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This study aims to comprehensively identify the contributing factors affecting the adoption of flex route transit. A survey was conducted in 2019, and a multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model was utilized to capture individuals' preferences toward car, fixed route, and flex route transit. Subsequently, the multinomial logit model with attitudinal features is employed to identify the key factors influencing the shift from car or fixed route to flex route transit. Results indicate that several factors contribute to flex route transit adoption, with the top three being car restriction, travel cost, and age groups. Car restriction is positively associated with flex route transit adoption (marginal effects 11.67%). Travel costs (≥1.49 US$) and elderly groups also contribute to an increase in flex route transit adoption, with marginal effects of 9.18% and 8.01%, respectively. These findings provide insightful implications for decision-makers in identifying potential adopters and improving flex route transit adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of social preferences and uncertainty for air travel demand, by linking experimentally validated measures of social preferences and uncertainty index to passenger data for 36 European countries from 2019 to 2022. The empirical analysis separates the effects of government restrictions from that of social preferences, while considering the impact of uncertainty surrounding the pandemic event. The results highlight the importance of accounting for the individuals' social preferences when implementing aviation-related policy measures. The findings also reveal that uncertainty can trigger unexpected behaviour from the passengers, resulting in the ineffectiveness of public policies during times of crisis. • The importance of social preferences and uncertainty for passenger demand is evaluated. • Focus on international flights within Europe from 2019 to 2022. • A unique dataset merging passenger data with experimentally validated measures is used. • The effectiveness of air travel-related policies depends on the social traits of the populations. • Uncertainty triggers unexpected effects on air travel demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars in several fields share a desire to better understand the inter-temporal dimensions of policy-making. While several studies analysed individuals' preferences regarding policies whose benefits unfold in the future, little is known about policy-makers' own perceptions of inter-temporal trade-offs in politics. Using an original survey of municipal politicians in Sweden, we demonstrate that factors found important in macro-level research on future-oriented policy-making also matter for politicians' micro-level perceptions. Politicians who perceive the policy-making process as consensus-oriented, characterised by corporatist concertation and by a low risk of policy reversal, and those who feel confident about (re-)election into government, are less likely to perceive a trade-off between policies that help them win elections and policies that benefit society in the long term, and less likely to view politics as short-term biased. Trade-off perceptions are, furthermore, related to previously overlooked variations in how politicians understand the inter-temporal profile of physical and social investment policies. Our findings have significant implications for comparative public policy research, by uncovering how politicians perceive inter-temporal trade-offs and shining new light on the micro-foundations of future-oriented policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: It has been proposed that reusable catheters are more cost effective and environmentally sustainable than single‐use catheters intended for intermittent catheterization (IC). However, the aspect of individuals' well‐being and preference for catheter type is not considered. In this study, we investigated the impact on individuals' health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL) when testing a reusable catheter. Materials and Methods: The study was an open‐labeled, single‐arm, multicenter investigation with a treatment period of 28 days. Forty subjects using single‐use hydrophilic catheters were accustomed to a reusable catheter for managing IC. HR‐QoL was evaluated by the Intermittent‐Self Catheterization Questionnaire (ISC‐Q). Additionally, satisfaction was evaluated by the Intermittent Catheterization Satisfaction Questionnaire (InCaSa‐Q). The difference in total score was analyzed using a mixed linear model. Furthermore, preference for IC (single‐use vs. reusable) was assessed and microbial evaluation of the catheters was performed. Results: The total ISC‐Q score measuring HR‐QoL decreased significantly by 28% (p < 0.001). Two of the four subdomains (ease‐of‐use and discreetness) also decreased significantly (p < 0.001). The total InCaSa‐score and all four subdomains evaluating satisfaction decreased significantly (p < 0.005). The primary study results were supported by the fact that 90.9% of subjects preferred to use a single‐use catheter for IC. Furthermore, 50% of reusable catheters were contaminated with bacteria. Conclusion: Switching from single‐use to reusable IC resulted in a significant decrease in HR‐QoL and satisfaction. Moreover, the vast majority preferred the single‐use catheter due to handling and convenience. The users' rights to their preferred bladder management method should be acknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individual preferences have preceded the use of health care services, and it has been affected by different hospital attributes. This study aimed to elicit the Iranians' preferences in choosing hospitals using a discrete choice experiment. Methods: A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted through face to face interviews with 301 participants. The DCE was constructed by six attributes were included based on a literature review, qualitative interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and consensus development approach: waiting time, quality of care, travel time, hospital type, provider competency, and hospital facilities. individuals' preferences for hospital attributes were analyzed using a mixed logit model, and interaction terms were used to assess preference heterogeneity among individuals with different sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Participants had strong and significant preferences for care delivered in hospitals with 'full' (β = 0.6052, p<0.001) or 'moderate' (β = 0.5882, p<0.001) hospital equipment and with 'excellent' provider competency (β = 0.2637, p<0.001). The estimated coefficients for the "waiting time of 120 minutes" (β = −0.1625, p<0.001) and the "travel time of 30 minutes" (β = −0.1157, p<0.001) were negative and significant. The results also show that the personal characteristics such as age, education level, and income significantly affected individual preferences in choosing a hospital. Conclusion: Considering people's preferences can be important given the more active role of today's patients in decision-making about their treatment processes. The results of this study should be taken into consideration by health policymakers and all stakeholders to be aware of differences in preferences of people and maximize their satisfaction. In this case, it is important to continuously involve people and consider their preferences in the design, topology, construction, and equipment of hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals' abilities to perform goal-directed spatial deployments of attention are distinguishable from their broader preferences for how they use spatial attention when circumstances do not compel a specific deployment strategy. Although these preferences are likely to play a major role in how we interact with the visual world during daily life, they remain relatively understudied. This exploratory study investigated two key questions about these preferences: firstly, are individuals consistent in their preferences for how they deploy their spatial attention when making shifts of attention versus adopting an attentional breadth? Secondly, which other factors are associated with these preferences? Across two experiments, we measured how participants preferred to deploy both attentional breadth (using an adapted Navon task) and eye movements (using a free-viewing task). We also measured participants' working memory capacities (Experiment 1), and their personalities and world beliefs (Experiment 2). In both experiments, there were consistent individual differences in preference for attentional breadth and eye movement characteristics, but these two kinds of preference were unrelated to each other. Working memory capacity was not linked to these preferences. Conversely, the personality trait of Openness to Experience robustly predicted two aspects of eye movement behavior preference, such that higher levels of Openness predicted smaller saccades and shorter scan paths. This suggests that personality dimensions may predict preferences for more absorbed engagement with visual information. However, it appears that individuals' preferences for shifts of attention during scene viewing do not necessarily relate to the breadth of attention they choose to adopt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Shared decision making is important when decisions are preference sensitive, as in incurable cancer. A prerequisite for shared decision making is health literacy, which is essential to facilitate good understanding of an individual's current situation, the decision to be made, and the options available to them. This study sought to learn about the challenges for shared decision making faced by patients with incurable cancer and health literacy difficulties. Methods: Semi-structured telephone and video interviews were used to collect data on participants' experiences, decision making, and challenges faced. Study procedures followed health literacy principles, with information offered in various formats to suit individuals' preferences, the use of a verbal consent process, and flexibility in whether interviews were conducted over telephone or video call. Data were analysed using Framework Analysis (Ritchie et al. 2003), with initial verbatim transcription of interviews, iterative development of the analysis framework, indexing using Nvivo 12 software and summarising of the data before systematic categorisation and development of final themes. Results: Twenty participants (aged 31–80, of whom 13 male) with a variety of cancers (including breast, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, gynaecological, lung, head and neck, and urological) and experience of a range of treatments were interviewed. Seven themes were identified, including: supportive staff in an imperfect system, additional pressure from COVID-19, in the expert's hands, treatment not so bad, emotional hurdles, accessing information to further understanding and wanting to be a good patient. Conclusion: In order to support patients with incurable cancer and health literacy difficulties to become involved in decisions about their care, we must address the emotional, social and informational challenges they face. Recommendations for achieving this include addressing peoples' emotional needs, facilitating control over information, developing a partnership, involving others, and organisational changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial preferences are sometimes encountered in the sphere of dating, romance, and sex. Using an experimental design, 100 White American participants and 100 American participants of Color were exposed to a mock dating profile that either contained a disclosure of racial preference (i.e., "White guys/girls only") or did not. Owners of a profile disclosing a racial preference were perceived as more racist, less attractive, and were also rated less positively in a global sense than owners of a profile that did not disclose a preference. Participants were also less willing to connect with them. Additionally, participants who viewed a dating profile disclosing a racial preference reported greater negative affect and lower positive affect than participants who viewed a profile that did not disclose a preference. These effects were largely consistent across both White participants and participants of Color. These findings demonstrate that racial preferences in the intimate sphere are generally responded to unfavorably, both by people for whom rejection is implied by the preferences and by people who are personally unaffected by the preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: A learning style refers to an individual's own approach to perceiving, processing, and retaining novel information. Modifying instructional approaches to align with students' individual learning preferences enhances their learning. The current study was carried out to investigate the learning style preferences of students studying basic medical sciences at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 23, 2022, to February 10, 2023, on 230 students who were selected by the available sampling method. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire including demographic factors and the Kolb Learning Styles Scale (version 3.1). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, chisquare test, and one-way analysis of variance using SPSS-24. Results: The students had an average age of 20.35 ± 1.85 years, with 53.9% men and 46.1% females. Dominant learning styles comprised 37.4% assimilating and 33.9% converging, comprising 71.3% of participants. Diverging and accommodating accounted for 21.7% and 7%, respectively, of the remaining subjects. No statistically significant difference was identified between dominant learning styles and demographic characteristics (p < 0.05). Conclusion: People with a preference for assimilating and converging learning styles show less interest in subjects that require communication with others. Therefore, it is necessary to improve students' interpersonal skills by using various educational strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital footprints provide crucial insights into individuals' behaviors and preferences. Their role in credit scoring is becoming increasingly significant. Therefore, it is crucial to combine digital footprint data with traditional data for personal credit scoring. This paper proposes a novel credit-scoring model. First, lasso-logistic regression is used to select key variables that significantly impact the prediction results. Then, digital footprint variables are categorized based on business understanding, and candidate models are constructed from various combinations of these groups. Finally, the optimal weight is selected by minimizing the Kullback–Leibler loss. Subsequently, the final prediction model is constructed. Empirical analysis validates the advantages and feasibility of the proposed method in variable selection, coefficient estimation, and predictive accuracy. Furthermore, the model-averaging method provides the weights for each candidate model, providing managerial implications to identify beneficial variable combinations for credit scoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destination brand cognition plays an important role in tourists' decisions. This study constructs a decision-making framework based on the brand gestalt model to investigate how brand gestalt cognition influences tourists' destination choices. Findings were drawn from 182,357 online comments about seven international island destinations, posted on Chinese tourism social media platforms. Data were processed using emotion mining technology and random forest machine learning methods. Results showed that (1) the environment and product/service providers were key factors affecting tourists' decision making in island destinations. (2) Individuals' decision-making preferences were grouped into four types: environment–product/service preferences, story–product/service preferences, environment–experience preferences, and environment–tourist preferences. (3) Island destinations possessing strong competitiveness in all dimensions of brand gestalt could more effectively meet tourists' needs. This study enriches understanding of tourists' decision making from a brand gestalt perspective, and implications are provided for building destinations' brand ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The naturalness bias in which people perceive natural items to be safer, healthier, and better than synthetic alternatives has been found to be associated with numerous individual difference variables (e.g. connectedness to nature and religiosity). However, no research has examined the role of morningness-eveningness in influencing preferences for naturalness. Here, we propose that evening individuals may exhibit a weaker preference for naturalness compared to morning individuals due to their greater exposure to artificial lighting, technology, and stimuli. To systematically test our theoretical perspective, we conducted three complementary and high-powered studies. In an online survey (Study 1), student participants with a stronger evening orientation displayed a diminished preference for natural drugs compared to those with a morning orientation. Using a sample of community adults, Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 in a real-world, behavioral context. Study 3 examined the relationship between morningness-eveningness and preference for naturalness within the domain of beverages. The results revealed that individuals with an evening-orientation had decreased odds of selecting natural water without minerals. Taken together, the findings suggest that an individual's diurnal preference toward eveningness may have implications for their bias toward and perception of naturalness across various domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current surge in the deployment of web applications underscores the need to consider users' individual preferences in order to enhance their experience. In response to this, an innovative approach is emerging that focuses on the detailed analysis of interaction data captured by web browsers. These data, which includes metrics such as the number of mouse clicks, keystrokes, and navigation patterns, offer insights into user behavior and preferences. By leveraging this information, developers can achieve a higher degree of personalization in web applications, particularly in the context of interactive elements such as online games. This paper presents the WebTraceSense project, which aims to pioneer this approach by developing a framework that encompasses a backend and frontend, advanced visualization modules, a DevOps cycle, and the integration of AI and statistical methods. The backend of this framework will be responsible for securely collecting, storing, and processing vast amounts of interaction data from various websites. The frontend will provide a user-friendly interface that allows developers to easily access and utilize the platform's capabilities. One of the key components of this framework is the visualization modules, which will enable developers to monitor, analyze, and interpret user interactions in real time, facilitating more informed decisions about user interface design and functionality. Furthermore, the WebTraceSense framework incorporates a DevOps cycle to ensure continuous integration and delivery, thereby promoting agile development practices and enhancing the overall efficiency of the development process. Moreover, the integration of AI methods and statistical techniques will be a cornerstone of this framework. By applying machine learning algorithms and statistical analysis, the platform will not only personalize user experiences based on historical interaction data but also infer new user behaviors and predict future preferences. In order to validate the proposed components, a case study was conducted which demonstrated the usefulness of the WebTraceSense framework in the creation of visualizations based on an existing dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prior research has placed perceived organizational injustice as the main precursor of police corrupt tendencies. However, this line of research has largely ignored the role of equity sensitivity in the relations between organizational injustice and police corrupt tendencies. This is imperative because individuals' preferences for equal ratio of inputs to outcomes are not the same as the equity theory claimed. Therefore, the current study expanded previous research by examining the impact of equity sensitivity on police corrupt tendencies on one hand, and its moderating role in injustice-corrupt tendencies relationship on the other hand. A sample of 236 police officers in Nigeria participated in the study. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis indicated that corrupt tendencies were lower in police officers with higher equity sensitivity (i.e., benevolents) than those with low equity sensitivity (i.e., entitleds). Furthermore, the negative impact of perceived organizational injustice on corrupt tendencies was weaker for police with higher equity sensitivity. These findings have important implications for managerial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding urban consumers' preferences for rice attributes is crucial for rice breeders, producers, and retailers to meet diverse and evolving market demands. Based on the sample data of 629 rice consumers in Shanghai, China, obtained through the choice experiment (CE) approach, this study uses the mixed logit (ML) model to analyze consumers' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for food safety labels, brands, nutritional quality, and taste quality. Furthermore, the latent class (LC) model examines the heterogeneity in consumer group preferences. The research findings highlight that consumers prioritize taste quality as the most crucial attribute, followed by nutritional quality, food safety labels, and brand attributes. The premium rates for superior taste quality, organic certification labels, and green certification labels exceeded 100%. Interestingly, while combining organic certification with well-known international or domestic brands does not uniformly boost consumer preferences, incorporating green certification alongside well-known international or domestic brands significantly elevates those preference levels. Factors such as the external environment, consumption habits, and personal characteristics significantly influence individuals' preferences for rice attributes. Based on these insights, the study puts forth policy recommendations for rice breeders, producers, and retailers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate and compare the determinants of gender preference for children in rural and urban China under the values of children to parents (VOC) approach by focusing on the effects of attitudes to elder care and gender roles, and the attainment of insurance programs. Using pooled cross-sectional data from 2013 and 2015 of the Chinese General Social Surveys, we found that rural individuals expecting children responsible for old-age support exhibit daughter preference, followed by balance preference, whereas their urban counterparts show similar son preference and daughter preference. In addition, balance preference is associated with traditional gender role attitudes among rural individuals but correlated with more equal gender attitudes among urbanites. Furthermore, having more economic security decreases rural individuals' preferences for having more daughters. The findings suggest that the prevalent balance preference and the rising preference for daughters have quite different implications on the gender relationship between rural and urban China, and traditionalism still drives gender preference in rural China. Policy implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is key to achieve overall climate policy goals. Effective and efficient policy instruments are needed to incentivize farmers' adoption of on‐farm climate change mitigation practices. We compare action‐ and results‐based policy designs for GHG reduction in agriculture and account for farmers' heterogeneous behavioral characteristics such as individual farming preferences, reluctance to change and social interactions. An agent‐based bio‐economic modeling approach is used to simulate total GHG reduction, overall governmental spending and farm‐level marginal abatement cost of Swiss dairy and beef cattle farms under both action‐ and results‐based policy designs. We find that total governmental spending associated with the compared policy designs depends on the cost and benefits of the considered measures as well as behavioral characteristics of farmers. More precisely, if farmers are reluctant to change, additional incentives are needed to increase adoption of a win‐win measure. In such a case, targeting the payment on the cost of that particular measure (action‐based design) instead of paying a uniform amount for abated emissions (results‐based design) can lower governmental spending for agricultural climate change mitigation. Farm‐level marginal cost of reducing GHG emissions are lower with results‐based payments independent of the cost of measures. Moreover, we find that farmers' individual preferences and reluctance to change substantially lower the adoption of mitigation measures and hence overall GHG reduction potential of farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the spread of smartphones and computer games, concerns have escalated regarding the rising prevalence of gaming disorder. Patients often display attentional biases, unconsciously turning their attention towards gaming-related stimuli. However, attempts to discover and ameliorate these attentional deficits have yielded inconsistent outcomes, potentially due to the dynamic nature of attentional bias. This study investigated neural mechanisms underlying attentional bias state by combining neuroimaging (functional magnetic resonance imaging -fMRI) with an approach-avoidance task tailored to an individual's gaming preference. We conducted a multivariate pattern analysis of endogenous brain activity in 21 participants with probable gaming disorder. Our analyses revealed that activity patterns in the insula tracked temporal attentional bias states specific to gaming stimuli. A broad network of frontal and parietal regions instead appeared to predict a general temporal attentional bias state. Finally, we conducted a proof-of-concept study for 'just-in-time' attentional bias training through fMRI-decoded neurofeedback of insula activity patterns, named decoded attentional bias training (DecABT). Our preliminary results suggest that DecABT may help to decrease the attractiveness of gaming stimuli via a insula- and precuneus-based neural mechanism. This work provides new evidence for the insula as an endogenous regulator of attentional bias states in gaming disorder and a starting point to develop novel, individualized therapeutic approaches to treat addiction. This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emojis are widely used on social media, blogs, and instant messaging to express users' feelings. However, in everyday interactions, the same emoji often has different interpretations and aesthetic preferences among different age groups. This can lead to communication barriers and misunderstandings. Based on social identity theory, this study uses WeChat, a social platform popular in China, to analyze intergenerational differences in emoji understanding and preferences through a questionnaire survey. The results indicate: (1) There are significant intergenerational differences in the usage habits, interpretation, and aesthetic preferences of emojis. (2) Middle-aged and elderly tend to interpret goodbye emoji symbols as simple emotional expressions, such as "goodbye" or "see you later," while younger-age groups lean towards more complex emotions and social intentions, such as "speechlessness" and "end of friendship." (3) Youngerage groups use emojis frequently and with a wide variety, whereas middle-aged and elderly groups use emojis less frequently and with limited variety. Younger individuals' aesthetic preferences for emojis lean towards humor, conflict, and narrative, whereas middle-aged and elderly groups prefer emojis with bright colors and everyday greetings typical of their generation. Based on research findings, we believe that social identity theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals establish their identities through interactions with specific social groups. This study is beneficial for identifying the comprehension and aesthetic biases in emoji usage across generations, sheds light on the broader implications of social identity theory in digital communication contexts, and promotes friendly social interactions in real-time communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual humans play a pivotal role in social virtual environments, shaping users' VR experiences. The diversity in available options and users' individual preferences can result in a heterogeneous mix of appearances among a group of virtual humans. The resulting variety in higher-order anthropomorphic and realistic cues introduces multiple (in)congruencies, eventually impacting the plausibility of the experience. However, related work investigating the effects of being co-located with multiple virtual humans of different appearances remains limited. In this work, we consider the impact of (in)congruencies in the realism of a group of virtual humans, including co-located others (agents) and one's selfrepresentation (self-avatar), on users' individual VR experiences. In a 2 × 3 mixed design, participants embodied either (1) a personalized realistic or (2) a customized stylized self-avatar across three consecutive VR exposures in which they were accompanied by a group of virtual others being either (1) all realistic, (2) all stylized, or (3) mixed between stylized and realistic. Our results indicate groups of virtual others of higher realism, i.e., potentially more congruent with participants' real-world experiences and expectations, were considered more human-like, increasing the feeling of co-presence and the impression of interaction possibilities. (In)congruencies concerning the homogeneity of the group did not cause considerable effects. Furthermore, our results indicate that a self-avatar's congruence with the participant's real-world experiences concerning their own physical body yielded notable benefits for virtual body ownership and self-identification for realistic personalized avatars. Notably, the incongruence between a stylized self-avatar and a group of realistic virtual others resulted in diminished ratings of self-location and self-identification. This suggests that higher-order (in)congruent visual cues that are not within the ego-central referential frame of one's (virtual) body, can have an (adverse) effect on the relationship between one's self and body. We conclude on the implications of our findings and discuss our results within current theories of VR experiences, considering (in)congruent visual cues and their impact on the perception of virtual others, self-representation, and spatial presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel axiomatization of relative utilitarianism is provided using the single-profile setting used in Harsanyi's Social Aggregation Theorem. Harsanyi's axioms are supplemented with an impartiality axiom that requires social alternative lotteries p and q to be socially indifferent when (i) two individuals have conflicting preferences for them and everybody else is indifferent and (ii) the concerned individuals' strengths of preference for p over q have the same magnitude. This axiomatization shows that equality of the social weights can be obtained in a single-profile setting and that no interprofile condition is needed to obtain profile-independent weights in a multi-profile setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between people in real life are dynamically changed with the interaction process, and due to the heterogeneous preferences, this change is different from person to person. Based on this observation, we propose a new spatial and weighted prisoner's dilemma game model with heterogeneous individuals. Two types of tags, namely, tag-F (concerned about social fairness) and tag-W (concerned about personal well-being), are introduced to describe individuals' different preferences. The link weights indicating the interaction strength between individuals are updated based on different rules that depend on their tags. Through simulations, we verify that a large link weight control factor and a high proportion of tag-F individuals favor the emergence and persistence of cooperation. In addition, an increase in the link weight sensitivity factor favors the evolution of cooperation when the link weight control factor is small. Moreover, while the level of cooperation increases with the proportion of tag-F type in the population, contrary to our intuition, when the population consists entirely of tag-F individuals, in some cases, cooperation cannot reach a higher level compared with the situation when they are mixed with tag-W type. However, at high dilemma intensities, cooperators emerge only when the entire population consists of tag-F type. These results may provide some new insights into the impact of the evolutionary weighted network with heterogeneous preferences on collective cooperative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuing vocational training (CVT) is a key channel for employees to adapt their skills to changing requirements in the labor market due to structural changes and digitization. The COVID-19 pandemic and the energy crisis as a consequence of the war in Ukraine may have accelerated these developments. Yet, it is unclear how the economic impact of these crises affects individuals' occupational preferences. In this study, we want to investigate how interest in CVT changes in times of economic uncertainty. We use Google Trends data for Germany and apply an event study analysis to examine how interest in CVT developed with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian attack on Ukraine. We find that the interest in CVT strongly declined during the first wave of the pandemic regardless of how severely a region was affected. During the second lockdown, the decline in CVT interest was more pronounced in the eastern German states where we find a general decline in search intensity since March 2020. We also consider different channels that may have influenced the demand for CVT during the pandemic. Overall, we show that during the first 2.5 years of the pandemic, the search intensity for CVT decreased on average by 12 to 19 percent, while the search intensity for online CVT increased by 39 to 45 percent. We also see a decrease in the search intensity for CVT at the beginning of the energy crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing an individual's preference state for potential romantic partners based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals holds significant practical value in enhancing matchmaking success rates and preventing romance fraud. Despite some progress has been made in this field, challenges such as high-dimensional feature space and channel redundancy limited the technology's practical application. The aim of this study is to explore the most discriminative EEG features and channels, in order to enhance the recognition performance of the system, while maximizing the portable and practical value of EEG-based systems for recognizing romantic attraction. To achieve this goal, we first conducted an interesting simulated dating experiment to collect the necessary data. Next, EEG features were extracted from various dimensions, including band power and asymmetry index features. Then, we introduced a novel method for EEG feature and channel selection that combines the sequential forward selection (SFS) algorithm with the frequency-based feature subset integration (FFSI) algorithm. Finally, we used the random forest classifier (RFC) to determine a person's preference state for potential romantic partners. Experimental results indicate that the optimal feature subset, selected using the SFS-FFSI method, attained an average classification accuracy of 88.42%. Notably, these features were predominantly sourced from asymmetry index features of electrodes situated in the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have indicated homogamy in partner preferences among gay and bisexual men. Individuals on Blued (the most popular gay dating app in China) could identify their body type and preferred physiques according to six categories: monkey (thin gay men), average, muscularity, bear (heavy and hairy gay men), baboon (smaller than bears), and pig (plumper than bears). This study examined patterns of physique preferences across body types as well as sexual self-labels (tops, bottoms, versatiles, and others). In total, 188,716 Blued profiles (Mage = 31.1, SD = 7.1) were obtained. Multiple group latent class analysis was used to examine the patterns of physique preferences across the body type groups. The results revealed seven classes of physique preference. The four common physique preferences shared by all body type groups were “like averages,” “like monkeys,” “like muscularity,” and “like bears.” Individuals with a monkey or average body type exhibited a specific pattern of physique preference: “dislike bears.” The two physique preferences specific to gay bear men were “like averages and muscularity,” and “dislike monkeys.” The highest preference for each physique was observed among individuals of the same body type. Furthermore, tops were more likely to have a muscular body and prefer a monkey physique, whereas bottoms were more likely to have a monkey body and prefer a muscular physique. These findings indicate body type-specific physique preferences based on an individual’s own body type and sexual self-label identification, thus partially supporting the concept of homogamy in the physique preferences of gay men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the effects of enclosure complexity and design on the behavior and physiology of captive animals. It emphasizes the importance of providing animals with control and choice within their housing environments, as well as ensuring that social groups are structured in a way that mimics natural environments. The presence of humans, visitor interactions, and the materials used in enclosure construction can also influence animal behavior. The document includes several studies that explore the relationship between enclosure design and animal welfare, highlighting the benefits of larger and more complex enclosures that allow animals to express natural behaviors and preferences. The authors suggest that further research is needed to understand the impact of lighting, the environment outside the enclosure, and physiological stress responses in order to improve animal welfare. Additionally, they recommend studying a wider range of taxa and holding conditions to develop guidelines for different animal groups. [Extracted from the article]

Background Aim Study Design Results Conclusions Relevance to Clinical Practice Decision aids (DAs) have been proposed to support patients and families with disease information processing and decision‐making, but their effectiveness for critically ill patients and their families is incompletely understood.To systematically synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of the DAs on the prognosis of critically ill patients and knowledge, anxiety, depression and decisional conflict of their family members.Systematic review and meta‐analysis. We conducted a systematic search of literature using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database, Scopus, PsycNet, CNKI and Wanfang Database from the inception of the databases until May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) describing DAs interventions targeted at adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients or their families. We also searched grey literature in four databases: Chinese Clinical Trials Registry, Chinese Cochrane Center, Open Grey and GreyNet International.Seven RCTs were included in the review. Meta‐analysis identified longer hospital length of stay (LOS) among all patients compared with usual care (mean difference [MD] = 5.64 days, 95% confidence interval, CI [0.29, 10.98], p = .04), but not in surviving patients (MD = 2.09 days, 95% CI [−3.70, 7.89], p = .48). However, there was no evidence of an effect of DAs on hospital mortality (RR = 1.25, 95% CI [0.92, 1.70], p = .15), ICU LOS (MD = 3.77 days, 95% CI [−0.17, 7.70], p = .06) and length of mechanical ventilation (MD = 0.88 days, 95% CI [−2.22, 3.97], p = .58). DAs led to a statistically significant improvement in family members' knowledge (standard mean difference = 0.84, 95% CI [0.12, 1.56], p = .02). We found no significant effect of DAs on anxiety, depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder, decisional conflict and quality of communication of family members.This review provides effective evidence that DAs can potentially improve the knowledge level of family members while prolonging the hospital LOS among critically ill patients.Well‐designed large‐scale studies with DAs tailored to the individuals' preferences and existing cultural values are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is extensive empirical research on principles of effective teacher professional development (PD). However, teachers' expectations of PD and how well these align with scientific recommendations are only rarely addressed. N = 125 teachers were presented with video vignettes on two evidence-based interventions of varying complexity for which they indicated their own PD preferences. Teachers' preferences were then compared to scientific recommendations for effective PD. In line with scientific recommendations, teachers generally preferred coherent PD with a clear content focus and collective participation. However, there were large differences between individual teachers' preferences as well as between PD features. A striking discrepancy between research and practice was found for PD duration: Most teachers preferred one-shot workshops (six contact hours at most). Surprisingly, teachers barely differed in their PD preferences for interventions of varying complexity, indicating that teachers have clearly defined notions of PD. Regression analyses on individual and contextual factors did not yield systematic results to explain teachers' PD preferences. In sum, teachers' desired short duration, their lacking awareness of adjusting PD for interventions of varying complexity, and individually significant deviations from scientific recommendations for PD make it necessary to clearly communicate evidence-based standards to teachers—and policymakers. Plain language summary: Many studies have looked at what makes teacher professional development effective, but few have explored what teachers themselves want from it and how that matches up with what the research suggests. We showed videos about two different reading interventions to 125 teachers and asked them about their preferences for professional development. Overall, teachers preferred professional development that focused on specific content, and involved multiple teachers from their school. A surprising discovery was that many teachers preferred short workshops (no more than 6 hr), which doesn't align with research suggesting longer, more continuous PD. Even more surprising was that teachers' preferences for PD didn't change for more complex reading interventions. In summary, teachers' preference for short professional development and their lacking awareness for adjusting professional development for interventions of different complexity highlight the need to clearly communicate evidence-based standards to teachers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Independent decision making requires forming stable estimates of one's preferences. We assessed whether adolescents learn about their preferences through choice deliberation and whether depressive symptoms disrupt this process. Adolescents aged 11–18 (N = 214; participated 2021–22; Female: 53.9%; White/Black/Asian/Mixed/Arab or Latin American: 26/21/19/9/8%) rated multiple activities, chose between pairs of activities and re‐rated those activities. As expected, overall, participants uprated chosen and downrated unchosen activities (dz =.20). This value refinement through choice was not evident in younger participants but emerged across adolescence. Contrary to our predictions, depressive symptoms were associated with greater value refinement. Despite this, more depressed adolescents reported lower value certainty and choice confidence. The cognitive processes through which choice deliberation shapes preference develop over adolescence, and are disrupted in depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated children's and adults' understanding of the mind by assessing beliefs about the temporal features of mental states. English‐speaking North American participants, varying in socioeconomic status (Study 1: N = 50 adults; Study 2: N = 112, 8‐ to 10‐year‐olds and adults; and Study 3: N = 116, 5‐ to 7‐year‐olds and adults; tested 2017–2022), estimated the duration (seconds to a lifetime) of emotions, desires (wanting), preferences (liking), and control trials (e.g., napping and having eyes). Participants were 56% female and 44% male; 32% Asian, 1% Black, 13% Hispanic/Latino, 38% White (non‐Hispanic/Latino), and 16% multiracial or another race/ethnicity. Children and adults judged that preferences last longer than emotions and desires, with age differences in distinguishing specific emotions by duration (ηp2s>.03). By 5 to 7 years, ideas about the mind include consideration of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate whether individuals' preferences for trust and risk change after being exposed to a natural disaster, specifically, the 2009 Black Saturday Fires. Taking advantage of longitudinal data on a large nationally representative sample of Australians, we find that men who experienced greater intensities of the Fires become less trusting, while women living in those same locations become more risk averse. Furthermore, we find that these effects on men's trust and women's risk aversion are robust to several alternative specifications as well as different measures of the key variables and controls. Finally, we find supportive evidence that men are still less trusting at least for two to three years following the Fires, while women remain more risk averse even four to five years after the event. Overall, these findings are consistent with the idea that people's preferences are endogenous and can be fundamentally and enduringly altered by a large (temporary) shock, such as a natural disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian, Pacific Islander, African, and Caribbean communities in the U.S. are heavily impacted by chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Educating these groups about the link between the two diseases is imperative to improve screening rates and health outcomes. This study aims to identify and incorporate preferred mediated communication methods into community-specific educational campaigns which emphasize the connection between the conditions, to promote uptake of prevention and management behaviors for HBV and HCC. Fifteen focus groups and two key informant interviews were conducted with Micronesian, Chinese, Hmong, Nigerian, Ghanaian, Vietnamese, Korean, Somali, Ethiopian, Filipino, Haitian, and Francophone West African communities. Data were analyzed using thematic coding and analysis. Findings demonstrate that all communities preferred materials be offered in both English and native languages and requested that materials highlight the connection between HBV and HCC. Delivery channel preferences and messaging themes varied by group. This study provides insight into community-specific preferences for learning about HBV and HCC. The findings can be used to design culturally and linguistically tailored, multi-platform, health education campaigns to facilitate improved HBV screening and vaccination rates and increase knowledge about HCC risk among highly impacted communities in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparities in socioeconomic status (SES) may affect individuals' risk preferences, which have important developmental consequences across the lifespan. Yet, previous research has shown inconsistent associations between SES and risky decision‐making, and little is known about how this link develops from a young age. The current research is among the first to examine how SES influences preschoolers' risky decisions in both gain and loss frames. Across two studies, children aged 5 to 6 years (total N = 309, 154 boys) were asked to choose between certain and risky options. The risky option was more advantageous, equal to, or less advantageous than the certain option. Study 1 revealed that in the loss frame, high‐SES children (n = 84, 44 boys) chose more risky options and were more sensitive to the expected value compared to low‐SES children (n = 78, 42 boys), especially when the risk was more advantageous. However, this SES difference was not significant in the gain frame. Supporting the potential causal link between SES and risky decision‐making, Study 2 further found that experimentally increasing low‐SES children's (n = 68, 30 boys) status by providing additional resources increased their risk‐seeking behavior in the loss frame. Overall, our findings suggest an interaction between environmental cues (gain vs. loss) and early life circumstances (SES) in shaping children's risk preferences. Research Highlights: This research is among the first to examine how school backgrounds and experimentally manipulated SES influence preschoolers' risk preferences in gain and loss frames.Children were more risk‐seeking for losses than for gains; this framing effect was stronger in higher‐SES than lower‐SES children.Lower‐SES children exhibited fewer risk‐seeking behaviors and decreased sensitivity to the expected value of options for losses, but not for gains.A temporary boost in SES increased children's risk‐seeking behavior, but not sensitivity to expected values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recommender systems (RSs) play a pivotal role in mitigating information overload by aiding individuals or groups in discovering relevant and personalized information. An individual's food preferences may vary when dining with friends compared to dining with family. Most of the existing group RSs generally assume users to be associated with a single group. However, in real-world scenarios, a user can be part of multiple groups due to overlapping/diverse preferences. This raises several challenges for traditional RSs due to the inherent complexity of group memberships, degrading the effectiveness and accuracy of the recommendations. Computing user to group membership degrees is a complex task, and conventional methods often fall short in accurately capturing the varied preferences of individuals. To address these challenges, we propose an integrated two-stage group recommendation (ITGR) framework that considers users' simultaneous memberships in multiple groups with conflicting preferences. We employ fuzzy C-means clustering along with collaborative filtering to provide a more flexible and precise approach to membership assignment. Group formation is carried out using similarity thresholds followed by deep neural collaborative filtering (DNCF) to generate the top-k items for each group. Experiments are conducted using a large-scale recipes' dataset, and the results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms traditional approaches in terms of group satisfaction, normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG), precision, recall, and F1-measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of charities compete for charitable donations, yet the underlying factors influencing individuals' preferences for specific causes remain relatively poorly understood. Building upon the ongoing scholarly debate about whether charitable behaviors are more altruistically or egoistically motivated, this study employs a self and other orientation framework to explore the preferences captured in a community survey (N = 987) to identify the various motivations relevant to donors' decision‐making processes. Our study contributes significantly to our understanding of charitable cause selection. First, it uncovers diverse motives directly endorsed by donors, offering insight into the multifaceted factors influencing preferences. Second, it unveils distinctive constellations of motives related to self and other orientations, shedding light on the underlying drivers of charitable actions. Third, it delineates the impact of various identity motives on charitable preferences. Specifically, we find that self‐oriented motives are associated with preferences for environmental and research causes, while other‐oriented motives exhibit a strong link with preferences for housing and development causes. Additionally, a combination of self and other motives shapes preferences for health, social services, emergency, and international causes. This complex interplay highlights that prosocial behavior is susceptible to a plurality of motives and cannot be solely understood through a binary distinction of altruism versus egoism. The study also contributes to the broader understanding of the psychology of charitable giving and has implications for fundraising design in a competitive market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often experience uncertain waiting times, like when awaiting job interview decisions. Despite its prevalence, the preference for waiting time‐ambiguity has received limited research attention. Drawing on the information gap theory, which suggests ambiguity avoidance is influenced by the affective response to the missing information caused by uncertainty, this work examined the effect of outcome desirability on ambiguity preference in the context of waiting time. Across five studies in China and the United States, this work observed that people strongly dislike unknown waiting time for undesirable outcomes compared with desirable outcomes. This effect held true in both rating tasks and choice tasks. Furthermore, this study explores factors influencing this desirability effect. Using calendar dates instead of waiting time units and evaluating the options separately rather than jointly, reduced the impact of outcome desirability on ambiguity preference. Additionally, this desirability affect was more pronounced for utilitarian than hedonic outcomes. Altogether, these findings highlight the role of outcome desirability, temporal description, and evaluation mode in shaping individuals' preference for ambiguity in the domain of waiting time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban populations of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are increasing and causing human-wildlife conflict by exploiting anthropogenic resources. Gulls that breed in urban areas rely on varying amounts of terrestrial anthropogenic foods (e.g., domestic refuse, agricultural and commercial waste) to feed themselves. However, with the onset of hatching, many parent gulls switch to sourcing more marine than anthropogenic or terrestrial foods to provision their chicks. Although anthropogenic foods may meet chick calorific requirements for growth and development, some such foods (e.g., bread) may have lower levels of protein and other key nutrients compared to marine foods. However, whether this parental switch in chick diet is driven by chicks' preference for marine foods, or whether chicks' food preferences are shaped by the food types provisioned by their parents, remains untested. This study tests whether chick food preferences can be influenced by their provisioned diet by experimentally manipulating the ratio of time for which anthropogenic and marine foods were available (80:20 and vice versa) in the rearing diets of two treatment groups of rescued herring gull chicks. Each diet was randomly assigned to each of the 27 captive-reared chicks for the duration of the study. We tested chicks' individual food preferences throughout their development in captivity using food arrays with four food choices (fish, cat food, mussels and brown bread). Regardless of the dietary treatment group, we found that all chicks preferred fish and almost all refused to eat most of the bread offered. Our findings suggest that early-life diet, manipulated by the ratio of time the different foods were available, did not influence gull chicks' food preferences. Instead, chicks developed a strong and persistent preference for marine foods, which appears to match adult gulls' dietary switch to marine foods upon chick hatching and may reinforce the provisioning of marine foods during chick development. However, whether chicks in the wild would refuse provisioned foods, and to a sufficient extent to influence parental provisioning, requires further study. Longitudinal studies of urban animal populations that track wild individuals' food preferences and foraging specialisations throughout life are required to shed light on the development and use of anthropogenic resource exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new approach to establish an empirical overview of farmers' risk preferences and the characteristics associated with these preferences. We rely on an Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis whereby we identify studies eliciting risk preferences through self-assessments and Holt and Laury lotteries, and construct and analyse a unique dataset of 5,157 farmers from 19 studies in 13 European countries. Our results reveal significant heterogeneity in risk preferences across elicitation methods, within and across studies, risk domains and farm and farmer characteristics. European farmers are on average risk-averse when risk preferences are elicited by lotteries, and on average risk-neutral when elicited by self-assessments. Beyond differences in the average risk aversion, there are distributional differences pointing to a limited convergence between elicitation methods and a larger explanatory power of farm and farmer characteristics to determine risk preferences elicited with self-assessments compared to lotteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the growing support of radical right parties cannot ignore the role of spatial, contextual effects and geographical proximity. One important spatial factor is the halo effect, which suggests that a radical right party is more likely to perform well in a homogeneous electoral district surrounded by ethnically diverse areas. Voter behaviour is influenced by certain neighbourhood effects, which can be spatially distant, originating from neighbouring areas. In this way, the presence of groups more inclined to support the radical right in an area can, through interaction and observations of signs or norms, modify an individual's party preference. In this paper, I model the 2018 election results of the Sweden Democrats at the level of the 6004 Swedish electoral districts using the Spatial Durbin Model specification. The spatial model shows a better fit and indicates a spillover effect of the level of education and median wealth in addition to the contextual role of ethnic diversity and its change. Changes in the proportion of non‐Europeans in neighbouring areas have had a particularly strong spillover effect, which is associated with the growing support for the Sweden Democrats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal-setting process is pivotal in managing patients with disabling spasticity. This case–control study assessed the role of diagnostic nerve blocks in guiding the goal-setting process within goal-targeted treatment of spasticity with botulinum neurotoxin-A. In this case–control study, patients with disabling spasticity underwent either a goal-setting process based on the patient's needs and clinical evaluation (control group) or additional diagnostic nerve block procedures (case group). All enrolled patients underwent a focal treatment with botulinum neurotoxin-A injection and a 1-month follow-up evaluation during which goal achievement was quantified using the goal attainment scaling-light score system. Data showed a higher goal achievement rate in the case group (70%) than in the control group (40%). In conclusion, diagnostic nerve blocks may help guide the goal-setting process within goal-targeted treatment of spasticity with botulinum neurotoxin-A towards more realistic and achievable goals, thereby improving the outcomes of botulinum neurotoxin-A injection. Future studies should better explore the role of diagnostic nerve blocks to further personalize botulinum neurotoxin-A according to individual patients' preferences and requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents a method based on active preference learning to overcome the challenges of designing reward functions for autonomous navigation. Results obtained from training with artificially designed reward functions may not accurately reflect human intentions. We focus on the limitations of traditional reward functions, which often fail to facilitate complex tasks in continuous state spaces. We propose the adoption of active preference learning to resolve these issues and to generate reward functions that align with human preferences. This approach leverages an individual's subjective preferences to guide an agent's learning process, enabling the creation of reward functions that reflect human desires. We utilize mutual information to generate informative queries and apply information gained to balance the agent's uncertainty with the human's response capacity, encouraging the agent to pose straightforward and informative questions. We further employ the No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS) method to refine the belief model, which outperforms that constructed using the Metropolis algorithm. Subsequently, we retrain the agent using reward weights derived from active preference learning. As a result, our autonomous driving vehicle can navigate between random starting and ending points without dependence on high-precision maps or routing, relying solely on its forward vision. We validate our approach's performance within the CARLA simulation environment. Our algorithm significantly improved the success rate of autonomous driving navigation tasks that originally failed due to artificially designed rewards, increasing it to approximately 60%. Experimental results show significant improvement over the baseline algorithm, providing a solid foundation for enhancing navigation capabilities in autonomous driving systems and advancing the field of autonomous driving intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One primary goal of laboratory animal welfare science is to provide a comprehensive severity assessment of the experimental and husbandry procedures or conditions these animals experience. The severity, or degree of suffering, of these conditions experienced by animals are typically scored based on anthropocentric assumptions. We propose to (a) assess an animal's subjective experience of condition severity, and (b) not only rank but scale different conditions in relation to one another using choice-based preference testing. The Choice-based Severity Scale (CSS) utilizes animals' relative preferences for different conditions, which are compared by how much reward is needed to outweigh the perceived severity of a given condition. Thus, this animal-centric approach provides a common scale for condition severity based on the animal's perspective. To assess and test the CSS concept, we offered three opportunistically selected male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) choices between two conditions: performing a cognitive task in a typical neuroscience laboratory setup (laboratory condition) versus the monkey's home environment (cage condition). Our data show a shift in one individual's preference for the cage condition to the laboratory condition when we changed the type of reward provided in the task. Two additional monkeys strongly preferred the cage condition over the laboratory condition, irrespective of reward amount and type. We tested the CSS concept further by showing that monkeys' choices between tasks varying in trial duration can be influenced by the amount of reward provided. Altogether, the CSS concept is built upon laboratory animals' subjective experiences and has the potential to de-anthropomorphize severity assessments, refine experimental protocols, and provide a common framework to assess animal welfare across different domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]