implementation in restaurants, pastry shops and butchers, but also assessing the degree of their compliance to different requirements based on the code of good practices for food industry. According to Regulation (CE) N° 852/2004, in the European Union it has been mandatory since 2006, the implementation of hygiene and food safety requirements for all operators in the food sector, although there are still several shortcomings. The need to assess the degree of implementation of hygiene and food safety requirements, made it possible to acquire profound knowledge of the difficulties in implementing and complying with legal rules in small-medium establishments (butchers, pastry shops and restaurants). For a correct evaluation of requirements implementation, it is necessary to carry out at least two audits. However, this internship was carried out in a pandemic context where several restrictions took place, making it impossible to carry out a second audit to verify the application of the improvement proposals and recommend corrective actions. Thus, in the first phase, checklists were filled in and eleven parameters were analyzed. These lists were prepared by the company as a working tool used in the several hygiene and food safety audits. Several requirements were analyzed, namely personal hygiene, hygiene of facilities and equipment, storage, and conservation conditions, where unfulfilled requirements were accounted for. The results obtained in the audits were unsatisfactory, since the global percentages of non-compliance were high. The catering sector had the highest percentage of defaults (33.3%) with the remaining percentages of defaults being approximately 25% for pastry shops and 23% for butchers. These results were somewhat expected as the number of stages in the catering sector are higher when compared to the others. Raw materials reception, preparation and confection and thermal treatment are some examples of processes where a greater contact with food happens, contributing for higher non-compliance percentages. The main non-conformities detected were, for instance: ceilings and walls in poor conditions, lack of bathrooms with cold and hot water, poorly sanitized equipment with traces of dirt, products out of date and products not conditioned/packaged correctly. After catering, pastry shops are the sector with the highest percentage of defaults. Although in this sector also takes place transformation processes, the percentage of non-conformities is smaller. The sector with a smaller percentage of NC is the butchery sector. In this sector, there is no transformation since the meat is only exposed and not transformed. Many of the non-compliances verified in the butchers refer to organizational issues, for example, lack of a price list and lack of a label for beef. To overcome the detected non-conformities, it was suggested that some measures should be implemented, namely, promoting training and qualification, defining responsibilities for the various functions, and acquiring new methods and work instructions, involving all operators, and promoting a culture of food security. At the end of this work, it was possible to conclude that is essential to reinforce the awareness and information measures for all operators involved along the process to ensure the right commitment of all interested parties and thus guarantee safety, food quality and hygiene of all foodstuffs. As this internship was carried out in a pandemic context, the establishments´ inspections under study were carried out with some restrictions, namely a reduction in the duration of the visit. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that all the companies strongly collaborated to allow this study to be carried out and to collect all the necessary information for its realization, always complying with the rules imposed to mitigate COVID-19.

Введение Современным подходом к контролю качества и безопасности медицинской деятельности является риск-ориентированный подход с целью предупреждения, выявления и предотвращения рисков, создающих угрозу жизни и здоровью граждан, и минимизации последствий их наступления. Одним из инструментов идентификации рисков нежелательных событий выступают внутренние аудиты. При этом проведение аудитов в рамках внутреннего контроля качества и безопасности медицинской деятельности является обязательным требованием в работе медицинских организаций. Однако на законодательном уровне не определена технология проведения внутренних аудитов, методология идентификации рисков. В статье представлена методика проведения внутренних аудитов с позиции риск-ориентированного подхода. Цель исследования разработка методики проведения аудита как источника идентификации рисков нежелательных событий в рамках внутреннего контроля качества и безопасности медицинской деятельности. Материалы и методы Проведен контент-анализ нормативно-правовой базы, регламентирующей требования к осуществлению медицинской деятельности, который явился основой для формирования программы аудита. Проектирование визуальной модели процесса проведения аудита осуществлено с использованием программы ВРwin 7.2.5.1918. Результаты и обсуждения Разработана методика проведения внутреннего аудита, состоящая из последовательных этапов. На первом этапе по результатам анализа нормативно-правовой базы определены направления для проведения аудита: качество и безопасность медицинской деятельности; безопасность при использовании медицинских изделий; безопасность при использовании лекарственных средств; эпидемиологическая безопасность; идентификация пациентов и биологического материала; порядок работы с обращениями граждан; удовлетворенность пациентов и социологический опрос; информационная безопасность; соблюдение прав граждан; информированность пациентов о медицинской организации и правах пациента. Второй и третий этапы – составление программы и определение плана проведения аудита. Для каждого подразделения формируется чек-лист, который включает вопросы в соответствии со спецификой деятельности, целей и задач подразделения и проверяемых лиц. На следующих этапах аудиторы осуществляют прямое наблюдение за процессами, опрос пациентов, собеседование с персоналом, заполняют чек-листы, где отмечают выявленные в ходе проверки несоответствия, дефекты, нежелательные события. Далее оформляется отчет о проведенном аудите, где составляется перечень выявленных нежелательных событий и несоответствий и составляется план мероприятий по устранению нарушений. Заключение Внедрение риск-ориентированного подхода при разработке мероприятий на основании проведенных внутренних аудитов позволит медицинским организациям осуществлять деятельность по предупреждению, выявлению и предотвращению рисков, создающих угрозу жизни и здоровью граждан., Introduction A modern approach to quality control and safety of medical activities is a risk-based approach in order to prevent, identify and prevent risks that threaten the life and health of citizens, and minimize the consequences of their occurrence. Internal audits are one of the tools for identifying the risks of undesirable events. At the same time, conducting audits within the framework of internal quality control and safety of medical activities is a mandatory requirement in the work of medical organizations. However, at the legislative level, the technology of internal audits and the methodology of risk identification are not defined. The article presents a methodology for conducting internal audits from the perspective of a risk-based approach. The aim of the study is to develop an audit methodology as a source of identification of the risks of undesirable events within the framework of internal quality control and safety of medical activities. Materials and methods The content analysis of the regulatory framework regulating the requirements for the implementation of medical activities, which was the basis for the formation of the audit program, was carried out. The design of the visual model of the audit process was carried out using the BPwin 7.2.5.1918 program. Results and discussions The methodology of internal audit, consisting of successive stages, has been developed. At the first stage, based on the results of the analysis of the regulatory framework, the following areas were identified for the audit: quality and safety of medical activities; safety when using medical devices; safety when using medicines; epidemiological safety; identification of patients and biological material; the procedure for dealing with citizens' appeals; patient satisfaction and a sociological survey; information security; compliance with human rights citizens; awareness of patients about the medical organization and the rights of the patient. The second and third stages are the preparation of the program and the definition of the audit plan. A checklist is formed for each unit, which includes questions in accordance with the specifics of the activities, goals and objectives of the unit and the persons being audited. At the next stages, auditors directly monitor the processes, interview patients, interview staff, fill out checklists, where they note inconsistencies, defects, and undesirable events identified during the audit. Next, an audit report is issued, where a list of identified undesirable events and inconsistencies is compiled and an action plan is drawn up to eliminate violations. Conclusion The introduction of a risk-based approach in the development of measures based on internal audits will allow medical organizations to carry out activities to prevent, identify and prevent risks that threaten the life and health of citizens.

Internal audit should contribute to and ensure the safety of top management in all enterprises, and in particular in agricultural enterprises that rely on primary agriculture and processing of agricultural products. Internal audit, introduced into the regular control flows, enables the proper functioning of the existing management processes, especially the risk management of the top management's business and key decisions. In addition, internal audit contributes to an increase in the control function and management of the company, that is, management processes that are close to the planned activities of top management, thus enabling the achievement of the basic goals of the company that is made by top management. Interna revizija treba da doprinese i obezbedi sigurnost u radu top menadžmenta u svim preduzećima, posebno u poljoprivrednim preduzećima koja se oslanjaju na primarnu poljoprivredu i preradu poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Interna revizija, uvedena u redovne tokove kontrole, omogućava pravilno funkcionisanje postojećih procesa upravljanja, posebno upravljanja rizikom poslovanja top menadžmenta u momentima donošenja ključnih poslovnih odluka. Pored toga, interna revizija doprinosi povećanju kontrolne funkcije u upravljanju preduzećem, odnosno upravljačkim procesima koji su bliski planiranim aktivnostima top menadžmenta, omogućavajući postizanje zadovoljavanja osnovnih ciljeva kompanije koji su postavljeni pred top management.

Las auditorías internas permiten a las organizaciones establecer los aspectos fundamentales para la mejora continua, por lo cual es importante contar con un procedimiento claramente establecido, así como el desarrollo de las actividades más relevantes a tener en cuenta en la planeación, desarrollo y seguimiento de las auditorias, los roles que desempeñan los auditores para el logro de los resultados esperados y la toma de decisiones por parte de la alta dirección. Introducción 1 1. Estructura de Investigación 2 1.1. Contexto del problema 2 1.2. Justificación del problema 2 2. Objetivos de investigación 3 2.1. Objetivo general 3 2.2. Objetivos específicos 3 3. Normas para la práctica de Auditoría Interna 3 3.1. Normas Internacionales para el Ejercicio Profesional de la Auditoría Interna- IIA 3 3.2. Guía de auditoría interna basada en riesgos para entidades públicas 7 3.3. Norma ISO 19011:2018 para la auditoría de los sistemas de gestión 9 4. Planeación de Auditorías Internas 11 4.1. Aspectos claves para la Auditoría Interna 12 4.1.1. Programa Anual de Auditorías 12 4.1.2. Planeación de las Auditorías Internas 14 4.1.3. Desarrollo de las auditorías 15 4.1.4. Técnicas o herramientas para evaluación de información 17 5. Tendencias relevantes en el desarrollo de Auditorías Internas 19 5.1. Informe de Auditorías Internas 19 5.2. Resultados de la Auditoría Interna. 20 6. Rol de los Auditores Internos 21 Conclusiones 23 Bibliografía 24 Internal audits allow organizations to establish the fundamental aspects for continuous improvement, for which it is important to have a clearly established procedure, as well as the development of the most relevant activities to be taken into account in the planning, development and monitoring of audits, the roles played by auditors to achieve the expected results and decision making by senior management. Especialización

Although some articles have been written about integrated audits, they do not examine combining audits for ISO 9001 (quality management systems) and ISO 27001 (information security management systems). This topic is relevant across a wide spectrum of the Quality Management and research community, not to mention external auditors and staff with operations and information technology responsibilities. Furthermore, it provides insights into the new version of PAS 99 (specification for integrated management systems (IMS)). Quality Management practitioners may not be fully aware of the affordances of an IMS and combining internal audits. However, integrated audits make it possible to achieve efficiencies in the audit process whilst maintaining the benefits gained from audits such as process improvements. Clusters of research propositions were derived from a literature review comprising academic and professional sources and tested within a commercial organisation. The sample comprised internal auditors, auditees and external auditors. The findings and conclusions point to a reduction in audit effort, the number of audits and the audit resource required. A framework for establishing integrated audits is formulated.

Magistrska naloga je raziskovalno delo s področja sistemov managementa, integracije sistemov managementa in integracije notranjih presoj sistemov managementa. Sestavljena je iz pregleda literature s proučevanega področja ter raziskovalnega dela, kjer je bila izvedena kvantitativna in kvalitativna raziskava. Magistrsko delo je namenjeno vsem organizacijam, ki si želijo izboljšati sisteme managementa in narediti organizacijo bolj prilagodljivo ter prožno. Uporabno je za podjetja, ki imajo vpeljane sisteme managementa in se zanimajo tudi za integracijo sistemov managementa ter integracijo notranjih presoj sistemov managementa. Organizacije imajo lahko vpeljanih več sistemov managementa, ki pripomorejo k učinkovitejšemu vodenju. Za lažje obvladovanje različnih sistemov managementa se pogosto sisteme managementa integrira, kar pomeni, da se jih združi v bolj učinkovit integriran sistem managementa. Organizacije, ki imajo integrirane sisteme managementa, imajo po navadi integrirane ali vsaj delno integrirane tudi notranje presoje sistemov managementa. V raziskovalnem delu magistrske naloge smo s kvantitativno metodo — anketnim vprašalnikom — ugotovili, da integracija sistemov managementa organizacijam prinese veliko prednosti. Spoznali smo cilje integracije sistemov managementa ter elemente, ki jih organizacija pridobi z integracijo. Raziskali smo, koliko podjetij ima integrirane notranje presoje sistemov managementa in do kakšne mere. Ugotovili smo, da integracija notranjih presoj sistemov managementa prinese veliko prednosti za organizacijo, pojavljajo pa se tudi določene ovire. Raziskali smo pomembnost resursov za presojo integriranih sistemov managementa. Ugotovili smo, da ni razlike v prednostih integracije notranjih presoj sistemov managementa glede na velikost podjetja ter da ne obstajajo bistvene razlike v stopnji integracije sistemov managementa glede na velikost podjetja. Spoznali smo, da sta najpogosteje integrirana standarda ISO 9001 in ISO 14001. S kvalitativno metodo — študijo primera — pa smo na primeru podjetja prikazali stopnjo integracije notranjih presoj sistemov managementa glede na tri kriterije: tim presojevalcev, čas presoje ter plan in poročilo presoje. Glede na ugotovitve raziskovalnega dela magistrske naloge in pregleda raziskav tujih avtorjev z raziskovanega področja smo ugotovili, da je za uspešnost, obstoj in rast organizacije na trgu vpeljava ter integracija sistemov managementa in notranjih presoj zelo pomembna. This Master's thesis presents research work in the field of management systems, including integration of multiple management systems that may also include integration of internal audits. This Master's thesis is intended for any company that has established various management systems and is also interested in integrating those management systems. In fact, the study is intended for any organization that wishes to improve its management system and thus the flexibility of the organization. Organizations can implement several management systems that contribute to efficient management. To facilitate managing several management systems, an organization may integrate the multiple management systems into a more effective integrated system. Organizations with an integrated management system usually have also integrated (or at least partially integrated) internal audits. The work presented by this Master’s thesis consisted of reviewing literature and creating and operating quantitative and qualitative research models. Using a quantitative research method – i.e., a questionnaire – we determined that integration of management systems brings many benefits to the company. Through integration of management systems, an organization may realize different objectives nad elements. In addition, we investigated how many companies have integrated internal audits into its management system and to what extent. We found out that integration of internal audits brings many benefits to the organization. However, some obstacles may arise during the integration process of internal audits. We investigated the importance of resources for audit of integrated systems. We determined that the size of an organization does not affect the benefits of integrating internal audits. Furthermore, the size of the organization does not meaningfully alter level of management systems integration. We learned that the most commonly integrated management systems comply with standards ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. Using a qualitative method – i.e., a case study - we show the level of integration of internal audits according to three criteria: “audit team”, “audit time” and “audit plan and audit report”. According to the research findings presented in this Master's thesis and review of foreign authors from the field of study, we conclude that integration of management systems and internal audits is important for future success, existence and growth of an organization.

Existing work on China's economic influence in Africa refers to Africa in broad terms, thereby generalizing the results to an extent that is unhelpful for policy-makers in a specific country. Moreover, the emphasis is on oil exporters. This paper remedies this by focusing on a single, oil-importing country: Kenya. The paper examines China's economic presence in Kenya and some of the popular myths surrounding Chinese economic activity. The first myth is that Chinese companies do not employ local workers. In fact, 78 percent of full-time and 95 percent of part-time employees in Chinese companies are locals. Second, although China represents a large potential market for local exporters, the study finds that China has a better chance of expanding its exports to Kenya than Kenya does to China based on existing specializations. This may change with recent oil discoveries in Kenya, increasing the space for Kenyan exports to China, as well as from China's shift to a consumption-driven economy which will increase demand for services, a growing strength of Kenya's economy (World Bank Country Economic Memorandum 2016). The paper emphasizes that Kenyan policy makers should be less concerned about bilateral trade imbalances and worry about Kenya's overall trade balance. However, the Standard Gauge Railway and Thika superhighway experiences suggest that Chinese firms offer relatively few technology transfer or supplier opportunities for local firms and academia. Third, the popular focus of Chinese competition is on the impact on well-organized Kenyan producers and not on consumers, thereby underestimating the benefits Kenyan consumer derive from the availability of more affordable Chinese goods. The paper concludes with policy directions for improving export competitiveness and transparency in infrastructure projects, and local content.

The purpose of this study is to get empirical data about the assessed contribution of an iso 9001 internal audit to fulfil the company goals and in this way improve its efficiency. The empirical study in the case of Mercator, plc. is based on the analytically proven hypothesis taken from a former research. The first hypothesis (H1) assumes that internal audits contribute to the fulfilment of company goals and in this way contribute to company efficiency. The other hypothesis (H2) suggests that internal audits have more positive than negative effects upon business performance of a company. The study concluded that the internal audit in Mercator had generally more positive than negative effects upon business performance of the company. Respondents also realized that the internal audit considerably contributed to the fulfilment of company goals and to better efficiency. The results of the empirical study in Mercator support both hypotheses used as the research starting-point. Therefore the case of Mercator supports the statement that an internal audit which is primarily a quality management tool according to iso 9001 requests could also contribute to better business performance and company efficiency. The empirical outcomes could help quality managers as a reference data for benchmarking of internal audits and their effects in various environments. Further empirical research including additional internal audit cases (from other environments) would be welcome. The results of these audits could support the development of a wider benchmark database and it could in addition give a stronger support to the hypotheses presented in this article.

Prior to the political and security crisis of 2012, Mali, a large landlocked country in West Africa already ranked among the poorest countries in the world. In early 2012, the vast northern regions fell under the control of extremist forces, while a coup d’état in Bamako threw the country into political instability and turmoil. A strong international military response in early 2013 prevented further destabilization, though part of the North remains outside government control and insecurity has spread to Bamako and the South. The signing of a peace agreement in June 2015 has revived hopes for peace and stability. The WBG has continued to support Mali throughout the crisis. An Interim Strategy Note (ISN, FY14-15) addressed the root causes of Mali’s underestimated fragility, namely weak governance, extremely high demographic growth and the consequences of climate change. This CPF will continue to address the drivers of Mali’s fragility, with a strong focus on governance, while building on the progress and experience of the ISN. Drawing from the recent Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD), which stresses the criticality of improving rural livelihoods to sustainable poverty reduction, the Framework intends to contribute to improving rural incomes by increasing productivity and resilience in the four livelihood zones of the country. Accordingly, the CPF proposes orientations for the WBG engagement around three areas of focus: (i) improve governance, by strengthening public resource management at central and local levels and fostering citizen engagement; (ii) create economic opportunities, by enhancing the productive capacity of smallholders, increasing agricultural value added and diversification to catalyze transformation, and improving basic services by developing infrastructure and connectivity; and (iii) build resilience, by developing human capital, strengthening safety nets, improving risk management mechanisms for the poor and vulnerable and mitigating climate shock. A comprehensive program has been proposed for the first two years of the CPF that includes knowledge activities and development policy operations to address the binding constraints to poverty reduction, as well as citizen engagement, investment financing, partner-funded and joint IFC/IDA investments and guarantees. Key areas include the reinsertion of ex-combatants, competitiveness and agricultural productivity, statistical capacity, climate change, water and sanitation, safety nets programs, energy, irrigation and transport.

This assessment of the current state of the implementation of the Basel core principles (BCP) for effective banking supervision in Bulgaria has been completed as a stand-alone report on the observance of standards and codes undertaken by the international monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank during March of 2015 at the request of the Bulgarian authorities. It reflects the regulatory and supervisory framework in place as of the date of the completion of the assessment. The Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) has an internal governance structure which, by vesting the majority of the powers of supervision in the Deputy Governor for banking supervision, exposes the supervisory function to risks. Under the BNB’s legal structure, supervision and enforcement is dissociated from the Governing Council, and the Governing Council has no right to compel transparency of decision making or to impose a framework to ensure consistency in the use of the enforcement regime. There are material concerns that the BNB is too resource constrained to deliver effective minimum levels of supervision. Despite a broad range of supervisory powers, there are some gaps in the legal framework that unduly restrict the BNB’s locus. The BNB has a good understanding of risk and many strong practices, and also making good use of international standards and guidelines, but there are some important system wide vulnerabilities. The assessment team reviewed the framework of laws, rules, and guidance and held extensive meetings with officials of the BNB, and additional meetings with the Finance Ministry, auditing firms, professional bodies, and banking sector participants. The authorities provided a comprehensive self-assessment of the CPs, as well as detailed responses to additional questionnaires, and facilitated access to supervisory documents and files on a confidential basis as well as staff and systems.

This assessment of the current state of the implementation of the Basel core principles (BCP) for effective banking supervision in Bulgaria has been completed as a stand-alone report on the observance of standards and codes undertaken by the international monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank during March of 2015 at the request of the Bulgarian authorities. It reflects the regulatory and supervisory framework in place as of the date of the completion of the assessment. The Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) has an internal governance structure which, by vesting the majority of the powers of supervision in the Deputy Governor for banking supervision, exposes the supervisory function to risks. Under the BNB’s legal structure, supervision and enforcement is dissociated from the Governing Council, and the Governing Council has no right to compel transparency of decision making or to impose a framework to ensure consistency in the use of the enforcement regime. There are material concerns that the BNB is too resource constrained to deliver effective minimum levels of supervision. Despite a broad range of supervisory powers, there are some gaps in the legal framework that unduly restrict the BNB’s locus. The BNB has a good understanding of risk and many strong practices, and also making good use of international standards and guidelines, but there are some important system wide vulnerabilities. The assessment team reviewed the framework of laws, rules, and guidance and held extensive meetings with officials of the BNB, and additional meetings with the Finance Ministry, auditing firms, professional bodies, and banking sector participants. The authorities provided a comprehensive self-assessment of the CPs, as well as detailed responses to additional questionnaires, and facilitated access to supervisory documents and files on a confidential basis as well as staff and systems.

This study was undertaken under the leadership of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MOFED) to assess fiduciary risks in using country financial management (FM) systems in full, or in part, for implementing Donor and Bank-financed investment projects in Zimbabwe and to identify risk mitigation measures required for such use. Fiduciary risk is the risk that Bank funds (or donor funds) will not be used for their intended purposes or that they will be used without due attention to economy and efficiency. In projects using country FM systems, Bank funds are potentially commingled with the country’s own funds; therefore, a fiduciary risk assessment also needs to consider broader country PFM risks that could affect the fiduciary risk. This assessment uses a risk-based approach consistent with the interim guidance note issued by the FM Sector Board in 2009, entitled ‘assessment of fiduciary risks in the use of country FM systems in bank-financed investment projects’; and supplemented by the framework methodology for channeling investment lending projects through country financial management systems and the approach used for regular FM assessments. The risk-based approach provides a ranking of the fiduciary risks to be managed as high, substantial, moderate, or low. The decision to use country systems for a specific project then rests with the project's task team, guided by the country management team, after taking into account this fiduciary risk assessment and other factors such as the nature and complexity of the project and an assessment of implementing entities.

The main objectives of this report are to: (a) provide a synthesized analysis of financial reporting and auditing standards and practices across the countries in which the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean (ICAC) is active and (b) provide a basis for recommendations to ICAC and respective national institutes for a regional strategy to enhance the accounting profession and the accounting and auditing practices in the public and private sectors. This report’s focus on reforms and identification of areas and means to strengthen the accounting profession have at their root the conviction that systemic enhancements to the standards and practices of the profession can materially improve the lives of the region’s populace, particularly its less prosperous citizens, through greater transparency, strengthened economic growth and its attendant employment and tax revenue prospects, and greater access to financing for and formalization of the region’s dominant sector-micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). The report finds that a constraint limiting both investment across the region, particularly to MSMEs that characterize the respective national economies, and the efficient use of public resources is the accounting and auditing practices and the financial reporting regimes that prevail in both the public and private sectors. This finding emerges from: (i) a review of Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes for Accounting and Auditing (ROSC AA) conducted by the World Bank for Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and the countries of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, and (ii) Bank missions to those countries updating the ROSC findings as well as missions to countries that have not yet had ROSC AA reviews (during which the Bank team met the national accountancy body, regulators of entities that fall within the financial reporting chain, supreme audit institutions, central banks, and so forth so as to secure information that would typically be found in formal ROSC AA reports).

The Department of the Navy’s Managers’ Internal Control Program (MICP) is an important tool for ensuring the Department is well managed. In 2013, The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) added 17 principles to the five existing internal control components. In 2014, the Government Accountability Office’s (GAO) updated the Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government and directed federal managers to adopt the update by fiscal year 2016. The Navy’s internal control program does not yet comply. After analyzing the content of the MICP against the COSO and GAO publications, this thesis developed templates to supplement the MICP in order to bring the Navy program into compliance and provide a tool for internal assessment that may aid commands as they prepare for external financial audits. http://archive.org/details/expandingnavysma1094545919 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes - Accounting and Auditing (ROSC A&A) program is part of a 12-module joint World Bank-IMF initiative to assist member countries to strengthen their financial systems by improving their capacity to comply with internationally recognized standards and codes. The ROSC A&A program focuses on the institutional framework underpinning national accounting and auditing practices, and degree of conformity with international standards and good practices. This 2014 update to the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes – Accounting and Auditing (ROSC A&A) assesses the degree to which the policy recommendations of the 2003 ROSC A&A review have been implemented, identifies issues that have emerged since the last review, and proposes a number of policy recommendations aimed at further improving the quality of corporate financial reporting and auditing which contributes to improving country’s business climate, investors’ confidence and economic growth potential of Bangladesh. The policy recommendations should form the basis for a prioritized, stakeholder-driven Country Action Plan (CAP), aimed to assist in further enhancing financial reporting processes in accordance with international standards and good practices, taking into account Bangladesh’s country specific circumstances.

The bachelor thesis is focused on internal audits of the production process at Johnson Controls Interiors Czechia s. r. o. . The main objective is to analyze the progress and meaning of an audit in accordance with standards and observe major deficiencies to make sure that audits are implemented effectively. In the theoretical part the importance of the automotive industry for the Czech Republic is mentioned, also consists of information about ISO 9001:2008 and ISO/TS 16949:2009 and deeper insight into the subject of internal audits with the use of 6M. Knowledge is used in the practical part. In the end of the practical part there is a new proposal of catalogue of questions for the company JCI, which would increase the effectiveness of the evaulation and progress of audits.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Business Administration The research goal was to establish through descriptive research, the strategies available to counter workplace fraud in various industries in Kenya, from the perspective of internal auditors. The study examined the extent to which companies that had been affected by instances of fraud had implemented strategies to counter the problem and to describe how they did it. It sought to assess the extent of fraud encountered by internal auditors in Kenya, evaluate the challenges faced by internal auditors in detecting fraud in organisations operating in Kenya and evaluate the strategies put in place by organisations operating in Kenya to deter fraud, from the perspective of internal auditors. The study aimed at assisting organisations find ways of combating fraud. The study population comprised members of the Institute of Internal Auditors (Kenya). A total of 57 online questionnaires were received from the respondents from a sample of 148. Three distinct fraud schemes were identified: schemes that involve cash transactions, corruption and misappropriations. The study revealed that larger organizations with over 1,000 employees were more susceptible to fraud as were organizations in the banking and financial services, insurance and government/public administration sectors. The median monetary loss to fraud was KES 5 Million over the last five years. Further, the study showed that CEOs and senior managers were responsible for colossal monetary losses of between (median) KES 2.4 Billion and KES 20 Million respectively compared to KES 250,000 and KES 12.5 Million by other staff. Further segmentation was done using demographic profiles such as; age, gender, education, work experience and position of the perpetrator. No significant relationship was noted between the monetary value of fraud and the characteristics of fraud perpetrators. The most effective fraud deterrent mechanisms were effective internal controls. The study recommends that due to the challenges of limited time and staff resources faced by internal auditors, their focus should be on monitoring the effectiveness of their organisations’ internal controls to address the fraud problem.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Business Administration The success of the implementation of Quality Management Systems (QMS) in the manufacturing sector has gradually led to the introduction of similar systems in the service sector and especially in the field of higher education. The focus for most policy makers has moved from mass production to the quality of education which is now being enhanced by global and regional growth trends, an increasing appreciation for knowledge and skills and high levels of competition among institutions of higher learning. To keep up with this trend universities both globally and regionally have adopted Quality Management Systems to improve the quality of their operations with the intention of providing the highest levels of quality service possible to both their internal and external customers. This study explored the effect of QMS on the quality of service provided by employees in a private university in Kenya. Standard operating procedures, training and quality evaluation were the three elements of QMS on which dimensions of quality service were analysed. These dimensions included the responsiveness of employees to customer requirements, the ability of employees to provide timely and consistent service and the ability of employees to demonstrate empathy and confidence while providing a service. The study further delved into the challenges faced by employees when using a QMS in a university. The study adopted an exploratory survey design with the population of the study being employees of Strathmore University who had received quality training and were conversant with the QMS of the University. A purposeful sampling procedure was used whereby the researcher selected the Internal Quality Auditors of the University. The data tools used to collect data included self-completed questionnaires and structured interviews. The findings of the study revealed that QMS used by employees in Strathmore University offers them a platform for providing quality service to both internal and external customers of the University. Employees conversant with QMS are better able to respond in a timely manner to the needs of customers and are able to provide a more reliable service in terms of promptness and accuracy. The existence of well documented procedures brings about a certain feeling of confidence in employees. This confidence is based on the knowledge of what is expected of the employee and what is required by the customer. The findings of the study further revealed challenges faced by employees in using the system especially in regard to the time it takes to carry out audits and implement corrective action. Although the QMS in Strathmore University supports the quality objectives of the University in so far as it enables its employees to provide quality service the entire concept of quality was seen to initiate from the person rather than from the system. Top management support and training in soft skills and human values were noted to be critical for both understanding quality and living it in accordance with the aspirations of Strathmore University. Strathmore University

This study uses a unique, hand-collected sample of microfinance institutions from 73 countries that typically are not investigated in accounting research to analyze the relationships between audit quality and governance mechanisms. We examine two measures of audit quality, namely, the use of Big Four auditors and the presence of internal auditors who report to the boards of these institutions. The empirical analysis of this study reveals that these two quality metrics are highly related, although we also demonstrate that these metrics capture distinctive aspects of audit quality. In particular, the presence of internal auditors is related to other indicators of stricter governance, whereas the use of Big Four auditors is generally unrelated to other control mechanisms. This study illustrates that there is no single association between audit quality and governance; instead, the relationships between these two characteristics are dependent on the specific mechanism that is investigated. However, for situations in which a significant relationship between audit quality and governance does exist, the sign of this relationship is always positive. Thus, our data support the complementarity view of these two traits that is espoused by prior research. We find no support for the contention that these control mechanisms function as substitutes., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The Securities Settlement Systems (SSS) in the People's Republic of China (PRC) are organized around three different types of markets, which are the bond market, the corporate securities market, and the futures market. The China Government Depositary and Clearing Corporation Limited (CCDC) is the SSS as well as the central securities depository (CSD) for bonds. The China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation Limited (SD and C) is the central counterparty (CCP), SSS, as well as the CSD for all instruments traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) and Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE). The four futures exchanges have their own clearing and settlement departments, which offer the function of a CCP. The CCDC, SD and C, and Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE), Dalian Commodities Exchange (DCE), and Zhengzhou Commodities Exchange (ZCE) operate important securities and derivatives settlement systems both, due to the large volume and value of transactions and the fact that they support key financial sector markets (interbank bond market, stock exchanges and futures). The assessment of the bonds market-CCDC system against the Recommendations for Securities Settlement Systems (RSSS) concludes that the system observes (observed or broadly observed) thirteen of the 19 recommendations, being one not applicable. The assessment of the stock exchanges-SD and C system against the RSSS concludes that the system observes (observed or broadly observed) seventeen of the 19 recommendations. The assessment of the commodities futures markets-SHFE system against the Recommendations for Central Counterparties (RCCP) concludes that the system observes (observed or broadly observed) eleven of the 15 recommendations, being one not applicable. The present document is the assessment of securities and derivatives settlement systems in the PRC based on the recommendations of the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) for RSSS and the recommendations of CPSS-IOSCO for Central Counterparties (RCCP). The paper is divided into following five parts: the first part gives general information; the second gives information and methodology used for assessment; the third part is securities and derivatives settlement systems infrastructure overview; the fourth part is main findings from the assessment with international standards; and the fifth part gives authorities' response.

Tourism sector growth continues to be robust in 2011, consolidating the strong rebound in real Gross Domestic Product, or GDP growth in 2010. Real GDP growth is estimated to be 8.3 percent in 2011, down from 9.9 percent in 2010. Fast growing tourism receipts are supporting higher than expected government revenue outcomes. Recently introduced tax reforms, particularly the tourism goods and services tax, will put medium term fiscal sustainability on a firmer footing. Nevertheless, fiscal consolidation remains the policy priority for the authorities. Discussions with the International Monetary Fund or IMF on a program of support will resume this quarter. to see if agreement can be reached on measures that ensures medium-term fiscal and debt sustainability Domestic financing of the unsustainable fiscal deficit and rising international commodities prices continue to put pressure on the demand for foreign currency. Consequently, foreign reserves have resumed their downward trend after the boost from one-off privatization receipts. Uncertainty related to the recent devaluation of the Rufiyaa has subsided, but it is still trading at the upper end of the band and there remains an approximately 10 percent parallel market premium. The inflationary effects of the devaluation are now being felt with consumer price inflation rising to double digits in recent months.

This country program evaluation (CPE) assesses the outcomes of the World Bank Group (WBG) program in Timor-Leste during the review period (2000 to 2010). The WBG’s strategy during this period was to support the government of the nascent country in three broad areas: (a) poverty alleviation and the provision of basic social services, including health and education; (b) development of state institutions, including creating good governance and building the capacity of state institutions; and (c) promoting sustainable nonpetroleum growth, especially through the development of agriculture and the private sector. The CPE rates the overall outcome of its support to the country over the review period as moderately unsatisfactory. The Bank Group strategy was broadly congruent with the country‘s own aspirations, but its relevance and effectiveness waned through the evaluation period. To boost the WBG‘s role as an effective partner in Timor Leste’s development, independent evaluation group (IEG) recommends that the WBG: (i) set its key objective as one of supporting vigorous and sustainable non-oil growth, creating jobs and improving infrastructure; (ii) in consultation with development partners, sharply prioritize its program, being realistic about time frames; (iii) increase its focus on effective human resource development for institution building and improved governance; (iv) follow more closely its own guidance on dealing with fragile states; (v) ensure more active management of its assistance program, strengthening its capacity to deliver timely high-quality policy and technical advice; (vi) be realistic with regard to the situation on the ground and what is needed to attain development objectives; (vii) make International Finance Corporation’s (IFC’s) interventions of sufficient scale to address the objectives of its program; and (viii) bolster monitoring and evaluation (M and E) by focusing on a few key results and improving statistical capacity to obtain reliable data of sufficient frequency.

As profundas mudanças ocorridas no mundo dos negócios aguçaram a curiosidade e as necessidades dos empresários na área de Governança Corporativa. Muitas são as técnicas e as ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas visando melhorias de processos, segurança e integridade das informações, mitigação de riscos de negócio e divulgação de normas de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas pela Alta Administração das empresas. Neste rol, surge a necessidade de implantação de Compliance e da Auditoria Interna. Segundo Muzzili, a organização cresce e torna as suas operações volumosas e complexas no que ele chama de “efeito capilarização”, ou seja, o dia a dia é conduzido por dezenas e até milhares de pessoas, em locais diferentes, que recebem delegação implícita da Alta Administração. Ao mesmo tempo, verificamos uma grande diversificação de normas e órgão reguladores que geram diversas obrigações para as empresas e seus gestores de negócios. Como exemplos citamos as empresas seguradoras que são regulamentadas pela Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP) e as instituições financeiras (Bancos) que são regulamentados pelo Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN). No entanto, cabe salientar que qualquer quebra de paradigmas e regras em relação à SUSEP e ao BACEN pode acarretar em falhas e exposição de processos com grande propensão à incidência de crimes fraudulentos ou cometimento de lavagem de dinheiro, além de aumentarem os riscos das operações que possam impactar na continuidade dos negócios. Vimos no decorrer da primeira década dos anos 2000 uma explosão de escândalos fraudulentos que devido a sua relevância levaram à quebra de grandes Companhias. Tudo isto devido a diversos fatores entre os quais as fraquezas constatadas nos controles internos dessas corporações. A criação de processos, normas e regulamentos consistentes, amparados por auditorias internas com eficazes sistemas monitoramento contínuo das operações, minimizam significativamente os riscos nos negócios das grandes corporações. Profound changes in the business world have increased businessmen's curiosity and needs in the area of Corporate Governance. There are many techniques and tools that can be used for the improvement of processes, security and integrity of information, business risk mitigation, and publication of norms according to the guidelines established by the companies' Top Management, giving rise to the need for implementing Compliance and Internal Audits. When the organization grows and its operations become large and complex, we have what Muzzili calls "the capillarization effect", that is, daily activities are conducted by dozens or even thousands of people, in different locations, who receive implicit delegation from the Top Management. At the same time, we notice great diversity of norms and regulatory agencies, which generate various obligations for the companies and their business managers. As examples, we mention insurance companies, which are regulated by Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP) and financial institutions (Banks), which are regulated by Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN). However, it is important to highlight that any breach of paradigms and rules regarding SUSEP and BACEN may result in failures and in the exposure of processes with high possibility of fraud crimes or money laundering, besides the increased risk of operations that can have an impact on the continuity of business. We witnessed, between 2000 and 2010, an outburst of fraud scandals, which due to their relevance led to the ruin of very large Companies. All this is due to numerous factors, among which is the weakness observed in the internal controls of these corporations. The creation of processes, norms and consistent regulations, supported by internal audits with effective systems for continuous monitoring of operations, minimize significantly the business risks of very large corporations.

This aim of this report is to assess the accounting and financial auditing standards and practices in Burkina Faso in the private and semipublic sectors, using as benchmarks International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA) and taking into account the good practices noted in the international sphere in these two areas. The main objective of this assessment is to make recommendations aimed at strengthening accounting, financial auditing, and financial transparency practices in the private sector and semipublic enterprises in Burkina Faso. The development objectives associated with these recommendations are as follows: (i) stimulating private investment and enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises; (ii) improving governance in the private market and semipublic sector; and (iii) achieving greater integration of the Burkinabe economy at the regional and international levels.

Cambodia emerged in the early 1990s from 30 years of conflict, the brutal Khmer Rouge era, and a decade of Vietnamese occupation, with one of the world’s lowest per-capita incomes, and with social indicators far behind those of neighboring Southeast Asian countries. Physical infrastructure had been largely destroyed. United Nations intervention led to a peace agreement in 1991, a new constitution, elections, and formation of a coalition government, although a reduced level of conflict and political instability continued until the late 1990s. The government began a process of economic liberalization in the late 1980s which has been sustained. The donor world responded rapidly to Cambodia’s huge resource need with a high level of concessional aid which has been sustained. Since the mid-1990s the economy has been growing steadily; by 2006, per-capita incomes were double the 1998 level and the incidence of poverty had been significantly reduced. Social indicators have improved, generally to above the average for low-income countries, but are still well below those for most Southeast Asian countries. The Bank has focused on governance issues with increasing intensity in each succeeding country assistance strategy, and has worked with other donors in a number of areas. Progress has been made on certain governance-related issues such as public financial management, including expenditure reorientation, the poverty focus in health and education services, and support for decentralized, community-based development programs.

The purpose of this handbook is to provide policy makers with a framework to assess a tax system in its entirety, measure its various parameters and how it is administered, and defines best practices for tax policy and administration that will yield a tax system that is simple and predictable and does not create an undue burden on private enterprise. This handbook is primarily designed for policy makers and tax practitioners. The goal is to analyze the impact of income tax, the value added tax (VAT), and other local taxes that are imposed on business. This handbook does not analyze the effects of trade and labor taxes such as social security. The administration of the customs duty is unique and has been addressed extensively in the literature on customs modernization. Labor taxes primarily imposed on salaried individuals are not covered by this handbook, even though their incidence affects business. VAT has been included even though it is a tax on consumption because the administrative burden to comply with it is primarily on business.