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Purposes: The purpose of this study was to compare the financial burden of surgery for retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) and gastric cancer (GC). Methods: All patients who underwent surgery for GC or RPS between 2020 and 2021 at Nagoya University Hospital were included. The clinical characteristics, surgical fees per surgeon, and surgical fees per hour were compared between the two groups. Results: The GC and RPS groups included 35 and 63 patients, respectively. In the latter group, 37 patients (59%) underwent tumor resection combined with organ resection; the most common organ was the intestine (n = 23, 37%), followed by the kidney (n = 16, 25%). The mean operative time (248 vs. 417 min, p < 0.001) and intraoperative blood loss (423 vs. 1123 ml, p < 0.001) were significantly greater in the RPS group than in the GC group. The mean surgical fee per surgeon was USD 1667 in the GC group and USD 1022 in the RPS group (p < 0.001) and USD 1388 and USD 777 per hour, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The financial burden of surgical treatment for RPS is unexpectedly higher than that for GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unreasonable medical fees can cause problems such as increased medical costs, greater medical disparities, decreased medical standards, and physician shortages. To prevent such problems, it is important to set appropriate medical fees, ensure their proper use, and improve the efficiency of medical care. The treatment of patients with maxillofacial defects is generally more expensive compared with general prosthodontic treatment because it involves more materials and requires more frequently follow-ups for longer period. However, the actual time required for maxillofacial prosthetic treatment is unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to clarify the amount of time spent treating maxillofacial prosthetic patients. We analyzed clinical data from patients undergoing routine maxillofacial prosthetic treatment, irrespective of difficulty level, at 8 university hospitals and 2 dental clinics. We also collected data from maxillofacial prosthodontists on the treatment time required for various Japanese health insurance items, including the fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses. The results revealed that some aspects of maxillofacial prosthetic treatment may take longer to perform and are more costly to perform than previously thought, suggesting the need for some adjustments to the health insurance reimbursement system. Maintaining an appropriate balance between expenditures and fees will greatly benefit patients and physicians, ensuring positive health outcomes and a healthy society.

Xiaocang Xu,1 Xiuquan Huang2 1School of Economics and Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, People’s Republic of China; 2Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, 999078, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiuquan Huang, Email p2009419@mpu.edu.moBackground: Ending poverty and realizing common prosperity are the essential requirements for the localization of Marxism in China. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the post-poverty era further aggravates the risk of catastrophic health expenditure for borderline poor households and increases the uncertainty of returning to poverty due to illness, potentially undermining decades of hard-won efforts to eradicate poverty in China.Methods: Based on the latest data released by China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) database, this paper uses the Logit model to empirically explore the risk characteristics of catastrophic health expenditure of multidimensional borderline poor households based on identifying multidimensional borderline poor households.Results: The results show that factors such as family income level, child support, and medical insurance have different impacts on catastrophic health expenditure, and the risk of catastrophic health expenditure of multidimensional borderline poor households is much higher than that of non- multidimensional borderline poor households, and there is a certain difference between urban and rural areas.Discussion: The government should strengthen and improve the social security system and health service system, such as medical insurance, and more resources should be allocated to multidimensional borderline poor households, especially in rural areas.Keywords: common prosperity, multidimensional borderline poor households, catastrophic health expenditure, urban-rural differences, insurance system

The principle of inclusiveness requires that everyone have access to social security- the right to welfare. Yet, there are certain groups who do not have access to it or are treated with discrimination. The present study aims at examining equality in accessing social security- as a human right- for certain vulnerable groups. A use was made of an analytical-descriptive method in studying the current situation of the Iranian social security system in terms of its success in the application of “the principle of equality in social security for certain groups" with deference to human rights criteria. Findings suggest that generalization and spread of social security to all of a society nest serious problems which in turn leave some segments deprived of access to social security. Iran's legal system of social security should pay special attention to groups that are conventionally in a position of weakness, and the government should establish an efficient system for access to social security for vulnerable people.

Article 8 of the Paris Agreement introduces obligations upon the Parties to the Agreement "with respect to Loss and Damage associated with adverse impacts of climate change." According to Paragraph 52 of the Conference of the Parties' Decision, Article 8 is not a basis for liability or compensation. Therefore, the problem is whether violation of obligations leads to a state responsibility. Using a dogmatic method, this research contends that "recognizing the significance of averting, minimizing, and addressing Loss and Damage" means acceptance of responsibility for a breach of obligations. Although the means of seeking reparation would not be compensation, States are obliged to eliminate sources of damage and take precautionary measures to address loss and damage. Notwithstanding this, placing the issue of loss and damage under the Agreement into a separate article can reflect to a great extent the significance of the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functioning of the insurance system is associated with the dynamics of development and the current state of the economy, the political and social situation in a country, the legal field of operation of both insurance companies and economic agents. That is why the effective development of the insurance system is impossible without a deep understanding of the factors of the macroeconomic environment that can determine the scale of insurance activity. The aim of the study is to identify and determine the impact of macroeconomic factors on the development of the insurance system in Ukraine. To analyze the exogenous factors influencing the development of the insurance system, the study uses the method of PESTL analysis, as a result of which the strength of the influence of factors was assessed by insurance experts through a questionnaire. It is determined that political factors play an important role in the development of the insurance system. It is proved that economic factors influencing the insurance system have a direct impact, since the decline in production, rising inflation, which is reflected in the reduction of purchasing power of the population, leads to a reduction in insurance premiums to insurance companies. Social factors influencing the development of the insurance system manifest themselves through trust in insurers, which is the catalyst for the development of the insurance system. Technological factors influencing the development of the insurance system are represented by the level of development of innovations and technologies in insurance, the level of penetration of the Internet and mobile gadgets into the insurance system, the degree of globalization and openness of the insurance system. It is determined that legal factors are inhibitors of the development of the insurance system, as they do not create appropriate conditions for its improvement and development. It is concluded that economic factors have the greatest impact on the development of the insurance system and the functioning of its elements. AcknowledgmentsThe authors with to thank V. S. Krupka, Certified consultant of IC “OVB Alfinance Ukraine”, kvolody@ukr.net; V. O. Plyuta, Director of Khmelnytskyj Branch of IC “Providna”, Head of the Center for Reception and Customer Service in Khmelnytskyj, v.plyuta@providna.com.ua; and V. V. Kulchytskyi-Polyvko, Deputy Director of the Center for Corporate Sales Development in the Western Region of IC “Unika”, office@uniqa.ua.

In Africa, older adult city dwellers have been the focus of particular attention, particularly because the city is said to be conducive to a weakening of family solidarity. In contrast, the rural world is perceived as highly traditional and supportive. However, some villagers live on the margins of society, even more so than older adults. In this article, the authors look at the little-known phenomenon of isolation in a rural region of Senegal and show how certain life events can lead to this situation, one that social norms are supposed to prevent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unreasonable medical fees can cause problems such as increased medical costs, greater medical disparities, decreased medical standards, and physician shortages. To prevent such problems, it is important to set appropriate medical fees, ensure their proper use, and improve the efficiency of medical care. The treatment of patients with maxillofacial defects is generally more expensive compared with general prosthodontic treatment because it involves more materials and requires more frequently follow-ups for longer period. However, the actual time required for maxillofacial prosthetic treatment is unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to clarify the amount of time spent treating maxillofacial prosthetic patients. We analyzed clinical data from patients undergoing routine maxillofacial prosthetic treatment, irrespective of difficulty level, at 8 university hospitals and 2 dental clinics. We also collected data from maxillofacial prosthodontists on the treatment time required for various Japanese health insurance items, including the fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses. The results revealed that some aspects of maxillofacial prosthetic treatment may take longer to perform and are more costly to perform than previously thought, suggesting the need for some adjustments to the health insurance reimbursement system. Maintaining an appropriate balance between expenditures and fees will greatly benefit patients and physicians, ensuring positive health outcomes and a healthy society., (© 2024 The Authors.)

A meta-analysis was conducted to compare: 1) time from traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the hospital, and 2) time within the hospital to intervention or surgery, by country-level income, World Health Organization region, and healthcare payment system. A comprehensive literature search was conducted and followed by a meta-analysis comparing duration of delays (prehospital and intrahospital) in TBI management. Means and standard deviations were pooled using a random effects model and subgroup analysis was performed using R software. Our analysis comprised 95,554 TBI patients from 45 countries. From 23 low- and middle-income countries, a longer mean time from injury to surgery (862.53 minutes, confidence interval [CI]: 107.42–1617.63), prehospital (217.46 minutes, CI: −27.34–462.25), and intrahospital (166.36 minutes, 95% CI: 96.12–236.60) durations were found compared to 22 high-income countries. African Region had the greatest total (1062.3 minutes, CI: −1072.23–3196.62), prehospital (256.57 minutes [CI: −202.36–715.51]), and intrahospital durations (593.22 minutes, CI: −3546.45–4732.89). Multiple-Payer Health Systems had a greater prehospital duration (132.62 minutes, CI: 54.55–210.68) but greater intrahospital delays were found in Single-Payer Health Systems (309.37 minutes, CI: −21.95–640.69). Our study concludes that TBI patients in low- and middle-income countries within African Region countries face prolonged delays in both prehospital and intrahospital management compared to high-income countries. Additionally, patients within Single-Payer Health System experienced prolonged intrahospital delays. An urgent need to address global disparities in neurotrauma care has been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financial Space is the property of Cherkasy Institute of Banking, University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the research is to suggest scientific approaches to prove the necessity of conducting state regulation, to construct a mechanism for the state regulation of the insurance system and to find some opportunities to improve this mechanism in order to develop both the insurance system and the national economy. The article analyzes the conceptual and categorical framework of the theory of the state regulation of the insurance system and considers various approaches to understanding the concept of the state regulation mechanism in the insurance sector. The main specific features of the state regulation in the insurance market, one the one hand, and the state regulation in the insurance system, on the other hand, is highlighted. It is determined that the development of the insurance system is influenced by a combination of factors, so the system’s regulation provided by the state acquires specific features subject to the time, country and economic policy adopted. A new take on the concept of the state regulation of the insurance system is proposed, defining it as the application of the state leverage to influence the bunch of elements that ensure the effective performance of the insurance system in order to achieve its stable development and economic growth. A mechanism of state regulation of the insurance system development has been built, which should include the following elements: the strategic goal, tasks, subjects, objects, principles, functions, methods and tools, forms of the state regulation and factors influencing the insurance system development. The following principles of the state regulation of the insurance system development are highlighted: sufficiency, adequacy, consistency, openness, fairness, expediency, efficiency, stability. The following forms of the state regulation have been studied: statutory regulation, administrative regulation, antitrust regulation, tax regulation, price regulation, financial monitoring.

Copyright of Journal of Sports Creativity is the property of Journal of Sports Creativity and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Deposit policy of banks is defined as an important component of the banking strategy, since banks operate mainly with attracted resources. Therefore, volume and quality of the resource base of banks determine their opportunities for lending and investment activity. An important component of the study is the impact of the National Bank of Ukraine on the deposit policy of commercial banking institutions in terms of interest rate policy and deposit insurance system, which needs to be improved. The author’s definition of the term “deposit program” is proposed, and a determining factor in a bank’s deposit program is that it is developed individually and is aimed at providing the required amount of attracted resources in order to maximally meet the needs of customers and taking into account the priorities of the bank. The prospects for improving the deposit policy of the banks are highlighted as providing marketing innovations is a prerequisite for ensuring competitiveness. They need to be implemented systematically and interconnected with other business processes, including introducing new types of accounts and modern channels for selling banking products. In particular, due to the pension reform in Ukraine, the non-state pension insurance system is developing, and opening of IRA for clients is a promising direction for attracting funds by commercial banks.

Exposure to air pollution is frequently associated with reductions in birth weight but results of available studies vary widely, possibly in part because of differences in air pollution metrics. Further insight is needed to identify the air pollution metrics most strongly and consistently associated with birth weight.We used a hospital-based obstetric database of more than 70,000 births to study the relationships between air pollution and the risk of low birth weight (LBW,

Among Asian countries, laparotomic and laparoscopic bariatric surgeries were introduced in Japan after its establishment in Taiwan. However, despite high prevalence of potential patients with obesity and diabetes, the wider incorporation of surgery into treatment regimen has been stalling for decades in Japan. While the unique Japanese national health insurance system has guaranteed fair healthcare delivery, it might have worked as a barrier to the development of bariatric and metabolic surgeries (BMS). The present article reviews the status of BMS in Japan and discusses recent issues related to its use. To focus on and identify the major obstacles inhibiting the widespread use of BMS, we have comprehensively covered some major areas including the insurance system, surgical indication, accreditation and training system, original research, and national registry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is devoted to the economic mechanism of reverse mortgage — a credit product aimed at improving the standard of living of senior citizens, owners of real estate. The idea of the reverse mortgage has been given, as well as the mechanisms of use of real estate owned by senior citizens in order to provide them with additional income. The examples of reverse mortgage in the uS, the uK, Spain and Australia have been given. The authors have also described the methods of reverse mortgage lending in Russia. Based on the analysis of international experience, the economic expediency of investing in this credit tool has been assessed. Considering consumer demand factor, it is possible to calculate the equilibrium rate and, therefore, to find the coordinates of the market equilibrium point. The authors have developed a mathematical model of reverse mortgage for the case of lifetime annuity payments. This model allows to calculate the expected benefits of borrowers and lenders. There have been done (and implemented) two notes that significantly distinguish reverse mortgage modeling from other loan products: 1) a lifetime reverse mortgage does not have a fixed expiration date; 2) when taking a loan of this type, borrowers consider not only consumption, but also accumulation of inheritance. The model allows to calculate the position of break-even points and market equilibrium (relative to the interest rate). This will help economically interested agents to assess the potential of the reverse mortgage market in Russia.

The purpose of the research is to suggest scientific approaches to prove the necessity of conducting state regulation, to construct a mechanism for the state regulation of the insurance system and to find some opportunities to improve this mechanism in order to develop both the insurance system and the national economy. The article analyzes the conceptual and categorical framework of the theory of the state regulation of the insurance system and considers various approaches to understanding the concept of the state regulation mechanism in the insurance sector. The main specific features of the state regulation in the insurance market, one the one hand, and the state regulation in the insurance system, on the other hand, is highlighted. It is determined that the development of the insurance system is influenced by a combination of factors, so the system’s regulation provided by the state acquires specific features subject to the time, country and economic policy adopted. A new take on the concept of the state regulation of the insurance system is proposed, defining it as the application of the state leverage to influence the bunch of elements that ensure the effective performance of the insurance system in order to achieve its stable development and economic growth. A mechanism of state regulation of the insurance system development has been built, which should include the following elements: the strategic goal, tasks, subjects, objects, principles, functions, methods and tools, forms of the state regulation and factors influencing the insurance system development. The following principles of the state regulation of the insurance system development are highlighted: sufficiency, adequacy, consistency, openness, fairness, expediency, efficiency, stability. The following forms of the state regulation have been studied: statutory regulation, administrative regulation, antitrust regulation, tax regulation, price regulation, financial monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed, proceeding from the theoretical research and studies, at analyzing the content of the concept of «insurance system» and its structure, providing characterizations of the elements included in it. In the working process, the methodological approach to the structural analysis of insurance system was used and the system method was applied in order to define its essence and elements, which allowed studying the insurance system as a whole. The system method was applied for the generalizing, systematizing, and interpretation of results of the study on the insurance system of Ukraine, in combination with critical analysis. The obtained results allow to submit that an insurance system is a complex, which includes five main elements (insurance companies, reinsurance companies, branches of the non-resident insurers, mutual insurance societies, insurance and reinsurance pools). A methodology of determining the essence and structure of an insurance system has been elaborated that has provided the basic criteria (legislative origin, operating in the insurance market and purchasing risks with the subsequent insurance of these, «production» of the insurance products that can be sold to the insurance intermediaries), using of which can be reasonable in the assigning elements to an insurance system. Further theoretical studies of insurance system and its elements will contribute to the harmonization of the existing concepts and actualization of the new scientific issues, as well as development of new approaches in terms of the methodology of studying the insurance activity.

The paper aims to compare the preferences of the unlimited rational economic agent for consumption and earnings, on the one hand, and real behavior of economic agents, on the other. The analysis concludes that old-age poverty appears to be a result of irrational behavior in youth and adulthood. The state pension system, which aims to solve this problem, requires a transition of the state from its redistribution function to prevention of irrational behavior of economic agents, as well as a transition from the tax distribution system to the mandatory old-age pension saving scheme, which involves sovereignty of the individual and free choice between insurance and non-insurance alternatives. The main principles of the individually funded pension system are discussed in the paper. Minimum pension fund is expected to address the critical social issue of retirement age. The problem of long-livers, who live beyond the survival age, can be solved both by additional pension contributions to the individually funded pension system (by applying survival age multiplying coefficient) and by inclusion of insurance part in the pension system. Moreover, it has been proved that insurance scheme doesn’t reproduce redistribution system for the whole society as it is limited only to those who have the right to use pension capital. The paper focuses on the political problems of the state authorities that prevent the implementation of old-age pension saving scheme. Rational behavior of economic agents is impossible without overcoming limited rational behavior of the state.

Doing any entrepreneurial activity takes place under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Agricultural production is distinguished by a special risk environment, since it manifests natural and climatic risks that are very dangerous and have the maximum effect on the final results of operations. At the same time, the economic damage caused by them is not only comparable to the scale of the financial results of commodity producers, but periodically exceeds them. Households also suffer losses as a result of the risks that are traditional for any commercial activity (production, marketing, financial): the size of these losses is large, difficult to estimate, and the consequences are disastrous. Therefore, the complex impact of agricultural risks obliges commodity producers to put stability and guaranteed result in the first place in the system of their interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Proceedings of Ostroh Academy National University Series, Economics is the property of National University of Ostroh Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Proactive approach to risk management of agriculture companies is the way to ensure the efficiency of agricultural production even affected by natural disasters, to ensure the continuity of agricultural business and ultimately affect the level of development of rural regions. The instrument that solves the problem of reduction and elimination of risks associated with agricultural production is a systemic approach to the insurance of agricultural production, both crop insurance and livestock insurance, linked to a support program for SME in agriculture.This presented paper aims to identify and discuss the possibility of eliminating risks possibly threate­ning the agricultural production and to analyze forms of covering risks associated with agricultural production on the commercial insurance market in the Czech Republic. The paper analyzes the current situation and current development of the agricultural insurance on the insurance market in the Czech Republic.This paper was written as a part of the research project MSM 6215648904, carried out by the Faculty of Business and Economics, under the title „The Czech economics in the processes of integration and globalization, and the development of the agriculture and service sector in the new conditions of the integrated European market“, following the goals and methodology of the research project.

Copyright of Scientific Proceedings of Ostroh Academy National University Series, Economics is the property of National University of Ostroh Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the opinions of users, specialists and students who study at Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen. The period involved is 2009-2013. The paper analyzes the collected, processed and systematized data from two of the four questionnaires used by Shumen University - Questionnaire 3 for quality of education that is intended for employers and Questionnaire ?4 that is intended for students who graduate Shumen University. http://uninet.shu-bg.net/upravlenienakachestvoto/anketi/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main problems concerning the Bulgarian universities is the quality of the education of the students. This requires improvement of the criteria regarding the educational process as a whole. As a member of the European Union, Bulgaria respects the European normative and strategic documents. The University of Shumen maintains and enforces the understanding for completion of these documents, which premise the development of the higher education - The European qualifi cation frame and its endorsement into the “The National qualifi cation frame” (2001), “Guidance for application of the credential system” (2009), “Europe 2020” (2010). The following article examines the qualities of the educational process in the University of Shumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period from 2009 to 2011 can be described with a quality of new moments, requirements and more and more complex criteria relating to the educational process and the whole education of students. Bulgaria, as a member of the European Union, holds up to the normative and strategic documents. The University of Shumen attends and necessitates the comprehension to execute these, who premise the development of higher education - the European Qualifications Framework and her endorsement into the "The National Qualifications Framework"(2011), "Manual of appliance of the credential system"(2009), "Europe 2020"(2010). The following article examines the quality education of students in the University of Shumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to undertake tourism is an important extension of basic human rights, and is a comprehensive right. The United Kingdom and the USA, among other countries, primarily consider the civic tourism right to be the right of freedom of travel. This right is developed and protected by judicial legislation. The primary focus of the European Union, the World Tourism Organization and other international organizations, when considering civic tourism rights, is the protection of the rights and freedom of travel. In China a citizen's civic tourism right is the fundamental right to travel, and includes both concepts mentioned above. Seven rights are observed in China; the right to security; the right to freedom of travel; the right to equality; the right to resource sharing; tourism development and sharing rights; tourism consumer rights; and inbound tourism right. China's Tourism Law first proposed a citizens' civic tourism right. The Outline for National Tourism and Leisure (2013-2020), issued by the State Council for China in 2013, states that the implementation of the citizens' right to travel is a legal obligation. However, there are still some constraints to civic tourism rights of Chinese citizens. In particular, there are constraints relating to the level of socio-economic and tourism developments. Socio-economically, the basic civil right to travel requires certain economic capabilities; hence consumer expectations may restrict tourism and leisure consumption. Developmentally; the quantity and quality of tourism infrastructure must be improved so as not to constrain tour groups; and the public information system needs to be improved. There is a real problem of over-exploitation of tourism resources in China and exploitation of consumer rights is common. The inbound and outbound tourism management system should be further developed to prevent such exploitations. There is a need for the implementation of comprehensive systems to ensure the wide protection of a citizen's civic tourism right. The thesis based on the basic insurance system, especially institutional mechanisms to explore the optimization of our citizens basic rights of tourism insurance coverage policy measures; China in general, must; improve tourism and insurance legislation to strengthen the legal protection of policies; improve the social security insurance system; implement an innovative home and personal property insurance system to protect the citizen; improve the quality of travel insurance services by strengthening travel insurance supervision and management; and increase publicity relating to travel insurance to improve recognition of the need for, and acceptance of, the benefits of travel insurance. China must optimize its tourism resources and property insurance systems to meet the needs of travel resource sharing. In relation to the right to travel insurance protection mechanisms, there are three main policy recommendations; improve the insurance system to ensure the safety of tourists and promote the development of tourism; improve the liability systems relating to tourism enterprises to improve the level of protection for tourists; and establish and improve inbound and outbound tourism insurance systems to guarantee a citizens' right to inbound and outbound travel. We recommend the improvement of the travel insurance system to optimize the rights of Chinese citizens and inbound tourists, to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the tourism and leisure industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]