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Background: Many studies have described barriers to gender-affirming surgery (GAS) in Canada; however, few have explored why these barriers persist. To address this knowledge gap, we sought to describe documents related to public health insurance (Medicare) for GAS to identify the types of procedures covered, variations in coverage across provinces and territories, and changes in policy over time. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using an environmental scan approach. We queried 23 government websites, the Google search engine, and an online legal database between July 2022 and April 2024 to gather gray literature documents related to GAS and Medicare. Variables from relevant documents were compiled to create a present, at-glance overview of GAS Medicare coverage for all provinces and territories and a timeline of policy changes across Canada. Results: Eight provinces and three territories had documents or websites related to GAS Medicare coverage (85%). We identified 15 GAS procedures that were covered variably across Canada. Yukon (n = 14) covered the most types of GAS, while Quebec and Saskatchewan covered the least (n = 6). Mastectomy and genital surgeries were covered across Canada, but other GAS were rarely covered. Five provinces and territories provided coverage for travel-related costs. Our GAS Medicare timeline showed differential expansion of GAS coverage in Canada over the last 25 years. Conclusions : We provide previously unreported information regarding GAS Medicare coverage in Canada. We hope our findings will help patients and healthcare providers navigate a complicated public healthcare system. We also highlight barriers within GAS Medicare documents and make recommendations to alleviate those barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Many studies have described barriers to gender-affirming surgery (GAS) in Canada; however, few have explored why these barriers persist. To address this knowledge gap, we sought to describe documents related to public health insurance (Medicare) for GAS to identify the types of procedures covered, variations in coverage across provinces and territories, and changes in policy over time. Methods We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using an environmental scan approach. We queried 23 government websites, the Google search engine, and an online legal database between July 2022 and April 2024 to gather gray literature documents related to GAS and Medicare. Variables from relevant documents were compiled to create a present, at-glance overview of GAS Medicare coverage for all provinces and territories and a timeline of policy changes across Canada. Results Eight provinces and three territories had documents or websites related to GAS Medicare coverage (85%). We identified 15 GAS procedures that were covered variably across Canada. Yukon (n = 14) covered the most types of GAS, while Quebec and Saskatchewan covered the least (n = 6). Mastectomy and genital surgeries were covered across Canada, but other GAS were rarely covered. Five provinces and territories provided coverage for travel-related costs. Our GAS Medicare timeline showed differential expansion of GAS coverage in Canada over the last 25 years. Conclusions We provide previously unreported information regarding GAS Medicare coverage in Canada. We hope our findings will help patients and healthcare providers navigate a complicated public healthcare system. We also highlight barriers within GAS Medicare documents and make recommendations to alleviate those barriers.

Healthcare payers often implement coverage policies that restrict the utilization of costly new first-line treatments. Cost-effectiveness analysis can be conducted to inform these decisions by comparing the new treatment with an existing one. However, this approach may overlook important factors such as treatment effect heterogeneity and endogenous treatment selection, policy implementation costs, and diverse patient preferences across multiple treatment options. We aimed to develop a cost-effectiveness analysis framework that considers these real-world factors, facilitating the evaluation of alternative policies related to expanding or restricting first-line treatment choices. We introduced a metric of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) that compares an expanded choice set (CS) including the new first-line treatment with a restricted CS excluding the new treatment. ICER(CS) accounts for treatment selection influenced by heterogeneous treatment effects and policy implementation costs. We examined a basic scenario with 2 standard first-line treatment choices and a more realistic scenario involving diverse preferences toward multiple choices. To illustrate the framework, we conducted a retrospective evaluation of including versus excluding abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (AAP) (androgen deprivation therapy [ADT] + AAP) as a first-line treatment for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. The traditional ICERs for ADT + AAP versus ADT alone and ADT+ docetaxel were $104 269 and $206 324/quality-adjusted life-year, respectively. The ICER(CS) for comparing an expanded CS with ADT + AAP with a restricted CS without ADT + AAP was $123 179/quality-adjusted life-year. The proposed framework provides decision makers with policy-relevant tools, enabling them to assess the cost-effectiveness of alternative policies of expanding versus restricting patients' and physicians' first-line treatment choices. • Traditional cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) may have limitations in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of alternative coverage policies that consider the inclusion or restriction of new treatment options. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a general framework that enables a comparison between expanded and restricted choice sets, analogous to comparing coverage policies. • The framework explicitly incorporates critical real-world factors, including heterogeneous treatment effects and endogenous treatment selection, policy implementation costs, and differential patient preferences toward multiple treatment options. The empirical case study demonstrates that the proposed framework can yield significantly different cost-effectiveness estimate compared with traditional CEA when these factors are considered. • Given that there is a growing interest in integrating CEA into value-based insurance design, our framework provides valuable insights for designing insurance policies that effectively reflect the value of innovative first-line treatments for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conditions of high competition and variability of economic conditions, timely insurance of business risks can help the enterprise to preserve its financial resources and ensure stability and security in the market. The article aims to systematize business risks by groups of losses and generalize and characterize the types of insurance policies that can be useful to the enterprise due to their manifestations. It was found that entrepreneurial risk in economic activity is a generalizing term for a group of risks that arise at various stages of the capital cycle as a result of the actions of the enterprise itself, competitors, counterparties, changes in the market situation, technological failures and other internal and external factors. Types of business risks are systematized. Four main groups of enterprise losses due to business risks were identified, with the selection of types of insurance policies that can be useful for enterprises in case of corresponding losses. Different conditions for insurance against cyber threats and liability for environmental damage in Ukraine were disclosed under four main costs depending on the type of damage subject to compensation. The results of the study show that business risk is a complex category that covers various aspects of business activity, protection against which occurs mainly within the scope of property insurance and liability insurance, but at the same time can go beyond these fields of insurance, if it is determined by the needs of business activity Business risk includes financial risks, such as market instability, changes in the economic environment, exchange rate fluctuations, rising costs, insufficient financial resources. It also covers operational risks related to business management, including supply chain issues, staffing issues, technology failures, legal conflicts, and more.

This study investigates the impact of asymmetric information on auto insurance policies in Lagos State. The main objective is to determine the effect of asymmetric information on affect insurer's acceptance of risk and claims payment in auto insurance. The scope of the study is the five big insurance companies in Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study. The study population consists of 15,341, and the sample size is 390. A structured questionnaire was used to gather responses from the respondents, simple percentages and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the study, and a chisquare test was used to test the hypothesis. Based on the findings and analysis of the data, it was clear that it is possible to reduce asymmetric information in the automobile insurance market by ensuring that systems are put in place to get accurate information from the insured and do extensive research about the subject matter. It was concluded that insurance companies in Nigeria recognize the negative impact of asymmetric information on a company's profitability and investment. It was recommended that targeted stipulations be used frequently to reduce or narrow the chances of asymmetric information auto insurance policies to take the asymmetric information factors into account and alleviate the problem areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese health system remains the crucial one for understanding the wider healthcare landscape across the Global South and in particular the leading Emerging Markets. Purpose of our observation was to understand the inner dynamics of mainland Chinese health reforms adopting a lengthy time horizon. We have analysed the public reports and seminal evidence on Chinese of multiple waves of national health reforms taking place since 1980s in terms of medical care and pharmaceuticals provision and financing. Chinese international trade with ASEAN nations and wider South-East Asia is accelerating its growth after the recovery of trade routes. In terms of health sector this means that global demand and supply of medical goods, services and pharmaceuticals remains largely driven by Chinese domestic developments. Furthermore, Chinese domestic manufacturing and sales of decent quality medical devices and services have grown exponentially. Some temporary pitfalls and increasing in rural–urban inequalities in equity of access and affordability of medical care and pharmaceuticals did take place. Despite these difficulties to generate a balanced development strategy for the largest global market, this is a clear path upwards. Further upcoming improvements expanding health insurance coverage are in strong demand for certain layers of the society. Domestic bottleneck weaknesses yet remain manufacturing, import and market penetration of cutting-edge pharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies and targeted oncology agents. Yet some of these obstacles are likely to be overcome in foreseeable future with the adoption of responsible strategies by governmental agencies in health care arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies for increasing participation rates of freelance laborers in voluntary social insurance (VSI) programs in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam. Methods: We surveyed a sample of 400 persons and analyzed the data using SPSS 20 software. Both exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were employed to ana- lyze the level and nature of the relationships among the variables. Results: The intention of laborers to participate in VSI in the rural regions of Thai Nguyen province was influenced by 5 factors – information, trust, attitude, risk perceptions, and knowledge. Nonetheless, the extent of impact varied across the distinct factors. Conclusions: To enhance participation rates in social insurance, it is imperative for policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to engage in information dissemination through a diverse array of channels, such as clubs, individuals, and local organizations. This strategy will serve to ensure that individuals possess a heightened comprehension of the tangible advantages associated with participation in social insurance programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the business world, product warranty and insurance plays an important role by increasing the demand of the product to maximizing the average profit or minimizing the average cost in a manufacturing system. Also, the customers' demand depends on several factors, viz. quality, selling price, payment strategies, warranty and insurance of the product. This paper develops an imperfect production inventory model with preventive machine maintenance, rework, warranty and insurance coverage on the accidentally damaged part(s) of the product. The concerned production system can randomly shift from an in-control state to an out-of-control state at any time during a production run, and the time elapsed while the production process stays in the in-control state is assumed to be exponentially distributed. The rates of producing reworkable defective items in the in-control state and out-control states are different. The demand rate of the customers is considered as the product's selling price and warranty period dependent. To attract customers and increase the demand for the product, the manufacturer offers an insurance policy on the damageable part(s) of the product within the warranty period. The main aim of this study is to find the optimal production time, selling price for the different warranty periods of the product, which maximizes the profit per unit business period. To examine the validity of the proposed model, two numerical examples are considered and solved with the help of MATHEMATICA software. Finally, the effects of warranty and insurance policies on the products are analyzed, based on the numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conditions of high competition and variability of economic conditions, timely insurance of business risks can help the enterprise to preserve its financial resources and ensure stability and security in the market. The article aims to systematize business risks by groups of losses and generalize and characterize the types of insurance policies that can be useful to the enterprise due to their manifestations. It was found that entrepreneurial risk in economic activity is a generalizing term for a group of risks that arise at various stages of the capital cycle as a result of the actions of the enterprise itself, competitors, counterparties, changes in the market situation, technological failures and other internal and external factors. Types of business risks are systematized. Four main groups of enterprise losses due to business risks were identified, with the selection of types of insurance policies that can be useful for enterprises in case of corresponding losses. Different conditions for insurance against cyber threats and liability for environmental damage in Ukraine were disclosed under four main costs depending on the type of damage subject to compensation. The results of the study show that business risk is a complex category that covers various aspects of business activity, protection against which occurs mainly within the scope of property insurance and liability insurance, but at the same time can go beyond these fields of insurance, if it is determined by the needs of business activity Business risk includes financial risks, such as market instability, changes in the economic environment, exchange rate fluctuations, rising costs, insufficient financial resources. It also covers operational risks related to business management, including supply chain issues, staffing issues, technology failures, legal conflicts, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ex-Gratia Compensation Scheme was introduced by the Government of Indonesia in 1994 to provide compensation, which is not covered by any prior legislation, for all its workers suffering from injuries and illnesses due to work. This study explores a key aspect of insurance policies in Indonesia, e.g., ex gratia payment to the insured individual by their insurance company. This study argues that several issues still exist in the insurance business in Indonesia that require a change in policies and regulations by the government for the welfare of the Indonesian people, especially the vulnerable. This paper seeks to address the question of how the ex gratia rule can be used to solve insurance claim disputes. In other words, are insurance claims always approved by insurance companies under the ex gratia rule? This study reveals that despite more than 10 years of implementation, the ex gratia claims filing is still minimal and unpopular. This is mainly due to the population’s unawareness of the provisions of ex gratia and its benefits.

The compulsory insurance in Kosovo is more developed, whereas the voluntary one is less developed but with the development of economic-social life, the social and state policies on the insurance (health and other types of insurances) that are necessary also increase for a normal development of social life which our country was and still is in lack of. In this respect, more work and dedication are needed for the economic development of our country in order to bring about other compulsory insurances for the society. This is so due to the fact that the more developed economically the country is the more developed the insurance in that country.

A smart city ensures quality maintenance in diverse sectors, namely citizen safety, security, healthcare, transportation, and energy. Besides, data privacy and security have become an uprising concern for Electronic Health Records (EHR) in smart cities. This is because the EHR platforms are constantly getting cyber threats from cybercriminals. On the other hand, health insurance companies offer certain specific policies that require the association of patients’ financial data with EHRs. Thus, additional security concern arises as fraudulent entities can alter these insurance policies. An extra challenge is triggered as patients need to validate their identities separately while communicating with different smart healthcare entities. This is because these healthcare facilities and insurance companies ought to ensure authenticity before offering any service for an individual. Hence, we have implemented a blockchain framework to safeguard patients’ personal information and insurance policy. In this paper, we propose a solution for the healthcare system that provides data privacy and transparency. Furthermore, in the proposed system, insurance policies are incorporated in blockchain via the Ethereum platform and data privacy is shielded with cryptographic tools.

The insurance industry is a crucial center in many countries and it plays a key role at the macro social, economic, cultural, and political systems. The policy making in the insurance industry is defined as a set of measures to show why and how the insurance policies work, and which public or governmental sectors could put them into practice. This study aims to analyze the insurance industry through CIPP model. Therefore, the study employs a practical-developmental approach, and a descriptive-analytical method. The data collection is based on the library and document analysis (such as higher document, regulations, official and organizational reports, international analysis, among others). Elements such as input, design, and execution related to insurance are investigated, and the policies of the government are analyzed using the statistics and the results of the insurance industry. The findings show that the governmental interventions at all levels of insurance in developing countries like Iran have failed, and actors such as the failure of the financial backing, the lack of technology and human creativity have challenged the needs, culture, and success of the policies. Therefore, it is suggested to reduce governmental intervention in the insurance industry and submit it to the private sector. The government can play the role of supporter and supervisor in order to reduce corruption and failure in insurance industry and increase productivity in the private sector based on the systemic analysis framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ex-Gratia Compensation Scheme was introduced by the Government of Indonesia in 1994 to provide compensation, which is not covered by any prior legislation, for all its workers suffering from injuries and illnesses due to work. This study explores a key aspect of insurance policies in Indonesia, e.g., ex gratia payment to the insured individual by their insurance company. This study argues that several issues still exist in the insurance business in Indonesia that require a change in policies and regulations by the government for the welfare of the Indonesian people, especially the vulnerable. This paper seeks to address the question of how the ex gratia rule can be used to solve insurance claim disputes. In other words, are insurance claims always approved by insurance companies under the ex gratia rule? This study reveals that despite more than 10 years of implementation, the ex gratia claims filing is still minimal and unpopular. This is mainly due to the population's unawareness of the provisions of ex gratia and its benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of GALATASARAY UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAKULTESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author discuses in great detail tax issues related to life insurance. He justifies his legal interpretation although he does not exclude the possibility of other opinions. He focuses both on the tax benefits provided during the duration of the insurance and the tax obligations in the event of its termination. For example, he concludes that an insurance policy in order to qualify for tax deductibility must not allow an extraordinary withdrawal that does not involve the termination of the policy until 60 months after it has been entered into and, at the earliest, in the year in which the policyholder reaches the age of 60. The obligation to tax the employer's contributions in the form of employment income under section 6 of the ITA arises on withdrawal of the surrender value or capital value. The method of taxation then differs depending on whether the contribution was received starting from 2015 or earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic and biliary endoscopy certified doctors perform high-level procedures and try to improve public health by maintaining professionalism. In this manuscript, I review how the certification system is reflected in the Korean National Health Insurance. In addition, we considered the impact of certified pancreatic and biliary endoscopy doctors on the public. Through this, the pancreatobiliary endoscopy certification system is to be properly established and to contribute to the improvement of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finansal okuryazarlık; bireylerin finansal kararlar almasında ve finansal refahı elde edebilmesi için gerekli olan farkındalık, bilgi, beceri, tutum ve davranışın bir birleşimi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Finansal erişim ise; bireylerin ve işletmelerin ödeme işlemleri, tasarruf hesapları, mevduat, kredi ve sigorta poliçeleri gibi ürün ve hizmetlere uygun şartlarda ve yeterli düzeyde ulaşabilmesini ve bunları kullanabilmesini ifade etmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, bireylerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeyi ile sigorta poliçesine (Yangın ve DASK, trafik, sağlık, hayat veya diğerlerinden en az biri) sahip olma arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Bilecik ve çevre illerde yaşayan farklı meslek gruplarında çalışan kişiler arasından tesadüfi olarak seçilen 429 katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Katılımcıların %61,8’i sigorta poliçesine sahip olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Sigorta poliçelerinin %40,1 ile yangın ve DASK, %39,2 ile trafik sigortasında olduğu görülmüştür. Temel finansal bilgi sorularının tamamına doğru cevap veren katılımcıların %74,5’i sigorta poliçesine sahiptir.

The accidents in which autonomous vehicles have been involved, and the legal problems arising from these events are the subject of this work. If we take into account the volume of vehicles that travel daily on our roads, as well as the number of accidents, we can intuit the negative consequences of the implementation of an autonomous technology without previously having a legal regime adapted to these new risks. This work therefore aims to focus on the possible legal resources to solve the regulatory mismatch, --related to the civil liability regime--, analyzing, on the one hand, current traditional systems and, on the other, various innovative systems proposed from different areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Seguros is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sharia & Law is the property of United Arab Emirates University, College of Law, Sharia & Law Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The compulsory insurance in Kosovo is more developed, whereas the voluntary one is less developed but with the development of economic-social life, the social and state policies on the insurance (health and other types of insurances) that are necessary also increase for a normal development of social life which our country was and still is in lack of. In this respect, more work and dedication are needed for the economic development of our country in order to bring about other compulsory insurances for the society. This is so due to the fact that the more developed economically the country is the more developed the insurance in that country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current state of voluntary health insurance in Ukraine is analyzed in this paper. The place of voluntary medical insurance in the insurance market of Ukraine is determined. The essence, purpose, objectives, features, advantages and disadvantages of voluntary health insurance as one of the funding sources for medical sector are considered as well. The programs under which voluntary health insurance is currently implemented are listed, these are mainly personal and corporate ones. The main tendencies are investigated, relative indicators of the functioning level of voluntary health insurance market are calculated. The problems of voluntary health insurance are identified and measures for such insurance development in Ukraine are proposed. Our investigation is devoted, particularly, to the identification of the main problems in the development of voluntary health insurance in Ukraine. The authors investigated the availability of voluntary health insurance for population, analyzed the state of industry reforming in a certain period and substantiated the consequences of the reform impact on the voluntary health insurance market in Ukraine. The dynamics of the health insurance market indicators is analyzed on the basis of the size of gross insurance premiums and payments, as well as the calculated indicator - the insurance payments coefficient. In particular, insurance payments for voluntary health insurance in the regional context, by regions in individual insurance companies for a certain period of time are analyzed. The method of compiling the rating of insurers on the basis of insurance premiums and payments is proposed. It is determined that the level of medical services is growing, as well as the trust in voluntary health insurance in Ukraine. The main problems of the voluntary health insurance system functioning are highlighted and recommendations for improving the quality and availability of health insurance in Ukraine are proposed. These recommendations take into account a set of economic, legal and social factors of the insurance market development. Measures for state authorized bodies and private insurance companies that provide the extension of voluntary health insurance in Ukraine are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important factor for the socio-economic development of each country is the well-being and health of its citizens. Unfortunately, at present, these two elements are focused only in developed countries. After all, ensuring the social protection of population and the constant increase in the level of income of society is a priority of all cases in most countries of the world. As for Ukraine, this issue has remained almost without attention for a long time. However, today the role of social protection of citizens has increased considerably. Such a role is actually realized through the development of the life insurance market. The article deals with the scientific approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «life insurance» and its role in the economy of the state and the life of each person is determined. The current state and prospects of life insurance market development in Ukraine are analyzed.

The aim of this paper is to identify the risks that need to be addressed when holding fine art, determine which are perceived as being the most important, and whether the risk perception is influenced by demographic variables such as age, educational background, and field of occupation. To identify the risks and evaluate the risk perception, we used a purposely designed questionnaire and sent it via various sources of communication systems and applications to individuals knowledgeable on fine arts. Findings revealed that, generally, art deterioration, art fraud, and art theft are the three main highlighted risks, with art deterioration considered in the high-risk range. In terms of risk perception, forgery is the biggest concern. On the other hand, considerations of the investment value of art lessened perceived risk exposure. Furthermore, the study has shown that certain risk perceptions were influenced by the participants' demographic variables. Both the identified risks and risk perception considerations analyzed within this study provide us with insights as to what needs to be considered when offering fine art insurance, particularly when it comes to which risks that are perceived as being the most pressing by potential policyholders, and how these perceptions vary according to individual demographics variables as noted above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Flooding location, its consequences as well as insurers respo nsibility and citizens' trust, lead to a debate on policies for sustainable investments. The facts' interpretation is supported by periodical press data from 1900 to 2015 with a tested 84.3% approximation to reality concerning the Hydrographic Basin of the river Vez. This research's innovation as to do with the value of the insurance policy, taking into account the distance between the point of the exposed element and the nearest river course in the rainiest months. The methodology allows yet to evaluate and readjust, throughout time, the effects of the factors and the policies on property value and/or real estate. These factors contribute to public investments savings, both of insurers and insured. A readjustment to insurance policy's membership rate is proposed. With this methodology a fairer insurance policy's value can be offered to the interested parties, adapting it to hydrological and investment sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Seguros is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Criterio Libre Jurídico is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using epidemiological and actuarial analysis, this paper formulates some new actuarial mathematical models, called S-I-DR-S models, for insuring the susceptibles of a population exposed to a communicable disease. Epidemiologically, the population is structured into four demographic groups, namely: susceptibles (S) , infectives (I) , diseased (D) and recovered (R) , with the latter automatically re-entering the group of susceptibles (S). The insurance policies are targeted at the members of the susceptible group who face the risk of infection and death due to the disease. Using actuarial techniques and principles, we determine some interesting features of the model, namely, (a) financial obligations of the parties, (b) present value of premiums, (c) quantum of claims by infected policy holders (PHs), (d) quantum of claims on behalf of deceased PHs, (e) cumulative insurance reserve for annuity and (f) lump sum plan. To check the risk of insolvency, premium adjustment for the PHs is also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The research project “Active Engagement of society in Health care policy” studies hospitals, medical personnel (doctors and nurses) and patients as the main components of Healthcare System in Georgia, targeting two regions Tbilisi and Kutaisi. The initial aim of this research project was to answer the following questions: what is the disposition, viewpoint of the hospital management representatives, medical personnel and patients towards the healthcare policy? What is the level of quality of health services for patients? What is the level of awareness? How actively are different parties involved in the health care system? Project description. The health care policy of Georgia must respond to contemporary challenges and enhance the wellbeing of the public. Given the relevance of the issue, it is important to study and analyze the public awareness towards the development of a rational health care policy that is focused on delivering competitive medical services. The main novelty of the study is to involve three different stakeholders: hospital management, medical personnel and patients in the research process. Each group has a specific interest and attitude, which in turn determines the degree and extent of their engagement, but each of them proves the need for changes. The study revealed that patients as the final recipients of medical services are informed about health funding higher than average based on data analysis from both clinics from Tbilisi and Kutaisi (50% of respondents are fully informed, 40% partially informed, and 10% are uninformed). 80% of patients receive information about medical funding directly from their medical staff at a particular place, where they receive health care service. 87.5% of hospital managers are actively involved in the process of change and collaborate with government health legislation. When it comes to both capital and on-going costs, 87.5% of the funding is spent by mobilizing the internal funds of the clinics, while only 12% comes from complex financing. 83.3% of medical personnel believe that they are involved in the process of clinic’s management and thus in healthcare policy. They generally see the changes to be implemented with the following justifications: improvement of material-technical base of hospitals 8.3%, organizational structure 16.7%, legislative 33.3%, Insurance package optimization for patients 16.7%. This mandates the need for improvement of legislative and insurance reforms. Previous studies of Georgia›s health care system, consistently demonstrated the satisfaction of beneficiaries of a universal health care program with medical services. This data strongly supports the high level of satisfaction of patients with the quality of received medical services in this study. The data analysis showed that patients› average satisfaction with the quality of medical services is 4.8 out of 5 for both cities. Despite the increasing satisfaction with quality of medical service for patients, is a subjective process, increasing the risks of medical errors in managing the treatment process. It is imperative to assess the medical risk for both the administration and medical staff. It depends on the prestige of the medical institution and staff and the continued smooth operation of the medical service. Medical risk is directly relevant to patients, so it is advisable to evaluate the impact of various factors on occupational (medical) risk management (R) using multiple regression analyzes within the current data. Exogenous factors are as follows: q1 Demand for the medical profession, q2 Competition in the professional market, q3 Satisfaction with organizational culture and management, q4 Feedback. In this case, the correlation coefficient is 0,876, the coefficient of determination is 0.767, the coefficient of correction - 0.612 and the standard deviation is 0.420. According to the F test, the equation was found to be significant at the 5% significance level. The equation: R = -2.517 + 0.195q1 + 0.575q2 + 1.195q3-1.080q4 And the standardized equation is: W = 0.117z1 + 0.375z2 + 0.717z3-0.483z4 Factors 2 and 3 in the equation are statistically significant. The signs of regression equation coefficients reflect the subjective attitude towards job risk protection that managers should consider - a competitive environment not generally, but fears of losing particular jobs due to unhealthy approaches, stress on staff, aggravates staffing, or detention or retention conditions. A successful health care setting must provide improved quality care at lower costs, easily available for patients and developing official feedback system through different settings. Methods. The design of this study was a direct interview method retrospective case control study. Participants were two hospitals in different cities (regions) of Georgia, Tbilisi and Kutaisi. One of them belongs to “Evex medical corporation” and the second one to the network of «Geo Hospitals». Three different types of questionnaires were used for each group (1. For doctors and nurses; 2. For management representatives of the hospital; 3. For patients). Total 40 questions. The most of the conclusions were statistically significant and thus their generalization was possible. The age range of the respondents was 18-70 years; 65% of the respondents were women. Considering the significant difference of each group three different interview questionnaires were used. Results. The results showed that the part of the society, namely, patients based on received data analysis are generally informed more than average level 0.681 (standard deviation). 50% of the patients say to be completely informed, only 10% of them say that they are not at all aware and 40% say to be moderately aware about the ongoing processes in Healthcare policy in Georgia. 80% of the patients are informed about the health service financing issues from medical personnel at the place of specific medical services. 87.5% of the management representatives from both regions are actively involved in healthcare policy. 88% of total participants of our project expressed their opinion and only 12% avoided commenting towards the desirable changes. For the evaluation of hospitals’ management were asked whether the management of the clinic is actively involved in health policy, or if the clinic›s leadership is trying to change something «contrary to the law», 20% of respondents are trying to be actively involved in health care legislation processes. They are resolving the issue legally, and a similar percentage of respondents are trying to solve the problem with the resources within the clinic. The difference in the number of patients about the earlier awareness regarding the quality of medical services available in the hospitals is not significant in both cities. The survey shows that most patients at both clinics have prior knowledge of the quality of medical services available at the clinic as to treatment expectation. Conclusions. A large concern regarding the Georgian health care policy amendments are strongly related with general public health. The results of this study demonstrate a potential positive willingness of three different groups to cooperate and being involved in healthcare system decision making process. This observation in addition adds strength to the continued endorsement of medical professionals that their opinion to be considered while healthcare delivery throughout the country. The findings highlight that 88% of the randomly selected respondents are open for interaction, can express their opinion regarding health care policy, insurance policy; evaluate the quality of health care and financial issues regarding health service and medication, the level of awareness and satisfaction with quality of health services. The study showed that the health care system of Georgia is developing in the directions so that no significant shortcomings are observed. It is noteworthy that reservations are very important for the active involvement of the public. Additional studies are needed to deduce an exact cause and effect relationship between public awareness and healthcare policy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Information Technology (IT) in service organizations like banks and insurance offices is very important. These organizations are developing IT-based services because in this way they apply not only more economical methods comparing to traditional methods but also they could increase the innovating and fascinating aspects of IT-based services. In this essay, we have investigated the influence of information technology on insurance policy sales from the view of the property insurance experts in Iran Insurance, Tehran. The statistical population is all the staff of Iran Insurance at Tehran branches who are working in property insurance section and using information technology. After gathering questionnaires, we have described and categorized data from descriptive statistics prospection. Then, we have tested the hypotheses using one-sample T test. According to the results, information technology investing which has been considered from four aspects- Communication frequency, decreasing consumers waiting time, cost reduction and developing innovation in products- would lead to insurance policy sales increasing.

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