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This study critically examines the experiences of members of a sub-Saharan African men's recreational soccer club with anti-Black racism in a Western Canadian city. Drawing from extensive ethnographic fieldwork, and working at the intersections of Critical Race Theory and Physical Cultural Studies, our analysis focuses on how team members navigate a racial hierarchy that privileges Whiteness and cements their status as outsiders through both overt and subtle forms of racism on the pitch, and the laborious, retraumatizing challenges of "proving" these racist incidents to those in positions of institutional power. We underline the need for anti-racist and anti-oppressive policies and training, and independent judiciaries to monitor and address racist incidents and systemic racism—and its intersections with other forms of oppression—in Canadian sport cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigate how race and political partisanship affected variations in workplace and non-workplace mobility at three COVID-19 phases—lockdown (2020), reopening (2021), and endemic COVID (2022). They theorize that structural racism compelled relatively greater workplace mobility rates in Black communities during lockdown, and reduced Black workplace mobility during reopening and endemic COVID. By contrast, they posit elite-level anti-science skepticism and its amplification resulted in Trump-voting communities experiencing relatively higher workplace and non-workplace mobility rates than non-Trump-voting areas throughout the pandemic. Regressions primarily using county-level Google Mobility Reports data support the hypotheses, conditioning on state-level fixed effects and county-level urbanity, COVID job-type sorting, demographics, and socioeconomics. The county-level results are complemented by outcomes from novel individual-level COVID lockdown survey data, helping connect the proposed individual-level mechanisms to the county-level findings. The authors conclude that work mobility during COVID was racialized and politicized, offering empirical insights into how systematic disadvantages can lead to increased and unequal precarity during periods of acute economic or social crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A frame analysis was conducted of recent coverage by sports journalists of the on-again off-again possibility that Colin Kaepernick might sign a contract to play with a team in the National Football League (NFL). Kaepernick was blacklisted by league and team officials angry at, and hoping to avert public backlash from, Kaepernick's 2016 decision to kneel during the national anthem to protest systemic police brutality and mass incarceration. The analysis enabled the creation of champions, distractions, exile, futility, impact, and spectacle frames. The analysis affirms that journalists may be priming readers to conclude that the NFL has learned its lesson, that some officials should be congratulated for generating the bravery to welcome Kaepernick back to the league and commended for their newfound insights about racism. The episodic frames emerging from coverage of the tryouts and a possible signing affirm that the "new appreciation" of Kaepernick has become a nonthreatening reverence for his place in history. Kaepernick's exile now reads like a one-off, an outlier, rather than a glaring example of the systemic racism that still infects the league. Frames affirm that the NFL—with help from the nation's sports writers and commentators—has taken control of the narrative with which fans process an athlete's activism. They have legitimized the narrow space provided by the league for player protest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Over two decades of research about traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation emphasized the persistence of racial health disparities in functional outcomes that disproportionately impact Black populations without naming or addressing racism as the root problem. Further, the experiences of Black people with TBI have yet to be documented and accounted for in scientific scholarship from the perspectives of Black persons in Canada. PURPOSE: This study intended to examine the rehabilitation narratives of Black TBI survivors, family caregivers, and rehabilitation providers and use critical race theory as a conceptual framework to understand how anti-Black racism manifests in those experiences. METHODS: Through critical narrative inquiry informed by a critical constructivist paradigm and a critical race theory lens, in-depth narrative interviewing were conducted with seven survivors, three family caregivers, and four rehabilitation providers. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis within and across groups of participants to conceptualize themes and sub-themes. FINDINGS: Themes captured how racism becomes institutionalized in TBI rehabilitation: (1) the institutional construction of deficient Black bodies, (2) the institutional construction of rehabilitation access, (3) the institutional investment in resisting and approximating whiteness in rehabilitation practice, and (4) the institutional construction of deficient Black futures. CONCLUSION: Study findings point to the dire need to ensure rehabilitation programs, services, and the delivery of care are not determined based on inequitable practices, racial biases and assumptions about Black people, which determine who deserves to get into rehabilitation and have opportunities to be supported in working towards living a full and meaningful life.

Following the racist comments of the then CEO and CrossFit co-founder Greg Glassman concerning the murder of George Floyd, CrossFit affiliates took to social media to repudiate his statements. Throughout their social media posts, these affiliates struggled with their relationship to the CrossFit brand, the imagined CrossFit community, and the community formed in their local box. Using qualitative thematic analysis of CrossFit affiliates' Facebook and Instagram posts made during June 2020, we find that the affiliates had a range of responses that included silence, reconsideration of their affiliate status, and social activism. Furthermore, we find that the affiliates' focus on (re)defining community served to deflect from deeper discussions of systemic racism within CrossFit and the CrossFit community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to examine how athletes holding privileged racial identities understand their whiteness as they engage in racial justice activism. Drawing from 12 semistructured interviews with white collegiate athletes who have engaged in activism for racial justice, we identified four higher order themes which we situate within a broader discussion of how each theme either reinforces or disrupts racial power: articulations of (a) racial consciousness, (b) white privilege, (c) white empathy, and (d) white accountability. While the white accountability theme has the potential to disrupt racial power due to its relying on rigorous self-critique, the remaining themes pointed to limited understandings of the systemic nature of racism, which can thus inadvertently (re)produce white supremacy even when engaging in activism for racial justice. Limitations, implications, and future directions for research are discussed to empower more white athletes to reflect critically on whiteness and facilitate systemic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly publicized killing of Black people in spring 2020 sparked a national and global social movement to address racial violence. This led to heightened national discourse about the deeply entrenched nature of systemic racism in American institutions, prompting organizations to make public statements supporting racial justice. While an essential first step in addressing systemic inequities within the workplace, these statements are primarily performative and do little to combat systemic racist practices and policies within their ranks. For instance, research has shown that women of color, and particularly Black women, experience daily racial and gendered aggressions that negatively impact their career trajectories. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews of twenty Black women lawyers, this article demonstrates how systemic racism is deeply entrenched in white spaces, preventing a genuine and effective path to diversity, equity, and full inclusion. Moreover, it theorizes how emotional, cognitive, financial, and relational labors amount to an inclusion tax levied against Black women professionals in white spaces. The article concludes with practical implications and ethical considerations on how to address this dynamic across various occupations and industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial injustice in employment demands the attention of business organizations because it profoundly shapes our life prospects. While comparing the ideal of perfectly equal opportunity with its invariably imperfect alternatives can impede reform, the true challenge lies in addressing persistent inequities as we strive for equality. This article introduces "shared inequity" as a frame of reference for assessing workplace racial disparities and emphasizing a collective responsibility to remedy systemic issues. In critiquing an exaggerated notion of meritocracy, I emphasize that structural racism, rather than just individual acts, facilitates collective advantages, especially for White males. Hence, it is morally fitting to frame racial justice in employment, not only in terms of perfect equality, but also in terms of justly sharing an imbalance that cannot be corrected without counterbalance. The "shared inequity" lens offers a more realistic and just approach to pursuing racial justice in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores anti-racist education in business schools amidst the backlash against critical race theory in an anti-Black world. I conduct an autoethnography of my experiences as a woman of colour and management educator who has attempted to bring critical discussions of race and racism into my classrooms. The article examines the barriers to anti-racist teaching in business schools and shows how they interweave individual/interpersonal, institutional, and ideological domains of power. Through my stories, I offer an account of the ways anti-racist education may be limited when it relies on the efforts of individual academics and reveal the tolls that anti-racist education can take on the educator, especially when they are navigating wider systems that are hostile to racial justice. By interrogating the challenges of anti-racist education, I also reflect on the practices and conditions that make meaningful anti-racist education possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we argue that the system of student debt functions as one of the most egregious and yet poorly understood mechanisms by which structural racism is reproduced in the U.S. today. We present evidence that student debt is unevenly distributed across race and gender, show that this pattern arises from policy choices made over time, and demonstrate that these disparities play a significant role in maintaining and exacerbating racial and gender wealth gaps. Our paper contends that the student debt crisis not only erodes the core principles of higher education but also perpetuates a cycle of racial and gender inequality and given the crucial role played by business corporations, urges scholars of business ethics to pay attention to this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Youth mental health is a growing concern in research, practice, and policy. Practice standards, guidelines, or strategies provide an invisible infrastructure that fosters equity, quality, and safety, potentially addressing inconsistencies and more effectively attending to the mental wellness of Black youth as a particular population of concern. This scoping review aimed to address the following question: What standards exist for the delivery of mental health services to Black youth in community, primary care, and educational settings? Due to a limited initial search yield on publications about standards for the delivery of mental health services for Black youth population, our goal was then to identify and map mental health standards, recommendations, or guidelines for the delivery of mental health services using the same settings to all youth. Methods: Searches were conducted in various databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, SocINDEX, CINAHL, Gender Studies Database, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Screening was independently conducted by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by a third. Information extraction was performed by two independent reviewers. Results: Out of the 2,701 screened publications, 54 were included in this scoping review. Among them, 38.9% were published between 2020 and 2023, with 40.7% originating from the United States of America, 20.4% from the United Kingdom, and 13% from Canada. Concerning the settings, 25.9% of the publications focused on primary care, 24.1% on health care services, 20.4% on educational settings, and 3.7% on the community. Additionally, 25.9% were classified as general because recommendations were applicable to various settings. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (11.1%) was the most frequently considered specific condition, followed by autism spectrum disorder (9.3%) and depression (9.3%). However, 31.5% of the included references addressed mental health in general. Only three references provided specific recommendations for the Black population. Conclusions: Recommendations, guidelines, or standards for Black youth mental health services in community, primary care, or educational settings are scarce and limited to North American countries. This scoping review emphasizes the need to consider ethnicity when developing guidelines or standards to improve racial equity and reduce disparities in access to mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of police brutality and the Black Lives Matter movement, many Black Americans believe that racism is a mainstay of U.S. culture. Even if not experiencing racial threats or violence directly, racial tension can induce stress via anticipatory race‐related stress (ARRS). Drawing from theories of social stress and the intersectionality framework, this study examined the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms among Black women attending a historically Black university (N = 207). Second, we investigated whether psychosocial resources (mastery, resilience, self‐esteem, and social support) moderated the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms. Study results revealed that anticipatory race‐related stress was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Mastery and resilience moderated the association between anticipatory race‐related stress and depressive symptoms; that is, the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms was weaker for those with elevated levels of mastery and resilience. In sum, building resilience and mastery among Black women may be effective coping strategies for combatting anticipatory race‐related stress. However, dismantling structural racism is necessary to eliminate the anticipation of racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Families of color in the United States experience homelessness at a disproportionately higher rate than White families; however, little is known about how scholars account for race and ethnicity in family homelessness research. This scoping review analyzes how researchers examine race and ethnicity in conceptual frameworks, methods, and analysis.Following PRISMA‐ScR reporting standards, I searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ERIC for quantitative studies including a housing outcome for homeless service‐involved families. I used Covidence to screen for inclusion and extract data, and QuADS to evaluate study quality.Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria. Researchers’ articles lacked theory and the context of racism, lacked detail on how race and ethnicity were conceptualized and operationalized, and most (71%) did not disaggregate results.Without putting data within the context of systemic racism and disaggregating outcomes, research will produce incomplete knowledge on family homelessness, leading to ineffective interventions for families of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Structural racism plays a major role in reproductive health inequities. Colorism, discrimination based on skin color, may profoundly impact reproductive health access and service delivery. However, quantitative research in this area is limited. Methods: We administered an online survey of women (n = 1,299) aged 18–44 from Harris County, Texas to assess the relationship between skin color discrimination and reproductive health service avoidance. The survey included questions on demographics, self-reported skin tone, and dichotomous measures of previous discrimination experiences and avoidance of care because of perceived discrimination. Binary logistic regression was used to examine whether race/ethnicity, skin tone, and previous discrimination experiences were related to avoidance of contraceptive care because of perceived discrimination. Results: Approximately one-third (31.5%) of the sample classified themselves as non-Hispanic Whites (31.5%), 22.4% as Black, 27.4% as Hispanic and born within the US, and 7.6% as Hispanic born outside of the US. Approximately one-third of women classified themselves in the lightest skin tones, whereas almost one in five women classified themselves in the darkest skin tone palates. Darker skin tones had increasingly greater odds of reporting that they avoided seeking birth control out of a concern for discrimination compared to the lightest skin tone. After adjusting for race/ethnicity and sociodemographic variables (model 3), darker skin tones remained significantly associated with avoiding birth control. Discussion: This study demonstrates the role that skin color discrimination plays in negative reproductive health experiences. While this is not surprising given that those with racist ideologies developed the concept of these racial and ethnic categories, the apparent association with darker skin colors and avoidance of seeking birth control provides evidence that structural and individual racism continues to have far-reaching and insidious consequences. Conclusion: Contraception is recognized for reducing maternal mortality, improving child health, increasing female empowerment, and decreasing poverty. However, not all women equally enjoy the benefits of access to contraception. Addressing colorism within reproductive healthcare has become critically important as the nation becomes increasingly diverse. Focusing on skin tone-based discrimination and its roots in anti-blackness expands our understanding beyond a Black–White binary traditionally applied when addressing racism in healthcare delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers what it means to be implicated in histories of racial violence and systems of injustice that we may not have had a hand in creating, but nevertheless have a responsibility to address. Using a series of examples from psychological settings in present-day Germany and the United States, the author analyzes defensive reactions that result when members of the majority are asked to confront the effects of genocide or the experiential realities of racism. Parallels are drawn between reactions among psychologists in Germany, when confronted with their historical responsibility for the Holocaust, especially as it relates to their own families, and psychologists in the United States, when asked to consider their implication in systemic racism and other forms of oppression. The author draws on first-hand experience, and on his work as a psychologist and historian who researches and writes about the moral obligations of memory in the face of past and present injustice. Public Significance Statement: This article suggests that in order to engage constructively with histories of genocide, or with their implication in systemic racism, psychologists who are members of past and present perpetrator groups need to learn how to embrace their discomfort, rather than react defensively against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing a connection between the "repetition compulsion" and reparations movements' demand for a "guarantee of non‐repeat," this essay examines some of the psychological workings of implication in systemic racism by highlighting individual, familial, and collective histories, and by looking at some of what is currently taking place in psychoanalytic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scant attention has been paid to the racial impacts of bankruptcy and foreclosure in the United States. This article examines the links between bankruptcy, housing loss, and "risk responsibilization," a neoliberal process in which consumers rather than lending institutions are held responsible for debt management. We used data sequencing, and Geographic Information Systems Mapping (GIS) to analyse 1,057 cases of home foreclosure and related bankruptcies from 2016 to 2019 in a Deep South US County. We found housing vulnerability to be a racialized process, with Black homeowners more likely to face foreclosure and less likely to receive a fresh start through bankruptcy. In foreclosure, Black-owned homes were more likely to convert to rental property. The study provides sequential and spatial evidence of connections between risk responsibilization, systemic racism, and housing loss in the geography of dispossession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that health equity requires working toward antiracist local public health departments (LHD). It explains the role of LHDs in antiracist capacity building to earn public trust where there is race discrimination in the health infrastructure. It proposes the disruption of structural racism and racial health inequities by engaging LHDs in advocacy efforts, cross-sector collaborations and community-based partnerships, and providing services in racially marginalized communities.

Kemp proposes a "3Ds of Blackness" theory, arguing that White supremacists have racialized the Genesis 4:15 "mark of Cain" to label Black bodies as dangerous, deviant, and depraved. This article offers Levitical and Black perspectives, extending Kemp's scholarship and societal markings to include "diseased." Exploring ancient biblical binaries of pollution/cleanness, profaneness/sanctity, defilement/purity, and comparing COVID-19 and its treatment mechanisms to skin diseases in Mosaic law, this article claims that structural racist modalities in the United States today treat Black skin as leprous and use justificatory devices to further this end through mass incarceration, poverty, healthcare, and education to keep Blacks "outside the camp." Despite the quotidian of the relentless ferocity of these active forces, Blacks can historically and existentially claim the continuum of God's "deliverance" as a "D" marked upon the diverse melanin-kissed shades of their skin. Plain language summary: Skin is the human body's largest organ. Humanity shares this fact in common, and the array of skin pigmentations is as diverse as the world's population. However, as Europeans began colonizing the world, skin became a "marker" to dominate, exploit, and oppress groups of people. Deploying moral, legal, and theological grounds, White supremacists marked the skin of Blacks or African Americans in the United States as dangerous, deviant, and depraved. Joel B. Kemp, utilizing the theological framework of the "mark of Cain," proposes a "3Ds of Blackness" theory. In this article, I explain why Kemp's theory is valid in America and warrants a critical amendment. I argue Black skin is treated as "diseased." I build this argument by comparing the responses to various biblical skin diseases, namely leprosy and COVID-19. I discovered the disproportionate percentages impacting Blacks in four areas: mass incarceration, poverty, healthcare, and poverty. I conclude that the United States, like the Mosaic laws, uses skin markers upon Blacks to justify structural racism and keeps them on society's margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although clinical social work seeks to center the transformative potential of human relationships, practitioners are experiencing heightened systemic and organizational impingements from the dehumanizing pressures of neoliberalism. Neoliberalism and racism diminish the vitality and transformative potential of human relationships, disproportionately affecting Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) communities. Practitioners are also experiencing increased stress and burnout related to increased caseloads and decreased professional autonomy and organizational practitioner support. Holistic, culturally responsive, and anti-oppressive processes seek to counter these oppressive forces but need further development to synthesize antioppressive structural understandings with embodied relational interactions. Practitioners can potentially contribute to efforts that apply critical theories and antioppressive understandings within their practice and workplace. Through an iterative flow of three sets of practices, the RE/UN/DIScover heuristic supports practitioners' efforts to respond in those challenging everyday moments where oppressive forms of power are imposed and embedded within systemic processes. With themselves and other colleagues, practitioners engage in compassionate REcover practices; use curious, critical reflection to UNcover full understandings of power dynamics, impacts, and meanings; and draw on creative courage to DIScover and enact socially just and humanizing responses. This paper describes how practitioners can use the RE/UN/DIScover heuristic in two common challenging moments of clinical practice: systemic practice impingements and implementing a new training or practice model. The heuristic seeks to support practitioners' efforts to preserve and expand socially just, relational spaces for themselves and those with whom they work within the context of systemic dehumanizing neoliberal forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public administration is poised to recognize that race is constitutive of bureaucratic hierarchies, processes, and outcomes and, as such, to ground our work in a more critical and progressive conceptual framework. In this exploratory analysis, we center Critical Race Theory (CRT) around practice, or praxis, a process that is self-reflexive and race-conscious to address root causes of racism, on the role of public sector leaders. This paper applies leadership research to demonstrate how public leaders, particularly career bureaucrats, can help to eliminate institutional racism. We specifically explore how critical race praxis (CRP) can apply to environmental justice and the movement against environmental racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1960s, Black student protests of racism through sit-ins, building occupations, and demands for the resignation of university top administrators spurred the creation of ethnic studies and diversity programs on white university campuses in the United States. These efforts did not, unfortunately, dismantle entrenched structural racism. Black student activism continues to confront racial inequities using digitized campaigns on social media platforms to reach a global audience. This study uses critical race theory to explore how Black students at a white-dominant university give meaning to their racialized experiences as communicated using the twitter hashtag campaign #Blackatpwi. The results illuminate the magnitude of anti-Black racism and conditions under which Black students are expected to learn, the myriad ways white institutions reproduce and reinforce white supremacy and the students' mobilization efforts to resist anti-Black racism. We provide recommendations to promote racial equity in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the perspectives of 18 preservice teachers in a Midwest, USA university teacher preparation program through poetic inquiry. The polyvocal poetry, created from the transcripts of two focus groups, explores the emotional health and well-being of preservice teachers in their field placements amid crisis, such as the COVID pandemic, systemic racism, and the resulting mental health and financial strains facing students in the aftermath. This article further contemplates a researcher's need to maintain authenticity while working closely with evocative data to construct polyvocal poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2023, the U.K. government announced that misogyny would not be categorized as a hate crime stating that this "may prove more harmful than helpful." This article argues that before and beyond hate crime, misogyny, understood as the hatred of women (from the Greek misein [hate] gynae [women]), is the foundational logic of our legal, social, and political order in the west. This constitution of hate relies on the active dehumanization, exploitation, and ownership of women's bodies by the institution of white men through making women the object of the "colonization of the everyday." This exhausting hatred is enacted through repetitive, unceasing, and everyday violence toward women. Simply put, patriarchal, colonial, capitalist democracy is only sustained through violence against women. Hating women is, therefore, not a pathology of society but rather is the necessary existence condition of our legal-political constitution, clear to see yet hiding in plain sight. Misogyny ensures the precarity of women's bodies and women's status as trespassers in everyday spaces that are deliberately always already misogynistic. Given the foundational nature of misogyny, did the government have a point in excluding endemic violence against women from hate crime as "more harmful than helpful?" Is hate crime merely constitutive of a cultural matrix of misogyny? This paper enacts a decolonial feminist prism to disrupt the cultural condition of misogyny by thinking hate crime together with legal-political constitutional and cultural change. The paper explores violence against women set against the historical emergence of misogyny from Greek dehumanization, to medieval persecution of "witches," the muzzling and banning of women from public spaces, Shakespeare's "Taming," to contemporary femicide rates. Interrogating hate crime through this prism offers nuanced routes for how to disrupt the legal-political constitution of misogyny that is neither hidden nor new. Misogyny is enduring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequalities in maternal and perinatal outcomes related to ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation are widening. Being of Black and Asian ethnicity independently increases the risk of maternal mortality and severe morbidity, as does living in the most deprived areas. Since a higher proportion of women of Asian and Black ethnicity live in the most deprived areas, this effect is compounded. Individual risks, such as obesity, are influenced by health and cultural beliefs and behaviour, social networks and norms, the environments in which we live, and access to and experience of healthcare, which are all intertwined with ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Clinicians can listen to women's and communities needs around ethnicity, race, and social determinants of health. Clinicians can also identify and use networks of community support and promote awareness within their practice and teams. Institutions can employ and retain diverse teams, measure health equity of services and develop an anti-discriminatory institutional culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work discusses the health promotion challenges of men who have sex with men (MSM) through the use of data from a conversation circle with people from institutions that provide services to MSM in the Metropolitan Region of Recife. The results allow for the identification of the following challenges for health promotion work, not only for MSM but also for sex dissidents: difficulties with the use of identity categories, stigmatization for providing them with sexual health care, structural racism, the deprivation of liberty, extreme poverty, and literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to know the perception of women on obstetric violence from a racial perspective. This was a qualitative study carried out in a public maternity hospital with 25 women in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation from November 2021 to February 2022. Content analysis was used to organize the data obtained through the interviews. The results were analyzed through the theoretical contributions of intersectionality, focusing on the interaction between obstetric violence and obstetric racism. The narratives discuss issues of obstetric violence, institutional racism, and how these experiences are permeated by issues of race, gender, and class. Questions related to the feelings of these women regarding the experience of violence at the time of childbirth care were also highlighted. Obstetric racism denies reproductive rights and hinders access to respectful and equitable care for black women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective paper synthesizes insights from social work research, Critical Race Theory (CRT), and Critical Whiteness Studies (CWS) to develop a strategy for preventing White supremacy and promoting racial justice. It examines the intricate feelings of White guilt and shame, advocating for introspection, comprehension, and active engagement by White individuals toward systemic reform. The paper underscores CRT principles like Interest Convergence and Critique of Liberalism to examine concepts such as Moral Injury, Perpetration-Induced Traumatic Stress, and White Shame Culture. Three main obstacles to racial justice are identified: perceptions of power, funding dynamics, and attitudes toward White identity. The paper argues that racial healing should not be solely the responsibility of people of color, emphasizing the crucial role of White people in anti-racism work within supportive settings that foster growth rather than stress and humiliation. Focusing on prevention, the paper argues for social work practices that eliminate conditions obstructing optimal social functioning while challenging oppressive systems. This includes implementing trauma-informed approaches and fostering group work centered on empathy, relationship-building, and reflection. Advocating a strategy that champions our collective liberation, it suggests social work praxis as central to applying interpersonal and group solutions to systemic racism. The paper stresses the need for preventative funding in social services—highlighting tangible action steps and reforming funding strategies to support long-term engagement and address root causes of marginalization and oppression. This integral strategy calls for a collective push toward an equitable society, significantly enriching the discourse on CRT and CWS within social work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racism in TESOL and other academic fields is nothing new, nor are discussions on the topic. However, a majority of the racist encounters discussed in existing literature report on the negative experiences of language teachers and/or students. An area that has historically been ignored and is long due exploration is the negative experiences of nonnative English‐speaking leaders (NNESLs), especially when they lead and/or interact with colleagues among whom ideologies of Whiteness and native English speakerism are dominant. With an aim to fill this gap, this article provides a narrative inquiry of an NNESL's experiences of facing epistemological and institutional racism as she leads a division within an International Branch Campus (IBC) of a U.S. university in an English as an international language (EIL) context in the Middle East. As the NNESL attempts to introduce necessary innovations and policy changes, her capacity as a change maker is questioned, partly due to her nationality, nonnativeness, race, and gender. This article is an attempt to uncover the racial discrimination experienced by NNESLs by providing examples of epistemological and institutional racism embedded in racist discourses and practices, and how it, directly or indirectly, plays a significant role in power relations, institutional structures, and identities, and has implications for the field of TESOL leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether systems‐level interventions, specifically patient‐centered culturally sensitive health care (PC‐CSHC) from healthcare providers, office staff, and the clinic environment, moderate the relationship between health self‐efficacy and patient engagement among Black American adults. An online survey was completed by 198 Black American adults. PC‐CSHC from healthcare providers, office staff, and the clinic environment did not mitigate the adverse effects of low health self‐efficacy on patient engagement. However, PC‐CSHC from healthcare providers (b = 0.38) was as significant as health self‐efficacy (b = 0.37) in predicting patient engagement, R2 = 0.47, F(9, 177) = 19.61, p < 0.001. Provider‐delivered PC‐CSHC can enhance patient engagement among Black American adults. This systems‐level approach has the potential to reach more patients than intrapersonal interventions alone and alleviates the undue burden placed on Black Americans to leverage intrapersonal strengths in the face of health disparities rooted in structural racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that historical urban planning documents are important technical communication documents because of the ways they have shaped the lived world in ways harmful to marginalized communities. I illustrate this through analysis of a document from the first federal housing project in the US My analysis shows that, despite the document’s attempted neutrality, it uses language to racialize the city’s population and move agendas of structural racism into material spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Traffic‐related air pollutants have been associated with a variety of adverse human health impacts, including cancers. In the United States, numerous studies have documented racial inequities in neighborhood exposures to traffic‐related air pollution. Emerging evidence suggests that structural racism may influence neighborhood exposures to air pollutants. However, existing research has largely focused on residential racial segregation, one indicator of structural racism. This study developed a multidimensional measure of structural racism to examine the relationship between structural racism and estimated cancer risk from air pollutants in Georgia.Carcinogenic air toxics data were obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency’s 2019 Air Toxics Screening Assessment and sociodemographic data from the American Community Survey. Guided by stakeholder input, county‐level data on residential segregation, education, employment, incarceration, economic status, political participation, and homeownership were used to create a multidimensional county‐level structural racism index. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated for associations between structural racism and elevated (top 10% in Georgia) estimated cancer risk from air toxics.Multilevel analyses revealed a significant association between multidimensional structural racism and exposure to carcinogenic traffic‐related air pollutants. Neighborhoods in the highest quartile of structural racism exhibited an elevated cancer risk from traffic‐related air pollutants (RR, 7.84; 95% CI, 5.11–12.05) compared to neighborhoods with lower levels of structural racism.Multidimensional structural racism was associated with estimated cancer risk from traffic‐related air pollution in Georgia. Findings can inform future studies and policy interventions that address racial inequalities in exposure to traffic‐related air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting equitable health care is to ensure that everyone has access to high-quality medical services and appropriate treatment options. The definition of health equity often can be misinterpreted, and there are challenges in fully understanding the disparities and costs of health care and when measuring the outcomes of treatment. However, these topics play an important role in promoting health equity. The COVID-19 pandemic has made us more aware of profound health-care disparities and systemic racism, which, in turn, has prompted many academic medical centers and health-care systems to increase their efforts surrounding diversity, equity, and inclusion. Therefore, it is important to understand the problems that some patients have in accessing care, promote health care that is culturally competent, create policies and standard operating procedures (at the federal, state, regional, or institutional level), and be innovative to provide cost-effective care for the underserved population. All of these efforts can assist in promoting equitable care and thus result in a more just and healthier society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police in England and Wales are invested with specific legal powers to detain a person—who is not under arrest—and search them or their vehicle for unlawful items. The exercise of this coercive power has long been a source of tension and mistrust, particularly among minoritised and other marginalised communities, and has been repeatedly implicated among the causes of serious public disorder. Although concerns about the misuse of stop and search have created a recurring cycle of crisis and reform—stretching back over more than four decades—the fundamental problem remains unchanged. How did this happen and what should now be done about it? These questions will be addressed by considering how the policy problem has been framed over time, reviewing evidence on the impact of stop and search and identifying policy challenges associated with regulating the powers, including lessons that can be learnt from previous attempts at reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary highlights a need for comprehensive measures of structural racism tailored to cancer health disparities, in particular Black–White disparities in multiple myeloma (MM). Recent political and social calls and advances in the ability to quantitate structural racism have led to rapidly growing research on the health consequences of structural racism. However, to date, most studies have used unidimensional measures of structural racism that do not capture cumulative influences or enable the identification of factors most responsible for driving disparities. Furthermore, measures may not reflect aspects of structural racism most relevant to underlying disease processes and risks. This study proposes a multifaceted approach to measuring structural racism relevant to MM that includes comprehensive, disease‐ and at‐risk population‐tailored social and environmental data and biomarkers of susceptibility and progression related to underlying biological changes associated with structural racism. Such novel measures of structural racism may improve the ability to assess the influence of structural racism on cancer health disparities, which may advance understanding of disease etiology and differences observed by racialized groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Despite increased recognition that structural racism contributes to poorer health outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities, there are knowledge gaps about how current patterns of racial residential segregation are associated with cancer screening uptake. The authors examined associations between Black residential segregation and screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) and cervical cancer among non‐Hispanic Black and non‐Hispanic White adults.This was a retrospective study of CRC and cervical cancer screening‐eligible adults from five health care systems within the Population‐Based Research to Optimize the Screening Process (PROSPR II) Consortium (cohort entry, 2010–2012). Residential segregation was measured using site‐specific quartiles of the Black local isolation score (LIS). The outcome was receipt of CRC or cervical cancer screening within 3 years of cohort entry (2010–2015). Logistic regression was used to calculate associations between the LIS and screening completion, adjusting for patient‐level covariates.Among CRC (n = 642,661) and cervical cancer (n = 163,340) screening‐eligible patients, 456,526 (71.0%) and 106,124 (65.0%), respectively, received screening. Across PROSPR sites, living in neighborhoods with higher LIS tended to be associated with lower odds of CRC screening (Kaiser Permanente Northern California: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] LIS trend in Black patients, 0.95 [p < .001]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.98 [p < .001]; Kaiser Permanente Southern California: aOR LIS trend in Black patients, 0.98 [p = .026]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 1.01 [p = .023]; Kaiser Permanente Washington: aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.97 [p = .002]. However, for cervical cancer screening, associations with the LIS varied by site and race (Kaiser Permanente Washington: aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.95 [p < .001]; Mass General Brigham: aOR LIS trend in Black patients, 1.12 [p < .001]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 1.03 [p < .001]).Across five diverse health care systems, the direction of the association between Black residential segregation and screening varied by PROSPR site, race, and screening type. Additional research, including studies that examine multiple dimensions of segregation and structural racism using intersectional approaches, are needed to further disentangle these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of the forms of systemic racism experienced by Latinx communities in North Carolina during the COVID-19 pandemic as identified by Latinx community health workers (CHWs) and community-based organization (CBO) leaders. Methods: We held three focus groups in July 2022 (N = 16) with CHWs and CBO leaders in Spanish to discuss policy and community interventions that improved access to resources during the COVID-19 pandemic; policy or community interventions needed to improve care of Latinx communities; and lessons learned to improve the health of Latinx communities in the future. We performed directed and summative qualitative content analysis of the data in the original language using the Levels of Racism Framework by Dr. Camara Jones to identify examples of implicitly and explicitly discussed forms of systemic racism. Results: Latinx CHWs and CBO leaders implicitly discussed numerous examples of all levels of racism when seeking and receiving health services, such as lack of resources for undocumented individuals and negative interactions with non-Latinx individuals, but did not explicitly name racism. Themes related to institutionalized racism included: differential access to resources due to language barriers; uninsured or undocumented status; exclusionary policies not accounting for cultural or socioeconomic differences; lack of action despite need; and difficulties obtaining sustainable funding. Themes related to personally-mediated racism included: lack of cultural awareness or humility; fear-inciting misinformation targeting Latinx populations; and negative interactions with non-Latinx individuals, organizations, or institutions. Themes related to internalized racism included: fear of seeking information or medical care; resignation or hopelessness; and competition among Latinx CBOs. Similarly, CHWs and CBO leaders discussed several interventions with systems-level impact without explicitly mentioning policy or policy change. Conclusion: Our research demonstrates community-identified examples of racism and confirms that Latinx populations often do not name racism explicitly. Such language gaps limit the ability of CHWs and CBOs to highlight injustices and limit the ability of communities to advocate for themselves. Although generally COVID-19 focused, themes identified represent long-standing, systemic barriers affecting Latinx communities. It is therefore critical that public and private policymakers consider these language gaps and engage with Latinx communities to develop community-informed anti-racist policies to sustainably reduce forms of racism experienced by this unique population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the multifaceted landscape of mental health among Black men, shedding light on the unique challenges they face. Black men in the United States confront a complex interplay of sociocultural, historical, and economic factors that influence their mental well-being. This article synthesizes existing research and explores the disparities in mental health outcomes among Black men, delving into the stigmatization of mental health within this community. It also examines the role of systemic racism, socioeconomic factors, and cultural norms in shaping the mental health experiences of Black men. The abstract highlights the importance of culturally competent and community-driven interventions, offering insights into potential strategies to address these disparities. By recognizing the specific issues affecting mental health among Black men, this research contributes to the broader discourse on mental health equity. It underscores the imperative of tailored approaches to support the well-being of this demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent issue of Child Maltreatment (2023 vol. 28 (4)), an editorial by Palusci et al. and a commentary by Briggs et al. were published. These two publications express the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) Board's and the Child Maltreatment editorial team's stance relative to Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice (DEIJ). The current commentary expresses a range of concerns regarding how APSAC and Child Maltreatment plan to advance DEIJ through their editorial policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines students’ experiences of security services on university campuses. Drawing on semi-structured interviews and a national survey of UK students, we demonstrate that students’ perceptions of safety often rely on excluding non-student “outsiders” and “criminals” from campus. We argue that neither the figure of “the outsider” nor “the criminal” is race-neutral. Thus, the exclusionary impulses held by students and institutions legitimize securitization practices that disproportionately impact racially minoritised students. On the one hand, these practices (re)produce the deep-rooted association between Blackness and criminality. On the other, they (re)produce the whiteness of the university. We conceptualise whitening-securitization to underscore the previously overlooked role of security services in maintaining whiteness and perpetuating institutional racism. In so doing, we argue for a more comprehensive conceptualization of institutional racism in higher education than that found in existing literature, one that considers the peripheral, more informal spaces where racism is sustained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the decolonising potential of Mexico´s Indigenous-serving universities, through a qualitative study of the pioneer of these institutions: the Mexico State Intercultural University (UIEM). Created jointly by the federal and state governments in 2003, the UIEM is one of 16 such universities serving more than 21,000 students, mostly members of Mexico´s Indigenous minority. In this article, I present findings from more than 75 interviews with UIEM graduates, students, teachers, and administrators, focusing on their perceptions of the intercultural curriculum, as well as its relationship to the labour market, an area that has received little attention in the literature. The research seeks to answer the following broad question: To what degree does the intercultural model challenge existing knowledge hierarchies and empower Indigenous students and to what degree does it reproduce the coloniality of power, being and knowledge? While the institutions serve an important function in expanding educational opportunities and revitalising Indigenous languages and cultures, they also face profound difficulties, including political meddling, a lack of institutional autonomy, 'epistemic frictions' over the curriculum, institutional racism, scarce resources, and contradictions between the 'intercultural utopia' and the realities of the job market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent highly-publicized cases of police violence have raised broader discussions around understanding use-of-force as institutional racism. We explore how variation in police practices, including discretionary stops and targeting outdoor spaces, along with racialized understandings of crime and space, help explain use-of-force in neighborhoods. Using stop-and-frisk data from the New York City Police Department (NYPD) in Census tracts (N = 12675) between 2006 and 2012, we conduct a spatial analysis and estimate multilevel negative binomial regression models. We find relationships between use-of-force incidents and police organizational practices, where police use force more often in neighborhoods where they employ greater discretionary stops, and in neighborhoods where police conduct proportionally more indoor stops. Our findings also point to understanding stop-and-frisk as a spatial strategy concentrated largely in neighborhoods of color, where police use force more often in Black and Latinx neighborhoods above and beyond the racial disproportionately of individuals stopped. Police also use force more often in neighborhoods where they perceive more crime, even after accounting for the observed crime rate. We suggest that use-of-force by the NYPD is systematically produced through organizational practices paired with shared racialized understandings of crime and space that vary across neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To synthesize literature examining (1) rural hospital or obstetric unit closures as a social determinant of maternal/infant health outcomes and (2) closures as a social determinant of racial/ethnic disparities in maternal/infant health outcomes. Design: Scoping review. Data Sources: MEDLINE, OVID/Embase and CINAHL were searched systematically to identify sources from 31 July 2003 to 31 July 2023. The Arksey and O'Malley methodology for scoping reviews was used. Results: Four studies from the United States and Australia documented the impact of rural hospital or obstetric unit closures on maternal/infant health outcomes, such as increased births in hospitals without obstetric units, out‐of‐hospital births or babies born before arrival, preterm birth, infant mortality and sociocultural risks that contribute to clinical risk. No eligible studies investigated hospital or obstetric unit closure as a social determinant of racial disparities in rural maternal/infant health outcomes. Conclusion: Despite significant racial and ethnic rural maternal health disparities, associations between rural closures and maternal health outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities are understudied. More research is needed to understand the extent to which rural closures, a social determinant of health, could disproportionately, negatively affect the health of racially and ethnically minoritized women. Implications for the Profession and Patient Care: Rural women have a greater risk of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity compared with urban women, and the impact of rural closures on racial and ethnic maternal health disparities is not well documented. Research about the impact of rural closures on maternal health disparities could inform policy to assure essential obstetric care is available for rural populations globally. Impact: Findings provide a call to action for research to understand relationships between rural closures and racial and ethnic maternal health disparities, which is especially important for serving rural Non‐Hispanic Black and American Indian/Alaska Native women. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The devaluation of women of Color (WoC) by way of gender discrimination and systemic racism is well documented. For WoC in engineering a chief cause is the observable wage gap. Women who identify as Asian, Black/African American, Latina/Chicana, Indigenous/Native American, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Native Alaskan, and/or multiracial have reported stark wage disparities. In this paper, we offer a phenomenological study of how WoC engineering faculty across U.S. academic institutions describe the challenges and practices associated with wage disparities and how they navigate these disparities. This study, which is based on participant interviews, is guided by three research questions: (1) What do WoC engineering tenure-track faculty perceive about wage disparities based on their race and gender? (2) How do WoC faculty understand the institutional practices that contribute to wage disparities? and (3) How do WoC engineering faculty respond to and address wage disparities? Using structural racism and intersectionality as our guiding conceptual framework, we interviewed 32 self-identified WoC who identified structures and systems of institutional racism related to the maintenance of wage disparities. In terms of findings, we note that WoC have two primary strategies to respond to wage disparity: advocacy and agency. The experiences of WoC engineering faculty in our study highlight unsatisfying institutional responses, and thus WoC often rely on their own agency to advocate for themselves and to advocate for and mentor other WoC faculty. We found a few notable cases where men advocated for women to help close the wage gap. Our work reveals that pay inequity for WoC is often coupled with other forms of exclusion and marginalization. Reducing wage disparities in academia is critical to advancing diversity efforts and ensuring equitable support for WoC faculty. Our findings suggest that institutions can work diligently to rectify wage inequality, including making sustainable structural and salary modifications and sharing the burden of combatting wage inequities. Finally, our findings also highlight the importance of making policy changes to reduce pay inequalities, such as providing transparent pay information and more opportunities to earn merit raises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between multilevel racism and gestational age at birth among nulliparous women. We conducted a secondary analysis of data of the nuMoM2b Study (2010–2013) to examine the associations between individual- and structural-level experiences of racism and discrimination and gestational age at birth among nulliparous women (n = 9148) at eight sites across the U.S. Measures included the individual Experiences of Discrimination (EOD) scale and the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) to measure structural racism. After adjustment, we observed a significant individual and structural racism interaction on gestational length (p = 0.012). In subgroup analyses, we found that among those with high EOD scores, women who were from households concentrated in the more privileged group had significantly longer gestations (β = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.48, 2.06). Women who reported higher EOD scores and more economic privilege had longer gestations, demonstrating the moderating effect of ICE as a measure of structural racism. In conclusion, ICE may represent a modifiable factor in the prevention of adverse birth outcomes in nulliparas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical structural racism in the built environment contributes to health inequities, yet to date, research has almost exclusively focused on racist policy of redlining. We expand upon this conceptualization of historical structural racism by examining the potential associations of probable blockbusting, urban renewal, and proximity to displacement from freeway construction, along with redlining, to multiple contemporary health measures. Analyses linked historical structural racism, measured continuously at the census-tract level using archival data sources, to present-day residents' physical health measures drawn from publicly accessible records for Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Outcome measures included average life expectancy and the percentage of residents reporting hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, smoking, insufficient sleep, sedentary behavior, and no health insurance coverage. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine separate and additive associations between structural racism and physical health measures. Redlining, probable blockbusting, and urban renewal were associated with shorter life expectancy and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular conditions, risky health behaviors, and residents lacking health insurance coverage. Probable blockbusting and urban renewal had the most consistent correlations with all 8 health measures, while freeway displacement was not reliably associated with health. Additive models explained a greater proportion of variance in health than any individual structural racism measure alone. Moreover, probable blockbusting and urban renewal accounted for relatively more variance in health compared to redlining, suggesting that research should consider these other measures in addition to redlining. These preliminary correlational findings underscore the importance of considering multiple aspects of historical structural racism in relation to current health inequities and serve as a starting point for additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial residential segregation has been deemed a fundamental cause of health inequities. It is a result of historical and contemporary policies such as redlining that have created a geographic separation of races and corresponds with an inequitable distribution of health-promoting resources. Redlining and racial residential segregation may have contributed to racial inequities in COVID-19 vaccine administration in the early stages of public accessibility. We use data from the National Archives (historical redlining), Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (contemporary redlining), American Community Survey from 1940 (historical racial residential segregation) and 2015–2019 (contemporary racial residential segregation), and Washington D.C. government (COVID-19 vaccination administration) to assess the relationships between redlining, racial residential segregation, and COVID-19 vaccine administration during the early stages of vaccine distribution when a tiered system was in place due to limited supply. Pearson correlation was used to assess whether redlining and racial segregation, measured both historically and contemporarily, were correlated with each other in Washington D.C. Subsequently, linear regression was used to assess whether each of these measures associate with COVID-19 vaccine administration. In both historical and contemporary analyses, there was a positive correlation between redlining and racial residential segregation. Further, redlining and racial residential segregation were each positively associated with administration of the novel COVID-19 vaccine. This study highlights the ongoing ways in which redlining and segregation contribute to racial health inequities. Eliminating racial health inequities in American society requires addressing the root causes that affect access to health-promoting resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have demonstrated that our healthcare systems and medical education programs are fundamentally flawed. In North America and Europe, most systems were built upon values and structures that have historically benefitted middle and upper class males of European descent in the global north. As a result, there continue to be systemic biases that are pervasive throughout our healthcare systems and medical education programs. This has led to inequities in health outcomes and clinical reasoning practices which marginalize several communities. These biases are perpetuated as we continue to lead medical education research and practice with traditional values and views of evidence. To address these issues, we proposed a 'flipped' conference in which three interdisciplinary writing teams, comprised of both junior and senior academics, clinicians, and researchers, were invited to rethink the foundations of clinical reasoning. In the months leading up to the conference, each writing team explored a specific topic related to clinical reasoning and racial equity. The papers, presented during the virtual conference are now available in this issue of the Journal for the Evaluation of Clinical Practice. In addition, 6 more publications were added to this special topic to showcase new evidence and theory that builds on the recommendations in the three core papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]