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BackgroundThe additive model of inheritance assumes that heterozygotes (Aa) are exactly intermediate in respect to homozygotes (AA and aa). While this model is commonly used in single-locus genetic association studies, significant deviations from additivity are well-documented and contribute to phenotypic variance across many traits and systems. This assumption can introduce type I and type II errors by overestimating or underestimating the effects of variants that deviate from additivity. Alternative genotype encoding strategies have been explored to account for different inheritance patterns, but they often incur significant computational or methodological costs. To address these challenges, we introduce PAGER (Phenotype Adjusted Genotype Encoding and Ranking), an efficient pre-processing method that encodes each genetic variant based on normalized mean phenotypic differences between diallelic genotype classes (AA, Aa, and aa). This approach more accurately reflects each variant's true inheritance model, improving model precision while minimizing the costs associated with alternative encoding strategies.ResultsThrough extensive benchmarking on SNPs simulated with both binary and continuous phenotypes, we demonstrate that PAGER accurately represents various inheritance patterns (including additive, dominant, recessive, and heterosis), achieves levels of statistical power that meet or exceed other encoding strategies, and attains computation speeds up to 55 times faster than a similar method, EDGE. We also apply PAGER to publicly available real-world data and identify a novel, relevant putative QTL associated with body mass index in rats (Rattus norvegicus) that is not detected with the additive model.ConclusionsOverall, we show that PAGER is an efficient genotype encoding approach that can uncover sources of missing heritability and reveal novel insights in the study of complex traits while incurring minimal costs.

Atlantic salmon is an important aquaculture species that has fascinated naturalists for centuries, resulting in its biology being widely characterized. Certain details about the early development and the inheritance of meristic variation in the post‐cranial axial skeleton are, however, largely unexplored. The present study gives a detailed description of the sequence of formation of the post‐cranial axial skeleton based on whole‐mount staining and used radiology to investigate the inheritance of meristic variation in isogenic hybrid all‐male families of Atlantic salmon (~4 kg). Eight different families were created by crossing two homozygous double haploid XX females (dam A, B) with four different double haploid homozygous YY super males (sires a to d). In the caudal fin complex, the first bone to form is hypural 1 and its associated lepidotrichia followed by a bidirectional formation of new bones. In the dorsal and anal fins, development starts in the cranial part, and new bones form bidirectionally towards the head and tail fin. The neural and haemal arches start to form at segment 43, and further development is bidirectional. The first parapophysis form in the caudal part of the abdomen followed by a unidirectional completion cranially. The first ribs form at segment 3 and new ribs develop unidirectional caudally. Chordacentra formation starts at segment 24 followed by formation of chordacentrum number 58 (caudal‐most vertebra). New chordacentrae form bidirectionally from segment 24 in parallel with the formation of chordacentrum number 57. The first epineuralia form at segment 1 followed by a unidirectional completion caudally until segment 30. The first supraneuralia to develop is number 10 closely followed by number 1, then new supraneurals form bidirectionally from number 10. Analysis of the inheritance on the post‐cranial axial skeletal bones showed a strong maternal effect on total vertebrae centra and tail fin lepidotrichia counts. For these skeletal counts, dam A produced offspring with modes of 58 and 45 respectively, while dam B produced offspring with modes of 59 and 42. The higher number of total vertebrae centra produced by dam B was associated with additional abdominal and/or transitional vertebrae. The completion of formation in different post‐cranial axial skeletal parts are either bi‐ or unidirectional, and the initiation of formation is site specific for each skeletal part with some inter‐part similarities. Further, the present results may suggest that there has been a maternally driven selection for more abdominal vertebrae associated with a higher number of total vertebrae, and more tail fin lepidotrichia associated with a lower number of total vertebrae. These changing meristic counts may impact on important fitness‐related traits, such as fecundity and swimming ability, making the present findings relevant for both ecological and aquaculture sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in assisted reproductive technology (ART) – the use of third parties in the process of fertilization and pregnancy, and cryopreservation of human sperm, ova and human embryos – have contested many previously unchallenged paradigms related to parenthood. Currently, the thesis that a person is created by the physical consummation of two living parents of the opposite sex, is no longer as simple and clear cut. Undoubtedly, these changes affect social norms, including the legal systems of individual states which take divergent stances on the above-mentioned issues. For example, in their approach to filiation relations of a child born through ART and how his/her parents' data are entered on the child's birth certificate. Intensified migration movements of Poles to the USA and an increased number of cross-border (Polish and American) relationships have resulted in a growing frequency of foreign birth certificates appearing in Poland. Though incompatible with the Polish law, such certificates provide grounds for certain claims to be filed since vital records are documents of particular importance in every legal order, and in succession proceedings they are of fundamental value. Thus, a question arises as to the viewpoint of Polish law in regard to American birth certificates which do not comply with the rules in force in Poland regarding the filiation indicated therein. Can a child inherit by operation of law from people of the same sex indicated in his/her birth certificate issued abroad and can he/she inherit from all the parents named in such a certificate even if there are more than two of them? Does a child conceived several years after the death of his/her father, whose data feature on the American birth certificate, have a right to inherit from him in Poland? This article attempts to answer these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The House of the Seven Gables is a Gothic romance that deals with the conflict of ownership and inheritance in a uniquely American setting of New England. This paper argues that The House of the Seven Gables' happy marriage of Phoebe Pyncheon and Holgrave does not redeem the Pyncheons' sinful past and the apparent unraveling through marriage functions as an act to maintain the class distinction and to present ownership as an Eden-like and natural state of affairs. Discussed in a religious context, the Gothic modes in the novel, though secularized to an extent, completely conform to this prevalent interpretation. The subversion of the Puritan Calvinist theology and entailed predestination and its containment in liberal theology allows the present generation to redefine their condition by their own will. This new, semi-Jeffersonian world of the present leaves the conflict of ownership unresolved; questions about the lawful and just rights of property and inheritance are too readily overshadowed by the optimistic and lightsome ending of the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the prepared article examines and analyzes the main problems of using a surety bond and other types of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations. Their interaction with hereditary legal relations is considered. In the plane of interaction of suretyship and inheritance, the author drew attention to the presence of personal elements in this type of provision, revealed what they consist of. According to the contract, the guarantor guarantees to the debtor’s creditor that the debtor will fulfill his obligation. The indication in the norm of the Civil Code of Ukraine that the guarantor vouches for the person of the debtor indicates the existence of the guaranty as a way of securing personal elements. The author proposes to understand this wording in such a way that the guarantor vouches for the fulfillment by the debtor himself, and not by some other person, being sure that the debtor will fulfill this obligation. Such a vision is manifested in the accessory nature of the scope of requirements to the guarantor, since in the event of a change in the obligation without the consent of the guarantor, as a result of which the scope of the debtor’s responsibility has increased, such a guarantor is responsible for the breach of the obligation by the debtor to the extent that existed before such a change in the obligation. A surety is qualitatively and essentially different from a pledge (mortgage), since the pledge is of a material nature and enjoys material protection. Suretyship refers to personal types of guaranteeing the performance of obligations, performed by a specific person, and legal succession to the suretyship is limited precisely taking into account its classification as a personal type of guarantee. This is important for inheritance under the principal obligation. The specificity of suretyship as a form of guaranteeing the fulfillment of an obligation indicates the presence of a significant specific weight of personal elements, which qualitatively distinguishes a suretyship from other types of security, in particular, a pledge. Personal elements accompany suretyship not only in terms of the scope of performance, but also in the area of legal succession, in particular in the event of the surety’s death. The presence of personal and even fiduciary elements in the suretyship limits succession to the obligation secured by the surety in the event of the borrower’s death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living in the same family of a woman and a man without marriage is not the basis for their rights and obligations as spouses. Over time, couples living in a de facto marriage relationship have various issues and problems that need to be solved, in particular, the succession of a man and a woman who lived in a civil marriage. In order to exercise his right to inheritance, the spouse who survived the other in a civil marriage must apply to the court to establish the fact that a man and a woman live in the same family without registering the marriage. These applications are considered in the order of separate or lawsuit proceedings, depending on the presence or absence of a legal dispute. Thus, in the case of an appeal to the court with a statement in the order of a separate proceeding, the judge refuses to open a separate proceeding in the case, if a dispute on the right can be seen from the statement to establish the abovementioned fact, and if a dispute on the right is revealed during the consideration of the case,-leaves application without consideration. The CPC of Ukraine establishes requirements for the form and content of the above-mentioned application in the order of a separate proceeding, namely in Art. 318 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine and in the procedure of legal proceedings-Art. 175, 177 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. Judicial practice has determined which evidence is appropriate and admissible for establishing such a fact. For the most part, such evidence is evidence of joint residence, running a joint household, the parties having a joint budget, spending jointly, purchasing property in the interests of the family, the existence of mutual marital rights and obligations between the parties, and other evidence. After receiving a court decision establishing the fact that a man and a woman live in the same family without registering a marriage, the heir applies to the notary with an application for acceptance of inheritance, however, in case of missing the deadline for submitting such an application, he has the right to renew the deadline for acceptance of inheritance in court. The specified issue is considered in the procedure of legal proceedings with mandatory clarification of the validity of the reasons for missing the deadline for accepting the inheritance and the presence or absence of other heirs. The legal regime of martial law does not stop the deadlines for submitting an application for acceptance of inheritance. The heir must apply to the Central Committee of Ukraine within a period of six months from the day of the opening of the inheritance with an application for acceptance of the inheritance, and in case of missing such a period, renew it in court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic defects in horses which are examined here and which are associated with specific coat colours and patterns are serious and partly lethal conditions. LWFS primarily occurs in American Paint Horses of the frame overo type and affected horses have intestinal abnormalities, aganglionosis, intestinal obstruction and a deadly colic among others. LFS occurs in Arabian horses with lavender coat colour dilution and these horses suffer from diverse neurological abnormalities such as tetany, opisthotonos and nystagmus. CSNB is particularly common in Appaloosa horses with leopard complex spotting and affected horses behave cautiously in dim light and have neuro-ophthalmic signs such as nystagmus and strabismus. MCOA syndrome often occurs in Rocky Mountain Horses with the silver coat colour dilution and diverse ocular anomalies, especially cysts, are associated with it. Melanoma primarily affects grey horses and is visible in the form of black nodules and lumps, usually near hairless areas. Coat colour-related deafness is often found in horses with splashed white overo pattern and with blue or heterochromic eyes and white spotting, especially in American Paint Horses, and these horses have hearing loss. The examined colour-related genetic diseases all lead to severe constraints of horses and it is of great importance to reduce their occurrence by the use of breeding decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All linear chromosomal ends have specific DNA-protein complexes called telomeres. Telomeres serve as a "molecular clock" to estimate the potential length of cell replication. Shortening of telomere length (TL) is associated with cellular senescence, aging, and various age-related diseases in humans. Here we reviewed the structure, function, and regulation of telomeres and the age-related diseases associated with telomere attrition. Among the various determinants of TL, we highlight the connection between TL and heredity to provide a new overview of genetic determinants for TL. Studies across multiple species have shown that maternal and paternal TL influence the TL of their offspring, and this may affect life span and their susceptibility to age-related diseases. Hence, we reviewed the linkage between TL and parental influences and the proposed mechanisms involved. More in-depth studies on the genetic mechanism for TL attrition are needed due to the potential application of this knowledge in human medicine to prevent premature frailty at its earliest stage, as well as promote health and longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a prevalent genetic cardiovascular disease characterized by asymmetric thickening of the left ventricular wall, frequently occurring in families predisposed genetically. While HCM in twins is rare, it presents a unique opportunity to explore the disease's genetic and epigenetic underpinnings due to the phenotypic heterogeneity observed even among genetically identical individuals. This review collates and analyzes global clinical studies that focus on the twin phenomena in HCM. It explores the genetic foundations of HCM, examines the influence of environmental and epigenetic factors on disease expression, and emphasizes the crucial role of genetic screening in the early and differential diagnosis of HCM. By focusing on twin cases in HCM, this review aims to enhance our understanding of HCM's complex genetic background, which could lead to more personalized approaches in the management and treatment of this condition, thus drawing significant interest from researchers and clinicians alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen the proliferation of television broadcasts that focus on the lavish lifestyles and consumption of "rich kids." However, flaunting inherited wealth is an accountable activity within UK society that claims to be based on meritocratic values. Whilst wealthy individuals are a source of public spectatorship, they are also attributed with contributing to economic inequality and inhibiting social mobility. This study draws on social psychology to examine media representations of wealthy heirs accounting for their wealth in popular programmes about the "super rich." Forty-one and a half hours of non-subscription UK television data from 2016 that included the term "super-rich" was analysed. Drawing on Discursive Social Psychology, heirs were found to be managing an ideological dilemma of accounting for their inherited privilege while in a (supposedly) meritocratic environment. Heirs use four interpretative repertoires to negotiate their unmeritocratic position: (1) having a fair go, (2) unintentional privilege, (3) constructing wealth as "family money" and (4) sharing wealth with loved ones. These interpretative repertoires downplay privilege by redefining ownership, highlight any work they do, construct them as aspirational and present them as lacking agency. The presentation of heirs in entertainment documentaries maintains the illusion of meritocratic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inheritance is both an unsettled and structuring concept of contemporary life. This paper argues that inheritance is an analytic through which difference comes to matter. Following Casarino's (2002) discussion of 'last' and 'other' limits, I show that inheritance both serves as a mechanism through which difference is captured and domesticated into systems of technoscience and law, and that it evidences the inability of these systems to capture fully its alterity. Taking a wide-ranging and interdisciplinary approach, the paper develops an analytic that explores and expands biosocial understandings of inheritance through two 'limit cases': first, the search for and reclamation of inheritance dispossessed in the Transatlantic trade in enslaved people; second, questions of queer reproduction and inheritance. The paper concludes by offering an analytic of inheritance not simply as a force of difference but also as a way of orienting political and ethical thought in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed competition significantly impacts sesame yields, making herbicide use essential in both pre-and post-emergence stages. However, current agricultural practices do not endorse the application of post-emergence herbicides in sesame cultivation due to potential crop sensitivity issues. This study screened two susceptible varieties (VRI 2 and VRI 5), and three tolerant genotypes for imazethapyr herbicide tolerance and reduction indices of 14 quantitative traits. The tolerant lines, IC 0131493, IC 0204614, and IC 0205513 displayed excellent tolerance with an injury score of 1 at 1ml/L, 2ml/L, and 3ml/L on 90 days after sowing, whereas VRI 2 and VRI 5 were highly sensitive with a score of 4. The reduction indices of various quantitative traits showed significant reductions due to the application of imazethapyr herbicide in the susceptible lines than in the tolerant genotypes. Three cross combinations were made using these parents, viz., VRI 5 x IC 0131493, VRI 2 x IC 0204614, and VRI 5 x IC 0205513, and studied for the inheritance of Imazethapyr herbicide tolerance. The segregation patterns in the F1, F2, and BC1 populations revealed that a single dominant gene governs Imazethapyr herbicide tolerance. The present investigation provides a foundation for breeding imazethapyr herbicide-tolerant varieties in sesame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart condition that causes enlarged and weakened left ventricles and affects the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively. Most genetic etiology still needs to be understood. Previously, we have used the known germline hereditary fusion genes (HFGs) to identify HFGs associated with multiple myeloma and leukemia. In this study, we have developed a statistical model to study fusion transcripts discovered from the left ventricles of 122 DCM patients and 252 GTEx (Genotype Tissue Expression) healthy controls to discover novel HFGs, ranging from 4% to 87.7%, and EFGs, ranging from 4% to 99.2%, associated with DCM. This discovery of numerous novel HFGs and EFGs associated with DCM provides first-hand evidence that DCM results from interactive developmental consequences between germline genetic and environmental abnormalities and paves the way for future research and diagnostic and therapeutic applications, instilling hope for the future of DCM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The trend of postponing childbearing age is prevalent worldwide. Advanced paternal age (APA) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. However, the underlying mechanism by which paternal aging affects the risk of offspring neuropsychiatric disorders is unclear. Our study aims to explore the behavioral phenotypes and the pathologic epigenetic alterations of APA offspring inherited from aging sperm. Methods: Behavioral tests, ELISA assay, immunofluorescence and western blotting were performed on offspring mice. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq) were used to investigate the modified N6-methyladenosine (m6A) profiles of paternal sperm and offspring hippocampus. Intervention of gene expression by lentivirus and adeno-associated virus in both vivo and vitro examined the potential therapeutic targets of intergenerational inherited neuroinflammation. Results: In our study, APA offspring exhibit cognitive impairment and autism-like behavior. An increase in neuroinflammation in APA offspring is associated with microglial overactivation, which manifests as abnormal morphology and augmented engulfment. MeRIP-seq of F0 sperm and F1 hippocampus reveal that Nr4a2 is hypermethylated with decreased expression in APA offspring involving in synaptic plasticity and microglial function. In addition, Ythdc1, an m6A reader protein, is markedly elevated in aging sperm and remains elevated in adult hippocampus of APA group. Enhanced Ythdc1 recognizes and suppresses the hypermethylated Nr4a2, thereby contributing to the abnormal phenotype in offspring. The overexpression of Ythdc1 triggers microglial activation in vitro and its suppression in the hippocampus of APA progeny alleviates behavioral aberrations and attenuates neuroinflammation. Conclusion: Our study provides additional evidence of the abnormal behavioral phenotypes of APA offspring and reveals potential epigenetic inheritance signatures and targeted genes for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yimeng red culture is an important part of the excellent culture of the Chinese nation. It is of great practical significance and long-term strategic significance to build the demonstration area for the inheritance and development of Yimeng red culture. Combining digital empowerment with the inheritance and development of Yimeng red culture is a new idea that conforms to the development of the times. In this paper, on the basis of combing Yimeng red cultural resources and combining with the current situation of inheritance and development of Yimeng red culture, the strategic layout and implementation approach of the demonstration area for the inheritance and development of Yimeng red culture were put forward from the perspective of digital empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ongoing advancement of human civilization, China is increasingly prioritizing the preservation and transmission of its architectural heritage. This study examines the historical development of the Longevity Pagoda in Jingzhou, synthesizing its architectural and artistic characteristics as well as its cultural heritage value. In light of contemporary challenges, the paper proposes strategies for the protection and preservation of the Longevity Pagoda. The aim is to ensure that the Longevity Pagoda continues to realize its distinctive historical, cultural, and social significance in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Hindu banking firms in Hyderabad state had an advantage over Muslim ones because Hindu law allowed adoptions while Islamic law did not, adoptions were nonetheless a source of great conflict and division for firms. Before the late nineteenth century, inheritance practices in Hyderabad privileged both Hindu and Muslim nobles and officials, but as Hyderabad's courts and advocates began to be connected to courts and advocates based in British India, contesting family members turned from the family and customary law generally administered in Hyderabad to the evolving standardisation of Hindu and Islamic law in British India. Hyderabad's government, however, continued to privilege Hindu and Muslim nobles well into the twentieth century, although more research is needed about changing judicial practices in Hyderabad and other native states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inherited pediatric motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and the spinal cord. These diseases can manifest as early as infancy and originate from inherited pathogenic mutations in known genes. Key clinical features of MNDs include muscle weakness, hypotonia, and atrophy due to the degeneration of lower motor neurons or spasticity, hypertonia, and hyperreflexia caused by upper motor neuron dysfunction. The course of the disease varies among individuals and is influenced by the specific subtype. Methods: We performed a non-systematic, narrative clinical review, employing a systematic methodology for the literature search and article selection to delineate the features of hereditary pediatric motor neuron diseases. Results: The growing availability of advanced molecular testing, such as whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), has expanded the range of identified genetic factors. These advancements provide insights into the genetic complexity and underlying mechanisms of these disorders. As more MND-related genes are discovered, the accumulating genetic data will help prioritize promising candidate genes for future research. In some cases, targeted treatments based on specific genetic mechanisms have already emerged, underscoring the critical role of early and timely diagnosis in improving patient outcomes. Common MNDs include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and bulbar spinal muscular atrophy. Conclusion: This narrative clinical review covers the clinical presentation, genetics, molecular features, and pathophysiology of inherited pediatric MNDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customary laws govern inheritance among many tribal communities that fall within the ambit of the fifth and sixth schedules of the Indian Constitution. Under this paper's scope, we shall look at the Khasi community hailing from the state of Meghalaya which is a matrilineal community. Where the Khasis draw their lineage from their mothers, there is a misnomer that women inherit and own the entire property. In light of the abovementioned background, the paper makes an analytical study of the customary inheritance rights of Khasi women, the nature of resource ownership and attempts to understand the grounds behind the claims of gender preference in the existing matrilineal system practised by the Khasis of Meghalaya. We also look at the intersection of gender and matrilineal system of inheritance in the Khasi community, the dispute between customs and legislations and examine whether there exists a need for codification. The paper also discusses the findings of the survey and focus group discussions including 90 Khasi women from East Khasi Hills and their growing consensus on equal inheritance rights but resistance towards statutory laws to govern their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the patriarchal nature of inheritance law in late medieval and early modern England, the existence of an aristocratic offensive in the field of law against women's inheritance rights between the 14th and the 18th century, and the relation between this offensive and the rise of agrarian capitalism. It then investigates the favorable effects of this legal legacy on the accumulation and concentration of the means of agrarian, coal and industrial commodity production in the hands of a minority of male aristocrats and bourgeois who played a significant role in the making of the Industrial Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued success of any conventional sweet potato breeding program is limited by knowledge of the inheritance of the traits under study, such as flesh color and tuberous root shape, because of the difficulty of segregating color frequencies by visual separation. The objective of this study was to understand the mode of inheritance of these genetic traits. The cross blocks were established at the Research Institute of Tropical Roots and Tuber Crops (INIVIT-Cuba). Eight parental genotypes of known compatibility were selected, with contrasting phenotypic characteristics to develop segregating populations. To express color objectively, the CIE L*a*b* color space was used (L*: lightness; a* and b*: chromatic coordinates), and four morphometric variables related to the shape and dimensions of the tuberous root were evaluated. From 2419 reciprocal crosses, 2045 botanical seeds and 1764 seedlings were obtained. Incomplete dominance of the white and purple flesh colors over the orange color was observed, as well as transgressive segregation for purple, orange, and white flesh colors and for the shape of the tuberous root. The results allowed us to propose a genetic model of biparental crosses for the improvement of the flesh color of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.), as well as a predictive formula of the progeny to be selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa features a blend of legislative regulations, customary laws, and evolving legal principles. This dynamic becomes especially complex for the small Muslim community, which must also adhere to Islamic Law, particularly in matters of inheritance distribution. Currently, South African legal references regarding inheritance under Islamic law are limited. This article seeks to analyze a specific inheritance case in which a husband, on his deathbed, has two wives, a son, and a daughter. The first wife was divorced while he was on his deathbed, and during this period, he married another woman before ultimately passing away. In his will, the husband stipulated that the estate should be distributed according to Islamic law, thus entitling his legitimate wife to inheritance. This study employs descriptive qualitative research using scenario-thinking methods to explore potential future outcomes for which no legal precedent exists. In analyzing this case, the concept of public interest (maslahah) emerges as a relevant theory aligned with the principle of justice. Various scholarly opinions from Islamic legal schools were also utilized in the analysis. The article recommends that the South African Muslim Judicial Council prioritize maslahah, proposing that both wives share 3/24 of the estate, the son receive 14/24, and the daughter receive 7/24. Although this decision has not yet been formally recognized in Islamic law, it can be viewed as an act of independent reasoning (ijtihad) based on the principle of justice through the approach of public interest without specific textual evidence (maslahah mursalah). Additionally, rationalized public interest (maslahah ma’qul al-ma’na) was applied to allocate inheritance to the first wife, acknowledging her extended time with the deceased husband.

Abstract. The purpose of the work is to develop a program for transliteration and refactoring of mechanically typed text “CotoGwa”. A literary analysis of the research problem is presented. The choice of ways, technologies and means of solving the task is substantiated. The functional and structural scheme of the program is substantiated. The process of developing a software product is highlighted. Comparative characteristics of analogues are carried out and their shortcomings are described. The advantages of the developed product are defined too. The software development model and used scientific research methods are justified. The practical application of the created product is described step by step. Testing and debugging of the program is described. Considering the implementation of the software, the architectural solutions and technologies used in the project were analyzed. The program takes into account the needs of users and can be easily extended to provide additional functionality thanks to the flexibility and extensive functionality of the C# programming language. In the future, the development of the program will include additional options to create even greater convenience and speed of use by users. Taking into account feedback from users can contribute to the further development of this software in the field of text printing. In general, the development makes it possible to efficiently and conveniently enter and edit text, reducing time spent on additional printing principles and facilitating routine tasks for users.

Abstract Background The trend of postponing childbearing age is prevalent worldwide. Advanced paternal age (APA) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. However, the underlying mechanism by which paternal aging affects the risk of offspring neuropsychiatric disorders is unclear. Our study aims to explore the behavioral phenotypes and the pathologic epigenetic alterations of APA offspring inherited from aging sperm. Methods Behavioral tests, ELISA assay, immunofluorescence and western blotting were performed on offspring mice. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq) were used to investigate the modified N6-methyladenosine (m6A) profiles of paternal sperm and offspring hippocampus. Intervention of gene expression by lentivirus and adeno-associated virus in both vivo and vitro examined the potential therapeutic targets of intergenerational inherited neuroinflammation. Results In our study, APA offspring exhibit cognitive impairment and autism-like behavior. An increase in neuroinflammation in APA offspring is associated with microglial overactivation, which manifests as abnormal morphology and augmented engulfment. MeRIP-seq of F0 sperm and F1 hippocampus reveal that Nr4a2 is hypermethylated with decreased expression in APA offspring involving in synaptic plasticity and microglial function. In addition, Ythdc1, an m6A reader protein, is markedly elevated in aging sperm and remains elevated in adult hippocampus of APA group. Enhanced Ythdc1 recognizes and suppresses the hypermethylated Nr4a2, thereby contributing to the abnormal phenotype in offspring. The overexpression of Ythdc1 triggers microglial activation in vitro and its suppression in the hippocampus of APA progeny alleviates behavioral aberrations and attenuates neuroinflammation. Conclusion Our study provides additional evidence of the abnormal behavioral phenotypes of APA offspring and reveals potential epigenetic inheritance signatures and targeted genes for future research.

Farm succession is a central issue in agricultural policy. Yet although many studies explore succession planning, little is known about how farms are actually transferred. We provide the first population‐level evidence on intergenerational farm succession by linking US census records for millions of farmers' children in 1900 and 1910 to identify which children own and operate the family farm up to 40 years later. We first show that daughters are rarely successors. Using a within‐family identification strategy, we find that first‐born sons are slightly more likely than their younger brothers to be successors while their parents are working aged. However, birth order is not predictive of who receives the farm when parents are older or deceased. For later farm transfers, sons who were previously tenant farmers are much more likely than their brothers to be successors, possibly because they are better prepared. Fewer than one‐fifth of farmers transfer their farm to any son. Our study relies on rich historical data because current policy prevents the necessary data linkages for studying intergenerational farm succession. Providing a secure system for researchers to link modern agricultural data to population microdata, similar to what has been achieved with other data sources, would yield crucial insights into long‐term agricultural policy issues in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of recognition of inheritance as escheated are determined. The author analyses the peculiarities of interest construction in the system of legal relations of inheritance escheat. It is determined that the institution of inheritance escheat is aimed at satisfying the public interest in maintaining the stability of property relations in society. The property (economic) interest in acquiring ownership of inherited property is derived from the main public interest. By its legal nature, an escheated inheritance is a legal succession. The author emphasises that the procedure for transferring escheated property to municipal ownership is established in local acts of local self-government bodies which have a procedural nature regarding the acquisition of municipal ownership of escheated property. It is argued that depending on the type of real estate object, it is advisable to determine the legal regime of escheated property, in particular, land and residential real estate. It is proved that the construction of interest in the system of legal relations of escheatment of inheritance is complex and combines public (social) and economic (property) interest. The public (social) interest is to preserve the stability of property relations in society. The economic (property) interest has a public and private orientation, in particular, it satisfies the interest of the territorial community as both the acquirer of the property right and the creditor to satisfy the testator’s obligations at the expense of the deceased property. At the same time, a public entity assumes the burden of the testator’s obligations sometimes not in its own interests, but in order to ensure the stability of property relations in society. The improvement of civil legislation on the possibility of a territorial community to waive the obligation to file an application to the court for recognition of inheritance as escheated in case of destruction of real estate or its significant damage in view of martial law is proposed.

The principle of freedom of will has been and remains to this day one of the fundamental principles of the current national inheritance law. Special significance in civil legal capacity is the right of subjects of inheritance relations to freely exercise their property rights and to dispose of things. The testamentary refusal (legacy) imposes a duty on the heir to fulfil certain property obligations. Nevertheless, in modern realities of testamentary refusal enforcement, problems are not excluded at all, and therefore require their resolution. Purpose: to identify legal characteristics of testamentary refusal and actual problems arising in inheritance relations, as well as to determine the best ways to solve these problems and the main directions for further improvement of national legislation in this area. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Specific scientific methods are used: legal-dogmatic and the method of interpreting legal norms. Results: the study of the current legislation regulating the institute of testamentary refusal in the Russian Federation allows to consider its historical development, to determine the legal characteristics of its emergence and content, as well as current problems arising in law enforcement practice. It is established that the problem of fulfilling the obligation to grant the legatee the right to use residential premises is of particular importance. The authors propose the general directions of improving the national legislation in order to overcome the problems associated with the application of testamentary refusal.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seedlings are rich in vitamin C (Vc), which is beneficial for humans. Understanding the genetic variance in Vc content has practical significance for the breeding of “oil–vegetable dual-purpose” rapeseed. In this study, the joint segregation analysis of a mixed genetic model of the major gene plus polygene was conducted on the Vc content in rapeseed seedlings. Six generations, including two parents, P1 (high Vc content) and P2 (low Vc content), F1, and the populations of F2, BC1P1, and BC1P2 from two crosses were investigated. Genetic analysis revealed that the genetic model MX2-A-AD was the most fitting genetic model, which indicates that Vc content is controlled by two additive major genes plus additive and dominance polygenes. In addition, the whole heritability in F2 and BC1P1 was higher than that in BC1P2. The largest coefficient of variation for Vc content appeared in the F2 generation. Therefore, for Vc content, the method of single cross recross or single backcross are suggested to transfer major genes, and the selection in F2 would be more efficient than that in other generations. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and breeding of Vc content in rapeseed seedlings.

Rice is an important food product for people. Milled white rice is mainly used or food purposes, but unpolished rice is also used. The cells of the aleurone layer and the embryo of the rice grain contain lipids, the presence of which strengthens the immune system and protects against heart disease and cancer, which has increased interest in them. The current paper has provided a review of the information on the study of quantitative trait loci connected with lipid content in rice grain. The study was conducted in China, Korea, and Japan from 1983 to 2021 using dihaploid lines from hybrids among rice varieties with contrasting lipid content. There was identified a correlation with QTL on 12 rice chromosomes with the help of a microsatellite marker map. Hu et al. (2004) found three QTLs for oil content located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 5. Yu et al. (2009) found four QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 8. Qin et al. (2010) mapped eight QTLs to chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9. Kim et al. (2013) found a significant QTL, qRLC5, on chromosome 5. Yun et al. (2014) found that high lipid content was determined by three QTL on chromosomes 2, 3 and 6. Ying et al. (2012) identified 29 QTL on 10 chromosomes, several for seven fatty acids. Zhou and his colleagues (2021) conducted a genomic study of oil composition and concentration in different groups of 533 cultivated rice varieties and identified 99 QTL, 94 of which were associated with oil composition and five of them with oil concentration. These QTLs will allow developing pyramids of favorable alleles to improve rice quality using marker-assisted breeding.

A daughter’s ability to inherit property is treated differently in various ancient Near Eastern cultures. This paper examines the difference between land inheritance by daughters in Israel and Babylon using the text of Numbers 27 and Babylonian Boundary Stone 9. The unique status of land and land allotment in the two societies are explored as well as the implications for the status of daughters. The conclusion from the comparison is that the biblical text excludes daughters because of limited landholdings and the desire to maintain the property inheritance from the initial land allotment event. However, Babylonian Boundary Stone 9 allows daughters to inherit more easily because of fluid landholdings and multiple (royal) land allotment events.

Abstract Background Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), observed in many flat-faced dog breeds, is one of the most urgent welfare problems in pedigree dogs. Various breeding schemes against BOAS have been implemented in many countries during recent years, but their impact on breed health remains unknown. The BOAS breeding test, used by the Finnish Kennel Club (FKC), includes an exercise component with a recovery assessment, BOAS grading by a veterinarian that evaluates upper respiratory signs before and after exercise, and a nostril stenosis assessment. The aim of our study was to evaluate BOAS breeding test results and estimate the heritability of the BOAS grade using parent–offspring regression from FKC data collected during 2017–2022. Results The majority (80%) of dogs (n = 957) participating in FKC BOAS testing were English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and Pugs. In 2022, 89–100% of the litters from these three breeds registered with the FKC had at least one parent tested for BOAS. The proportion of dogs failing the exercise test was highest in English Bulldogs (11%), followed by French Bulldogs (4%) and Pugs (3%). In these three breeds, moderate to severe BOAS signs were reported in 28%, 22% and 30% of dogs, respectively. The proportion of moderate to severe nostril stenosis was highest (71%) in Pugs, followed by French Bulldogs (55%), and English Bulldogs (40%). Estimates of heritability for BOAS grade were separately calculated for these three breeds and for all dogs, and the estimates were moderate to high, ranging from 0.39 to 0.58. Conclusions The exercise test alone did not sufficiently identify dogs with moderate to severe BOAS signs. To better consider the complex nature of BOAS and breed differences, exercise tolerance, the severity of upper respiratory signs (BOAS grade) and nostril stenosis should all be assessed together in breeding animals. The heritability estimates for veterinary-assessed BOAS grade indicated that BOAS grade could be used in selective breeding to obtain less-affected offspring.

This paper presents a novel, robust, efficient, and simple optimization algorithm called the Object-Oriented Programming Optimization Algorithm (OOPOA) for tackling constrained and unconstrained optimization problems. The algorithm is inspired by the inheritance concept of Object-Oriented programming languages, where the features of a class are classified into three types according to inheritance probability: public, private, and protected. The object-oriented programming inheritance concept is implemented in the algorithm to update the population for the next generations. The proposed algorithm ensures exploitation by selecting the solution with the highest fitness to be inherited in each iteration. It ensures exploration by applying a mutation process that helps explore wide regions in the search space. The performance of this technique is demonstrated by solving 34 different optimization tasks, including 20 standard benchmark problems, ten IEEE Congress of Evolutionary Computation benchmark test functions, and four constrained real-world engineering design problems.

Legally Libyan women are entitled to inherit land, yet many women are discouraged by family members from claiming their inheritance. This paper explores this discrepancy between norms and practices, by first offering a general legal, historical, and cultural context of women’s rights to land and inheritance in Libya. Then, it details the case of one elderly woman, Um Aliz. Like many Libyan women, she initially felt that she ought not claim her right to inherit land. But in recent years, Um Aliz has changed her mind due to her deteriorating health, children’s encouragements, relatives’ pioneering efforts to claim their rightful inheritance, society’s changing ideas on women’s land rights, and rising land prices. Although Um Aliz’s justice journey is not complete, she has ended her silence and the case has entered the court system. Together with reflections from legal professionals, Um Aliz’s case illustrates the limits of legal reform and the persistence of inheritance practices which are legitimised by reference to tradition. Yet the paper also suggests that amidst great and worrying societal turbulence some Libyan women are emboldened to claim their inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way of inheritance, the manifestations of heterosis, transgression and depression, minimal number of genes by which parental forms differ, degree of dominance, manifestations of epistasis and coefficient of heritability and efficiency of selection with regard to plant height and number of leaves, on Burley tobacco samples are established. For the purpose are researched the population of P1, P2, F1 and F2 of seven hybrid combinations. The results show that in the height of plants and number of leaves inheritance is preferably overdominantly and always in the direction of the parent with the higher values of investigated parameters. With respect to the height of the plants was observed and incompletely dominantly, and when the number of leaves and an additive. Manifestations of heterosis and transgression are more pronounced in relation to the number of leaves and have significant values of economic importance, only by this indicator. Data from hybridological analysis showed that the minimal number of genes determining the expression of the trait plant height is greater than the number of leaves. Epistatic interactions are more strongly manifested in the determination of the trait height of plant, but only in the number of leaves negative ones are observed. The relatively low to medium values obtained in terms of the coefficient of heritability in the studied crosses Burley tobacco show that a low share of genotype influence on the manifestation of the studied trait is observed, which means that the selection for plant height will be more effective in the later hybrid generations. The established even lower values for the index number of leaves show the crucial importance of the influence of the environment on the determination of the trait and suggest an effective selection in even later hybrid generations, which makes the selection activity difficult. The study shows that, in general, the selection for the trait number of leaves is more complex and longer than that for the height of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the inheritance of mitochondria in Pelargonium section Ciconium using 36 interspecific crosses generated. We designed KASP markers targeting four mitochondrial loci, belonging to the mitomes of four main crossing parents, enabling tracking the transmission of each mitome in the crosses. These markers discriminate between an individual species versus the other section Ciconium species. We found that maternal inheritance of mitochondria is most frequent, with occasional occurrences of paternal inheritance, while biparental inheritance is rare. For a P. multibracteatum crossing series, we found ambiguous results. Our results confirm those of previous studies, namely, that paternal inheritance of mitochondria can occur in P. sect Ciconium but that the instance is rare and much less common than is the case for chloroplasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this article is to take advantage of some recent theoretical innovations in syntactic theorizing to propose a novel characterization of some of the basic word-order types isolated by typological research. In the minimalist framework, a necessary condition for a derivation to converge is that the structure it generates should be appropriately labeled. This requirement in particular holds for the major syntactic structures displayed by the various linguistic types. It will be argued that labeling theory, combined with phase theory and the variable syntax of inflectional and discourse features, offers contrasting characterizations of these structures and, as such, provides a window on how exactly SVO, V1 and V2 grammatical systems differ: they differ precisely in the strategy that each type selects in order for neutral declarative root clauses to satisfy the labeling requirement. It will also be shown that the topic and focus structures involving phrasal movement to the periphery, although different parametric choices are made by the various grammatical systems considered here, basically conform to the same requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several cuneiform tablets from the Old Babylonian period (2004–1595 BCE) deal with blended families in Mesopotamia. This family situation resulted from various causes, such as death, divorce, or polygyny. It often created a cohabitation between step-children, leading to a significant challenge for the parents, regarding inheritance. This issue has not yet been studied from a legal perspective. This paper, based on the study of contracts, lawsuits, and letters, analyzes some of the legal solutions found by Mesopotamian parents, who anticipated situations of competition between heirs and protected their children, showing the value they attached to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact time of the events is often considered as the origin of the actualization of jurisprudence and legal laws. Ambiguity in the issue of time will lead to different legal disputes. These legal tensions increase when an unknown event is examined in relation to another known event. Famous majority of jurists, referring to the originality of the delay of the event in events that are measured in relation to the components of time, considered the time delay of the unknown event to be fixed and did not accept the inheritance belonging to the known party. As Article 874 of the Civil Code says: "If persons who have an inheritance between them die and the date of death of one of them is known and the other is unknown in terms of precedence and lateness, only the one whose date of death is unknown inherits from the other. But some other jurists considered it possible by weighing the unknown event with another known event, the proceeding of the principle of istiṣḥāb (presumption of continuity) in both known and unknown parties, and accepted the division of the inheritance in half between the parties and other heirs. In this writing, an attempt has been made by researching jurisprudential texts to criticize Article 874 in terms of its scholarly foundations and to investigate other jurisprudential opinions. As a result, after the proceeding of the two istiṣḥāb s and the realization of the conflict and the fall of the two principles, the inheritance belongs to the parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author has studied the problem of escheated inheritance. The problematic aspect of this legal phenomenon is also stipulated by the lack of its legislative definition, disputes in regard to the legal nature of relations of escheated inheritance. The relevance of this problem is evidenced by the fact that it is appropriate to assume an increase in objects of escheated property in terms of the martial law and post-war reconstruction due to inability of lawful heirs to accept inheritance (death as a result of hostilities, leaving the country for permanent residence in other states, etc.), destruction and damage of property. Therefore, the registration procedure and usage of escheated property at the level of territorial communities may be revised in terms of the martial law. It has been noted in the paper that escheated inheritance cannot be considered as hereditary and legal definition by its legal nature, because: it is based on the obligation, but not on the right to accept inheritance; its purpose is to satisfy the public interest in maintaining the stability of property relations in society; it is legal succession. The author has proved that the construction of interest in the system of legal relations of escheated inheritance is complex and combines public (social) and economic (property) interests. Public (social) interest consists in preserving the stability of property relations in society. Economic (property) interest has a public and private orientation, in particular, it satisfies the interests of the territorial community, both an acquirer of the ownership right and a creditor regarding the satisfaction of an ancestor's obligations at the expense of escheated property. At the same time, a public entity assumes the burden of the ancestor's obligations sometimes not in own interests, but in order to satisfy the stability of property relations in society. The procedure of recognizing inheritance as escheated has the following stages: detection of escheated property, in particular from reports of neighbors, from the authority in charge of the residential stock; examination of discovered property, whereat a formal note is taken; collection of information regarding the status of escheated property; in case of establishing the fact of damage (destruction), the commission puts forward a proposal to terminate the ownership right to such an object; preparation of a claim to the court on defining inheritance as escheated and transfer of property to communal ownership; hearing the case according to the rules of a separate proceeding; adoption of a court judgement on transfering escheated inheritance to communal ownership; the decision of the local self-government agency's session on the acquisition of the right of communal ownership of escheated property; state registration of property for the relevant territorial community; maintenance and use of escheated property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal consequences of the adoption event are regarding the status of the adopted child as the heir of his adoptive parents, such a status often causes problems in the family. The issues that often arise in the event of a lawsuit are usually related to the legality of the adoption of the child, as well as the position of the adopted child as the heir of his adoptive parents. Adopted children also have the right to guarantee the protection of their rights so that they can live their lives, participate optimally, and get protection from violence and/or different treatments. As for the reality, sometimes adopted children are still considered not part of the family and in the end, the rights of adopted children are ignored. This does not rule out the possibility of problems such as in terms of the distribution of inheritance, because it considers that the adopted child is not the heir of the parent who adopted him. In this study, the author also used Decision Study Number: 113/K/Pdt/2019. The theories used in the research are the theory of legal certainty, the theory of legal justice, and the theory of legal protection. The research method used by the author is normative. SW is not entitled to LTJ's inheritance because of his position as only a foster child based on the Deed of Child Handover Number 2. Foster children in terms of inheritance are not entitled to inheritance because their position is different from the position of the adopted child. A foster child is considered a third person who is not included in the class of heirs who are entitled to inheritance according to the law. An adopted child can get property from his adoptive parents through a will. The amount of this will is determined not to exceed 1/3 of the inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cult of Lady Linshui (Chen Jinggu) is a prevalent form of folklore culture in Fujian and Taiwan, with a history extending over one thousand years. This paper draws on Harold Innis' bias of communication theory to analyze how different forms of media contribute to the preservation of this type of culture. The author's field research in Gutian and Fuzhou (Fujian) has found that the key mediums for spreading Linshui Lady beliefs include ritual ceremonies, opera performances, oral traditions, and festival customs. All of these elements contribute to this culture by representing collective importance, folkloric and instructive nature, a focus on everyday life scenes, and seamless integration into local customs. By integrating space-biased print-based media with strong time-biased traditional media, a balance between time and space can be achieved, resulting in the presence of both unity and diversity in Lady Linshui cult. The collaborative efforts of multiple cultural participants are crucial in upholding these traditions and promoting innovative development in the inheritance of this form of popular culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A higher varietal specificity in the manifestation of traits in parental varieties was noted compared to hybrids. Two component traits of ear productivity in a series of generations were analyzed against the background of various factors, shifts in their average values and their impact on yield were predicted and determined. The phenotypic dominance index (hp) in the first generation was determined by the number of grains per ear and the weight of 1000 grains, combinations with a high level of heterosis were identified. Under the conditions of the Apsheron region, the effects of interaction between genotype and environment were determined in nine varieties of spring soft wheat and seven hybrid populations F1...F4 formed with their participation. A reliable effect of environmental conditions on all the studied traits was established. The contribution of the "year" factor to the number of grains per ear in varieties and hybrids was 10.9 and 13.9%, respectively; to the weight of 1000 grains - 5.8 and 19.5%; to the yield - 47.3 and 41.1%. The genetic component made a significant contribution to the weight of 1000 grains in varieties and hybrids (81.5 and 58.8%), as well as to the number of grains in varieties (38.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the innate immune system are closely related, acting as defense mechanisms and regulating gene expression and innate immunity. Both are modulators in the initiation, development and progression of cancer. We aimed to review the major types of ncRNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), with a focus on cancer, innate immunity, and inflammation. We found that ncRNAs are closely related to innate immunity, epigenetics, chronic inflammation, and cancer and share properties such as inducibility, specificity, memory, and transfer. These similarities and interrelationships suggest that ncRNAs and modulators of trained immunity, together with the control of chronic inflammation, can be combined to develop novel therapeutic approaches for personalized cancer treatment. In conclusion, the close relationship between ncRNAs, the innate immune system, and inflammation highlights their importance in cancer pathways and their potential as targets for novel therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Equine Veterinary Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent endocrine condition found in cats. Recent research has identified a connection between a higher risk of diabetes in cats and genetic factors. This genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes is associated with genes that control insulin secretion and function, as well as those that impact factors like obesity. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene missense mutation among cats and to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and the occurrence of diabetes in felines. Materials and Methods: Genotype analysis was done for 45 samples. The research results were obtained with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method. The 1,200-bp PCR product was cut with BstOI restriction enzyme. Results: Upon analyzing the data, it was found that 37.8% (n = 17) of the subjects carried the MC4R gene mutation. Across the entire population of cats studied, the C allele associated with the mutation was most prevalent in the group of cats with DM (frequency of 0.3) and least common among the clinically healthy cats (frequency of 0.2). Conclusion: After analysis of the study results, a statistically significant difference was observed between cats with DM and clinically healthy cats in the comparison of their BCS (p < 0.05). The association of the MC4R gene polymorphism with overweight and the development of diabetes has been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mavi Atlas is the property of Mavi Atlas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article sheds light on the efforts of intellectuals and women’s circles in the struggle for equal inheritance rights in modern China. By analyzing various social campaigns for women’s equal rights during this period, specifically in relation to daughters’ access to inheritance rights, this article explores the complexities and contradictions surrounding daughters’ inheritance rights in twentieth-century China. The argument put forth is that the interaction between the new state-building process and the influence of social campaigns enabled female to explore new rights holder. However, local practices often adhered to traditional customs that marginalized daughters without inheritance rights. Nevertheless, with the assistance of feminist movements, daughters’ inheritance rights have gradually gained acceptance as an essential component of social claims in modern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]