1. Space power in the High North : perspectives from the kingdom of Norway
- Author
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Sundlisaeter, Tale, O'Brien, Phillips Payson, Strachan, Hew, Norwegian Intelligence Service (NIS), Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College (NDCSC), Royal Norwegian Air War College, Norway. Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt, and Norwegian Defence Materiel Agency
- Subjects
Satcom ,Aissat-1 ,FFI ,Security policy ,Commercial space ,Intelligence ,Space surveillance ,Maritime patrol aircraft ,Military space capability ,Space ,Military space activity ,Space middle powers ,James Armor ,Space as a foreign policy tool ,Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance ,Norwegian space policy ,Doctrine ,Russia ,Norwegian space strategy ,Norwegian Intelligence Service ,James R. Clapper ,Arctic ,Military affairs ,Space strategy ,Norwegian military space strategy ,Stig Eivind Nilsson ,Space and intelligence ,Jan Eirik Finseth ,Program space ,Civil-military separation ,High North ,Svalbard archipelago ,Military doctrine ,Space power ,Terje Wahl ,New space ,Space authority ,Studies in intelligence ,Commercial satellite imagery ,Inter-service rivalry ,Security studies ,Norwegian Space Agency ,Norwegian doctrine ,Norwegianspace ,Space and the military ,Military space activity and foreign affairs ,The second space age ,NATO ,Lance Lord ,Cyber defence force ,David A. Deptula ,Bureaucratic organisation ,Space power doctrines ,Space capability ,Net-centric warfare ,Commercial satellites ,High north policy ,Space program ,Military space authority ,Norwegian space ,Dual-use ,Space club ,Net-centric defence ,Henry Kjell Johansen ,Military bureaucracy ,Arctic great power ,Military space activity and international affairs ,Norwegian joint doctrine ,Satellite reconnaissance ,Norwegian Ministry of Defence ,Space legislation ,Norwegian Defence Research Establishment ,Military strategy ,Norwegian military space policy ,Odd Egil Pedersen ,Military space program ,Norwegian Navy ,Military space ,Intelligence studies ,Nils Helle ,Network-based defence ,Defence policy ,Haakon Bruun-Hanssen ,Space operations ,Kjell Grandhagen ,Satellite ,Rune Jakobsen ,Civil-military ,Network Centric Warfare ,Norwegian Armed Forces ,Jean-Daniel Testé ,Peter Marquez ,James E. Cartwright ,Svalbard Treaty ,International space law ,Military space strategic review ,Policymakers and practicioners ,Satellite communications ,Integration and screening ,Kingdom of Norway ,Svalbard ,Lars Saunes ,Norwegian policy development ,Imagery intelligence ,International affairs ,Space systems ,Tom Rykken ,Western European Union ,Cyfor ,Space as a strategic asset ,Per-Egil Rygg ,International relations of outer space ,Norway ,Small satellites ,Space and defence policy ,Norwegian Air Force ,Domestic politics ,Nils Andreas Stensønes ,Space as a security policy tool ,Policy ,Revolution in Military Affairs ,Policy development ,Norwegian space power ,WEU ,Richard B. Olsen ,European Space Agency ,Arctic policy ,Kevin O'Connell ,Satellites ,Bilateral relations ,Small state contributions to global politics ,Strategy ,Space doctrine ,Global politics ,Defence and security policy ,Space law ,Øystein Bø ,ESA ,Military intelligence ,Space-based ,Military ,Space and foreign policy ,RMA ,ISR ,Bureaucracy ,Deterrence and reassurance ,Imint ,Military access to space capability ,Spacepower ,National security ,Norwegian military space doctrine ,Space security ,Network-centric defence ,Military space power ,Small states ,Johann-Dietrich Wörner ,Petter Jansen ,Space policy ,International relations ,Space middle power - Abstract
Norway’s main impetus for developing national military satellite-based capability was the 1977 introduction of the EEZ, through which Norway became responsible for vast maritime areas in the High North. These capabilities also underpinned Norway’s intelligence mission that entailed monitoring Russian military activity, especially the Kola Bay-based Russian strategic forces in the vicinity of Norway. Norway developed niche technologies for military use predominantly based on civilian satellites, and ESA became an essential instrument as it enabled Norway to develop indigenous satellite-based services for the Norwegian Armed Forces. Norway in turn used this capability to reinforce its military relations with the United States and key allies within the NATO framework. Following the pivotal military space strategic review in 2014/2015, the Norwegian Armed Forces developed a function-oriented management structure and incorporated space as a new military domain. National security implications of space were finally incorporated into Norwegian space policy, and Norway has since developed a wide range of national space capabilities, all of which support the nation’s defence and security objectives. This thesis examines how Norwegian military space activity fits into the nation’s overall defence and security policy and argues this activity and the associated national capability development has emerged as a strategic asset in Norwegian alliance policy. This activity reflects upon relations between national policymakers and practitioners, and has contributed to obscure the notion of civil-military separation in Norway. The activity also demonstrates the existence of two unofficial space doctrines in Norway. One focuses on intelligence and the other on force enhancement. The 2020 appointment of the Norwegian Intelligence Service as Norway’s military space authority demonstrates the value of space for intelligence activities supersedes other uses of the domain. Lastly, the study has identified a notable discrepancy between Norwegian military space activity and how space is addressed in national military doctrine.
- Published
- 2022