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Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem‐limited bacterial plant pathogen transmitted by insect vectors. It infects a wide range of plant species and causes devastating diseases. Botanical gardens are global repositories of plant diversity exposed to local biotic and abiotic stresses. We used molecular diagnostic tools for the detection of X. fastidiosa in a collection of New Zealand indigenous plants grown in a X. fastidiosa‐infected Californian area to determine if any species were infected with this bacterial pathogen and to help inform biosecurity responses. To this end, 130 New Zealand indigenous plant species comprising 72 genera, growing in the University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley, California, were screened for X. fastidiosa. Multiple PCR‐based methods were used to detect the pathogen at the subspecies and sequence‐type levels directly from plant material; nine plant species tested positive by at least two PCR‐based methods. All nine infections were identified as X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex sequence types 6 or 7 by the amplification of seven housekeeping genes. Three strains were cultured in vitro and their whole genome sequences were obtained; these strains belonged to three distinct clades within subspecies multiplex, indicating that the infections were not transmitted among these New Zealand indigenous plant species. The information gathered in this study will help to assess the risk of X. fastidiosa to New Zealand indigenous flora and the potential spillover to crops of agricultural importance. The work also shows the applied value of botanical garden collections as sentinels for international plant pathogen biosecurity risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mopane woodlands have been shifting. While it is important to understand the spatial patterns that characterise this phenomenon, it is even more important to understand the impacts of shifting Mopane woodlands on rural communities that rely on them. This study sought to establish the impacts of shifting mopane woodlands on the production of indigenous plant food in Ward 12 of Musina local municipality in the Vhembe District municipality in the Limpopo province of South Africa. To accomplish this, the study utilised a hybrid inductive approach involving thematic-based questionnaire interviews and an exploratory view to gain insight into the narratives of focus group participants. Results revealed that seven (7) out of eleven (11) indigenous plant foods are becoming extinct, thereby limiting food sources of indigenous and local people who used to rely on them. The spatial pattern of the plant foods that are still available has now changed as they no longer grow within the reach of local communities. The community members are struggling to adapt to these changes. From these observations, we recommend that local and regional levels' policies related to natural resource management should consider the unique challenges faced by communities experiencing disruptive ecosystem changes and provide the necessary support for sustainable adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents the investigation of major and trace elements in two indigenous plants, Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Phragmites australis, grown in the Ghardaia region of Southern Algeria. Using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) technique, the research aimed to ascertain the content of essential and toxic elements in the aerial parts of these plants. Twenty eight elements as (Ag, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, Hg, K, La, Lu, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Tb, Th, Yb and Zn) were analysis with INAA method. Given the scarcity of data regarding essential and toxic chemical elements in food within Algeria, the study focused on evaluating the content of these elements in two plant species commonly utilized by Bedouins in traditional medicine and as fodder, as well as by professionals for decontamination and water purification purposes. The concentrations of mineral elements observed in these plants were found to be in proximity to the minimum levels recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The data obtained from this investigation are deemed applicable for Algerian food purposes, offering valuable insights into the elemental composition of these plants and their potential roles in traditional and practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Indigenous plants have historically been crucial in treating human diseases across various cultures worldwide. Research continues to uncover new therapeutic uses for indigenous plants, from treating infectious diseases to managing chronic conditions such as diabetes and wound care. This study aimed to examine the effect of palm tree leaves "Phoenix dactylifera L" extract and its topical film formulation on wound healing and blood glucose levels. Methods: Palm leaves were collected, authenticated, powdered, and extracted with ethanol by cold maceration. Saponins were isolated. The dried extract was analyzed using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography to identify the phytochemicals present. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (40mg/kg). Rats with blood glucose levels ≥ 200 mg/dl were used to determine the reduction in blood glucose with or without the oral extract. Incision and excision wounds were induced in both diabetic and normal rats. Topical films containing extract or saponin and inert films were applied to the wounds every other day, and wound sizes were recorded until the wound was completely healed. Results: The presence of six flavonoids, Naringin, Rutin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Apigenin, and Catechin, and five phenolic acids, Syringic acid, p Coumaric acid, Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, Ellagic acid were detected in the dried extract. A significant reduction in blood sugar in diabetic rats and wound diameter in the treated group compared to the control group in both diabetic and normal rats was observed, confirming the promising role of palm leaf extract on diabetes and wound care. Macroscopic, morphometric, and histological data suggested that the cutaneous wound healing in rats treated with the leaf extract was better and faster than the control or inert groups. Conclusions: Our research findings highlight the marked effect of Phoenix dactylifera extract as a supportive or alternative treatment for both hyperglycemia and incision or excision wounds. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to validate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries facing population growth and increased energy demand present simultaneous challenges regarding wastewater treatment and electricity supply. Constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) offer a dual solution to the challenges of insufficient electricity and wastewater treatment by integrating indigenous plant species. CW-MFCs provide sustainable power generation and wastewater treatment. This approach can enhance sustainability and foster a circular economy by utilising plant-derived byproducts as an added product. Current research indicates various novel designs for effective wastewater treatment and potential power generation. Future studies focusing on rural settings and upscaling operations can apply advanced techniques like mass spectrophotometry and metagenomics to refine the technology for grid use. Developing CW-MFC technology will catapult the idea of developing a robust strategy for addressing power supply and sanitation issues in developing regions. This will also aid in continuous research into system optimisation and microbial communities, aiding long-term viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms are responsible for over 60% of nosocomial infections. The focus of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-motility activities of Gardenia volkensii, Carissa bispinosa, Peltophorum africanum , and Senna petersiana. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using free radical (DPPH) scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were evaluated using the broth micro-dilution and the crystal violet assays, respectively. Anti-motility was evaluated using anti-swarming activities, and the brine shrimp lethality assay was used for cytotoxicity. Gardenia volkensii and C. bispinosa acetone extracts had low EC50 values of 9.59 and 9.99 μg ml−1on the free-radical scavenging activity, respectively. All the plant extracts demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonasa aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis , and Staphylococcus aureus [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 0.63 mg ml−1]. The initial cell adherence stage of P. aeruginosa and E. coli was the most susceptible stage where sub-MICs resulted in inhibitions >50%. Peltophorum africanum had the least cytotoxic effects. All extracts had anti-motility activity against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. This study showed that not only do the plants have strong antibacterial activity but had noteworthy inhibition (>50%) of initial cell adherence and may be suitable candidates for the treatment of nosocomial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Significant postharvest losses and food safety issues persist in many developing nations, primarily due to fungal activities, including mycotoxin production. In this study, green synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared from leaf extracts of Syzygium cordatum (ZnO 1), Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), Bidens pilosa (ZnO 3), and Ximenia caffra (ZnO 4). Physicochemical characteristics of the ZnO-NPs were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of a wurtzite crystal structure in the hexagonal shape of the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with an average size ranging between 25 and 43 nm. The microscopic examination of the morphology revealed the presence of spherical particles with sizes ranging from 37 to 47 nm in diameter. The antifungal efficacy of the ZnO-NPs was assessed against pathogenic plant fungi, including Botrytis sp. (STEU 7866), Penicillium sp. (STEU 7865), and Pilidiella granati (STEU 7864), using the poisoned food technique. Further antifungal evaluation of the ZnOPs was performed using the broth microdilution assay. A significant interaction between the type of ZnO-NPs and fungal species was observed, with the highest susceptibility in Mucor sp. to ZnO 2, achieving over 50% inhibition. Penicillium sp. also showed high susceptibility to all ZnO-NPs. Molecular docking results confirmed the strong H-bonding interactions of ZnO-NPs with fungal receptors in Mucor sp. and Penicillium sp., Botrytis sp. and P. granati exhibited the least susceptibility. Further tests revealed that ZnO 2 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on Botrytis sp., with a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 µg/mL, attributed to its larger positive zeta potential. This study indicates that ZnO NPs, particularly those mediated using Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), have promising potential as effective antifungal agents, which could play a significant role in reducing postharvest decay and losses.

Significant postharvest losses and food safety issues persist in many developing nations, primarily due to fungal activities, including mycotoxin production. In this study, green synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared from leaf extracts of Syzygium cordatum (ZnO 1), Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), Bidens pilosa (ZnO 3), and Ximenia caffra (ZnO 4). Physicochemical characteristics of the ZnO-NPs were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of a wurtzite crystal structure in the hexagonal shape of the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with an average size ranging between 25 and 43 nm. The microscopic examination of the morphology revealed the presence of spherical particles with sizes ranging from 37 to 47 nm in diameter. The antifungal efficacy of the ZnO-NPs was assessed against pathogenic plant fungi, including Botrytis sp. (STEU 7866), Penicillium sp. (STEU 7865), and Pilidiella granati (STEU 7864), using the poisoned food technique. Further antifungal evaluation of the ZnOPs was performed using the broth microdilution assay. A significant interaction between the type of ZnO-NPs and fungal species was observed, with the highest susceptibility in Mucor sp. to ZnO 2, achieving over 50% inhibition. Penicillium sp. also showed high susceptibility to all ZnO-NPs. Molecular docking results confirmed the strong H-bonding interactions of ZnO-NPs with fungal receptors in Mucor sp. and Penicillium sp., Botrytis sp. and P. granati exhibited the least susceptibility. Further tests revealed that ZnO 2 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on Botrytis sp., with a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 µg/mL, attributed to its larger positive zeta potential. This study indicates that ZnO NPs, particularly those mediated using Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), have promising potential as effective antifungal agents, which could play a significant role in reducing postharvest decay and losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study strives to investigate and document the traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge of indigenous plant species used by the tribal people of Jhargram district, West Bengal, India. It has been stated by the 142 informants that, out of a total of 80 plant species, 45 classes, 46 orders, 46 families and 75 genera are generally used as medicinal plants to cure several diseases. The most dominant medicinal plant families found in this region are Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Anacardiaceae, Lamiaceae, Acanthaceae and Malvaceae. The most important species based on use value (UV) are Azadirachta excelsa, Cissus quadrangularis, Tylophora indica and Ocimum tenuiflorum. The informant consensus factor (Fic) values range from 0.46 to 0.71. The fidelity level (FL) value in the present study ranges from 25.58% to 93.42%. The study makes it clear that the aged informants have contributed more to the information about the value of the ethnomedicinal plants. Less information from the younger generation proves significant erosion of the traditional knowledge of this precious store. Some ethnomedicinal species with high UV and FL need to be reassessed for their phytochemical and pharmacological importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Across the African continent, several rural communities persist in the practice of collecting, cultivating, and consuming indigenous food crops. • Cissus quadrangularis is said to heal broken bones, prevent the deterioration of bone matter and aid in bone growth. • This information suggests that because the energy bite with Cissus quadrangularis was a convenient, healthy and a snack item, it was well liked and accepted by participants of this study. • The sodium levels in both the samples of the developed product were low, contributing only 0.133 % to the DRI of both women and men. Indigenous plants thrive in natural ecosystems and have been used for food and medicine in many communities for centuries. Cissus quadrangularis is an indigenous plant with increasing popularity and great potential for nutritional enhancement to improve the functionality of food products and assist with food insecurity in South Africa. The aim of this study was to develop a sensory-acceptable food product using C. quadrangularis and to create awareness and increase acceptability of the plant among young adults. Two quantities of C. quadrangularis were used to make a trendy energy bite with two different quantities of C. quadrangularis 4 g (Sample 1) and 6 g (Sample 2) respectively. The developed food items were tested for sensory, microbiological, nutritional, and shelf-life. An awareness video with C. quadrangularis recipes and information was developed. The nutritional analysis showed the energy bite has minimal fat and salt. Sensory ratings did not vary between samples 1 and 2. A significant number of participants preferred or greatly appreciated the video and expressed interest in preparing foods using C. quadrangularis. A trendy and tasty food product using C. quadrangularis and an information tool may help young people consume an unfamiliar indigenous plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in precipitation due to climate change has given rise to the number of landslide occurrences. Vetiver, which is a perennial grass, is becoming increasingly popular all over the world as a vegetation-based soil bioengineering tool for preventing landslides. Sunshine Vetiver grass, also known as Chrysopogon zizanioides is noninvasive and does not compete with other indigenous plants growing in the area. Even though it is a tropical grass, Vetiver can grow in a wide range of climate conditions, including those that are quite harsh in terms of both soil and climate. The roots can grow up to 3 m in length in a dense bushy root network under optimal conditions. In this review, the authors have studied the impact of Vetiver on landslide mitigation as a climate-adaptive slope repair tool based on the research undertaken so far. Furthermore, the authors have addressed the future potential and constraints associated with the use of Vetiver for landslide mitigation. It is seen that the use of Vetiver reduces pore water pressure. The high tensile strength of Vetiver roots provides reinforcement for slopes and enhances soil shear strength. Vetiver increases saturated hydraulic conductivity and reduces surface runoff and slip surface depth. Being a vegetation-based climate-adaptive technology, this grass exhibits great promise in its ability to effectively address landslide problems. However, the magnitude of the root impact diminishes as the depth increases, rendering Vetiver a more promising remedy for shallow landslide occurrences. In addition, Vetiver grass has a wide range of practical uses due to its unique characteristics, which provide additional benefits. Employment of Vetiver is cost-effective compared with traditional engineering methods, and it requires less initial maintenance, which implies that community-based initiatives can effectively address landslide prevention through Vetiver implementation. Practical Applications: Vetiver grass has a long bushy network of roots that can grow up to 3 m in length. The Sunshine Vetiver grass is not invasive and does not compete with indigenous plants. Although Vetiver is a tropical grass, this grass can survive in various climates and soil conditions. Vetiver is a vegetation-based climate-adaptive technology that can prevent slope failure and reduce surface runoff. Additionally, growing Vetiver can generate income for local communities because the fragrant roots can be utilized in the extraction of essential oils for the perfume industry and from the manufacture and trade of other commodities derived from Vetiver. The grass's green leaves contribute to the aesthetic appeal of the landscape. Implementing Vetiver on slopes does not require heavy machinery and is cost-effective compared with traditional engineering methods. It also requires less initial maintenance, making it an ideal solution for community-based initiatives aiming to address slope failure prevention through Vetiver implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The utilization of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes is of great importance to the health of the indigenous population on the African continent. The high cost of orthodox conventional medicines coupled with the perceived side effects encourages the high patronage of indigenous medicinal plants in the management of this metabolic disorder. We conducted a review on the indigenous African medicinal plants that could be useful in preclinical and clinical trials in the field of diabetes mellitus research. (2) Methods: Data were mined from research articles published and associated with the use of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes on the African continent (from January 2019 to March 2024). Literature from ethnobotanical studies on the African continent was searched from the Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Medline, Web of Science and PubMed databases. We employed the following keywords: "indigenous plants", "diabetes in Africa" and "antidiabetic effect of medicinal plants". (3) Results: A total of 52 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families were recorded in this study. Amaryllidaceae (14.28%), Fabaceae (9.52%) and Asteraceae (9.52%) were the most cited plant families. The frequently used indigenous medicinal plants on the African continent were Allium sativum L. (n = 6), Olea europaea L. (n = 6), Azadirachta indica A. Juss (n = 5), Allium cepa L. (n = 5) and Moringa oleifera Lam. (n = 5). The highly cited parts of the plant used in the management of diabetes were the leaves (45.55%), bark (14.44%) and bulbs (12.22%). The preferred methods of the preparation of herbal medicines were decoction (45.23%) and infusion (25%). Oral (52.32%) was the preferred route of the administration of herbal medicine on the African continent. (4) Conclusions: The data revealed some similarities in the way countries on the African continent manage diabetes. This interesting observation will assist in our quest towards obtaining a standardized protocol using indigenous medicinal plants to combat diseases on the African continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indigenous wild plants of Southern Africa are intertwined with human cultures, histories and livelihoods. By focusing on commercial cultivation of a wild plant, honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), an indigenous plant that is endemic to parts of South Africa, we discuss changing colonial relations of domination and alienation affecting its use by local communities. We draw from an interdisciplinary study of honeybush conducted in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa, which included archival research, life history interviews, participant observation and a review of honeybush cultivation science. Anna Tsing's notion of non-scalability and a multispecies critique of plant domestication guides our analysis of the changing relations and approaches to honeybush use. We show the impact these changes exert on human and human-non-human relations. We conclude that the persistence of scalable projects in the commercial use of honeybush sustains and reconfigures relations that strengthen the alienation of (certain) humans from nature. Our interdisciplinary research highlights how historical violence continues to be subsumed in plant domestication and commercialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The rich botanical biodiversity resulting from diverse climates and geographical distinctiveness offers a plethora of biological resources that can be pivotal in developing innovative biomaterials. This investigation sought to evaluate the functional properties of indigenous Korean plant species. Methods: Forty-six indigenous plants during a year-long expedition across inhabited and uninhabited Korean islands were collected. The plant specimens were divided into 5 parts (flower, fruit, stem, leaf, and whole body) and subjected to extraction using water, 30% ethanol, and 70% ethanol, followed by characterizations of anti-inflammatory, immune response, and anti-bacterial activity. Results: Thirty-eight percent of the extracts (59 extracts from 31 species) exhibited statistically significant anti-inflammatory effects. Concurrently, 22% of the extracts (35 extracts from 24 species) demonstrated notable immune boosting effects. Additionally, 17 extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effects against the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential utility of extracts of plants from Korean islands as natural agents for next-generation pharmaceutical and medical applications by emphasizing their effectiveness in combating inflammation, enhancing immune responses, and conferring anti-bacterial benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using freedom of information requests, we examine the operation of the Patents Māori Advisory Committee of Aotearoa New Zealand. The Committee advises the Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand on whether inventions claimed in a patent application are derived from Māori traditional knowledge or from indigenous plants or animals; and if so, whether the commercial exploitation of that invention is likely to be contrary to Māori values. There is limited publicly available information on the operations of the Committee and the decision‐making process undertaken in reviewing applications. The requests and our searches identified 13 patents referred to the Committee, of which most (9 of 13) dealt with inventions related to Mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), a taonga species known for its role in producing unique honey. Only two applications have been found to be contrary to Māori values, and these applications have both since been abandoned. The review of applications found to be 'not contrary to Māori values' is instructive, identifying important considerations taken into account by the Committee in reaching a decision, including the importance of benefit sharing and engagement with Māori in considering whether an invention may be contrary to Māori values. The analysis highlights the limitations of the Committee in reviewing only those applications filed in Aotearoa New Zealand and referred to the Committee for advice and identifies the importance of mechanisms such as disclosure of origin to ensure all relevant applications are reviewed by the Committee. The paper concludes by highlighting how the operation of the Committee may inform the development of similar bodies in other jurisdictions, such as Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The potential molluscicidal extracts, obtained from indigenous plants Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia, were tested for toxicity against freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea acuminata, an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. The organic extracts had a significant effect on young snails. Materials and Methods: All organic extracts and column-purified fractions gave median lethal concentrations (19–100.05 mg/L; 24 h) that fell well within the threshold level of 100 mg/L, set for a potential molluscicide by the World Health Organization. Results: The toxicity of T. cordifolia stem acetone extract (96 h LC50: 16.08 mg/L) was more pronounced compared with C. sativa leaf ethanol extract (96 h LC50: 16.32 mg/L) and A. nilotica leaf ethanol extract (96 h LC50: 24.78 mg/L). β-caryophyllene, gallic acid, and berberine were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal components. Co-migration of β-caryophyllene (retardation factor [Rf] 0.95), gallic acid (Rf 0.30), and berberine (Rf 0.23) with column-purified parts of Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia on thin-layer chromatography demonstrates same Rf value, that is, 0.95, 0.30, and 0.23, respectively. Conclusion: This study indicates that these extracts thus represent potential plant-derived molluscicides that are worthy of further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endemic island plant species under threat due to anthropogenic activities may be more susceptible to decline than their indigenous counterparts. Our study aimed to determine whether endemic and indigenous plant cover in Hawaiian forests have been differentially affected by resource availability, disturbance, and invasion over time. We resurveyed 25 plots (400 m2 each) across gradients of elevation, precipitation, slope, and understory light availability in forested conservation areas on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, USA. We assessed how these abiotic factors relate to absolute cover (previous, current, and change over time) of endemic and indigenous Hawaiian plants, as well as that of non-native species. Endemic species had a net loss of cover (−45%) since previous surveys 27 to 45 years earlier, while indigenous species had a net gain (+ 29%), as did non-natives (~ 1%). Endemic species cover was associated with higher elevations in both prior surveys and in 2018, and with steeper plot slopes in prior surveys. However, change in endemic cover over time was negatively correlated with slope, likely due to landslide disturbance or the proliferation of shade-tolerant invaders in low-light conditions where no disturbance was evident. Change in endemic species cover over time was not clearly related to resource availability (light and precipitation). Given the differences in responses of endemic and indigenous species to abiotic conditions, and that the endemic species in this study were more susceptible to decline than indigenous species, the results of this study indicate that generalizations about natives as a single group can be misleading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bioeconomy would be a beneficial solution for funding through the rational use of finances and human resources in order to achieve better productivity and fruitfulness of mosquito control programs. Synthetic insecticides are widely used to repress mosquitoes. However, it instigates problems such as insecticide resistance among mosquitoes such as developing resistance, bio‐accumulation, and ecosystem destabilization. Natural plant‐based products are a healthy alternative to use as mosquito larvicides. The country has to spend a considerable cost for buying synthetic insecticides too. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate larvicidal efficacy of Garcinia zeylanica, Garcinia quaesita, and Coleus hadiensis against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Fresh leaves of plants were collected, and the aqueous crude extract was prepared. Phytochemicals were extracted using refluxing technique. A concentration series of crude extract of leaves were prepared separately from 20 to 100 mg/L. Batches of each containing 100 third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were used for larval bioassays. Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae were evaluated in accordance with the guidelines of World Health Organization. The experimental setup was repeated four times at each concentration. Probit analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of mortality with the concentration of aqueous crude extract. The G. zeylanica and G. quaesita leaf extracts showed a dose‐dependent effect against Ae. aegypti larvae after the 24 and 48 h exposure period. Interestingly, C. hadiensis did not show any dose‐dependent effect against A. aegypti mosquito larvae. The percentage mortality rates have shown a significant variance among different concentrations (P = 0.000). The recorded LC50 and LC90 for aqueous crude extract of G. zeylanica were 27.167 and 52.861 g/L, respectively, and LC50 and LC90 for aqueous crude extract of G. quaesita were 36.841 and 76.036 g/L, respectively, after 24 h of exposure period. The G. zeylanica and G. quaesita plant's high larvicidal activity is supported by the presence of phytochemicals such as saponins, steroids, flavonoids, and phenol, which showed combination effects in terms of larvicidal action to mosquito larvae. Hence, there is a potential of G. zeylanica and G. quaesita aqueous leaf extracts as a key source for the development of an environment‐friendly plant‐based larvicide against Ae. aegypti. Hence, this warrants vector control entities to re‐think "biological wealth for economic prosperity" with environmentally friendly country‐wide control approaches for medically important disease vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health claims are considered a means to add value to food and beverages; however, it is not always evident which stakeholders benefit and to what extent they benefit. In this paper, we extend the investigation of value creation and appropriation into the domain of food, specifically food labels. Using a qualitative approach, we aimed to elucidate which forms of value can be created by legislating health claims (including those for bioactive compounds found in South African indigenous plants) on food labels. The findings reveal that health claims have the potential to advance the sustainable development agenda in South Africa, but only if structures can be put in place to appropriate human and intellectual (HI) value, as well as environmental value. Currently, there is strong evidence for economic value creation and appropriation potential, but little clear evidence that HI or environmental value will be appropriated from health claims, especially if these health claims exclude benefits from bioactive compounds found in indigenous South African plants. If we could find a means to measure the HI and environmental value creation potential of health claims, using metrics that people understand, we may be able to develop strategies to ensure that such products can benefit stakeholders beyond economic value alone (i.e. more sustainable value creation). The findings could directly impact food labelling policy formulation, considering current draft regulations to implement health claims in South Africa. Significance: The medicinal plant biodiversity of South Africa offers opportunities for economic, human and intellectual (HI), and environmental value creation through legislated health claims. Without clear metrics for the HI and environmental components, economic value creation may dominate, but the value created might not be sustainable or appropriated by the desired stakeholders. Furthermore, because the current draft legislation for health claims excludes any bioactives from indigenous South African plants, much of the economic, HI and environmental value creation potential reported as potential outcomes for this research (e.g. funds to communities, knowledge preservation or biodiversity conservation) will not materialise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disposal of biosolids, the solid fraction of sewage treatment, is a global environmental issue. Biosolids contain valuable organic matter and plant nutrients; however, they also contain contaminants including trace elements, xenobiotics, and pathogens. The quality of the biosolids greatly depends on the source of wastewater (i.e., industrial vs. domestic) and the treatment processes. We aimed to determine the potential of three distinct biosolids and one pond sludge to grow indigenous plants for ecosystem restoration. For each amendment, we tested six indigenous species, Veronica salicifolia, Corokia cheesemanii, Griselinia littoralis, Phormium tenax, Poa cita, and Cordyline australis in bark mixed with biosolids and/or pond sludge at rates of 0–50%. There was a significant positive correlation between plant growth and biosolid addition up to a species-dependent plateau. Growth decreased at the highest rates. At a rate of 10% for fresh biosolids and 30% for aged biosolids provided consistent optimal growth across all species. The pond sludge was unsuitable for the establishment of indigenous seedlings. At the optimal rates, there were significant increases in foliar N, P, K, S, and Zn. None of the trace elements accumulated in the plants at phytotoxic concentrations or levels that presented a risk to ecosystems. Future work should determine how plants raised with biosolids perform once planted out in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of agriculture in several parts of the world during the early Neolithic period led to a fundamental change in human migration. By introducing newly domesticated crops into new environments, pathogens and parasites were also inadvertently transferred from their regions of origin and underwent a considerable population growth. In the newly settled regions, some pests of indigenous plants adapted to new crops by host switching. This review is limited to three basic migration events and mainly to agricultural crops of the temperate zone: (1) the migration of the first farmers from SE Asia to Europe, (2) European expansion from the 16th century onward, (3) modern globalization since the 20th century. Molecular analyses offer the opportunity to study the evolutionary history of pest populations, their origin and dynamics and their spread around the world. Cereals' rusts and powdery mildew, storage insects were the first to spread with wheat species, barley, and pulses from the Levant across Eurasia. The Columbian exchange of crops to and from the Americas brought entirely new pests to Europe while old world pathogens spread to the Americas and subsequently to all other regions colonized by Europeans. Modern globalization further facilitated the spread of pathogens and insects worldwide, as previously inconceivable amounts of agricultural products, business travelers, and maybe tourists have elevated global accessibility. This is illustrated by case studies based on fungi and insects. In the near future, pests will have colonized all crops in all countries where they can exist according to their agro-climatic requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material culture refers to the physical artefacts that embody a community's cultural heritage. These tangible objects symbolise human cultures and contribute to a sense of identification and well-being. This study describes the effects of climate change on indigenous plant materials used in material culture. The study sample was made up of 125 adult members of the Dikgale community who were purposely selected to participate in semi-structured interviews. The participants were selected based on their expertise in local material creations, their familiarity with the plants utilised in their production, and their understanding of the effects of climate change on the availability of these plants. The study findings identify eleven species from nine families that serve as sources of material culture. Indigenous plant materials, including stems, barks, leaves, fruits, and culms obtained from trees, shrubs, aloe, and grass, serve as valuable sources of fibre, timber, oil, and dye utilised in the manufacturing of household utensils as well as the construction of huts and courtyards. The type of plant part harvested predisposes the species to climate extremes such as rising temperatures and erratic rainfall, as they hamper the species' regrowth after harvesting and limit the chances for the emergence of new species. Although the plant species used in material culture are poorly preserved, this study suggests that the collecting and preservation of objects of material culture as part of cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salak (Salacca zalacca) is an indigenous plant in Indonesia. It is widely distributed in several areas, such as Yogyakarta, Bali, Sumatra, and Maluku. Several varieties of salak have been developed as a part of the government's plant-breeding program. However, a detailed characterization of the sensory properties has not been reported. This study evaluated the chemical characteristics and consumer acceptance from six different varieties, namely Pondoh Super, Pondoh Madu, Pondoh Gading, Sari Intan 48, Sari Intan 295, and Sari Intan 541. Chemical characteristic tests included moisture content, fruit acidity (pH), total soluble solids, reducing sugar concentration, and vitamin C. Sensory evaluation on acceptance attributes, such as peel and flesh color, texture, aroma, taste, and overall preference, was carried out by 40 untrained panelists. The results revealed that the chemical and sensory characteristics varied among 6 varieties. Sari Intan 48 had the highest moisture content and pH compared to other varieties. Salak Pondoh Super had the highest levels of reducing sugar and vitamin C. On the other hand, Sari Intan 295 had the highest total soluble solids content. Male, female, and young panelists preferred the taste of Sari Intan 295. There was no significant difference in the parameters of peel color, flesh color, texture, aroma, taste, and overall preference in the adult panelists group. The group of panelists over 51 years old preferred the taste of the Sari Intan 541. A sour taste significantly affected panelists' acceptance of salak fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there may be a number of disadvantages, many patients prefer the traditional medication over surgical wart therapy since it may permanently remove the abscess from the body. The roots of the Ficifolius A. Rich plant are one of the native plants used in Ethiopia for traditional wart treatment. Therefore, the main goal of the research was to examine the phytochemical characteristics, identify the chemical compounds, and assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of the previously described plant root extract against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, phytochemical characteristics such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and saponin were perceived, which inferred the therapeutic implications of root extracts. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigations identified a number of chemical components, including the particular antiviral substance Squalene. Moreover, antibacterial test results showed that the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was inhibited with the application of crude extract. Generally, Ficifolius A. rich root extract could be effectively utilized for the treatment of anal warts.

Preliminary assessment of Brgy. Bukangliwayway revealed that the natural forest stands have been denuded leaving only scanty forests fragments which may still contain indigenous plants of the locality. Thus, this paper provides the lists of plants with emphasis on their conservation and propagation protocol of selected endemic and indigenous economic species of plants as a form of ex situ conservation. Field exploration and a transect survey with two (2) sampling sites were established in the area. The wildlings of the four species such as Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Artocarpus ovatus Blanco, Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw. and Mischocarpus sp. were collected for ex situ conservation. There were 123 species under 112 genera and 58 families were listed. Assessment of the species revealed two (2) Endangered (EN), four (4) Vulnerable (V), two (2) Other Threatened (OTS), three (3) Near Threatened (NT) and thirty-five (35) Less Concerned (LC) plant species while fourteen (14) endemic species were documented. Six (6) A. capillusveneris, eleven (11) A. ovatus, three (3) L. circinnatum and fifty-four (54) Mischocarpus sp. wildlings were propagated. Mischocarpus sp showed highest survival rate implying the great potential of the species to be mass propagated. Since Bukangliwayway harbors a number of threatened and endemic species, it is recommended that the remaining forests be conserved and in-situ conservation must also be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locally produced soil amendments can play a vital role in sustainable agriculture, enhancing soil quality and crop plant growth. This study investigated the impact of locally sourced biochar (BC) and ash, obtained from Maerua crassifolia Forssk. (wood), and Saccharum kajkaiense, Melderis (grass) on soil properties and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) biomass. We assessed different application rates (10% and 20%), either separately or combined with the potting soil/peat (Biomix). Biomix application reduced soil pH (7.9),and increased soil organic mater (OM) (51.9%), NO3-1 (17.5%) levels, water holding capacity (WHC) (22.9%), and dry biomass (37.7%) of okra compared no Biomix application. Among BC and ash amendments, grass ash excelled, increasing okra biomass by 132.7%, followed by wood BC and grass BC. However, wood ash had a slight negative effect on okra dry weight and also increased the soil EC (6.12 dS m-1). Wood ash had higher K levels (758 mg kg-1) but lower Na (159 mg kg-1) compared to control (51 mg kg-1 K and 235 mg kg-1 Na). Both BC amendments raised soil organic matter (OM) by 7.63-8.69%, while wood and grass ash slightly increased soil P (57.7-64.6 mg kg-1). However, wood and grass BC reduced soil P to 44 mg kg-1. Grass ash raised NO3 levels (25.5%) compared to the control. The interaction of Biomix with wood and grass amendments decreased soil EC, increased soil OM, NO3 level and plant dry weight of okra. Wood and grass BC (20%) with Biomix enhanced the soil OM by 11%. The combination of 10% grass ash and Biomix resulted in the highest NO3 levels at 170 mg kg-1. Furthermore, the combination of Biomix and 10% grass ash produced the most significant increase (204.3%) in plant dry weight compared to the control. In conclusion, locally sourced biochar and ash amendments, particularly grass ash in combination with potting soil/peat (Biomix), demonstrated significant potential to enhance soil quality and crop biomass, offering valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dillenia ovata Wall. ex Hook. f. et Thomson (DOWHT)—an indigenous medicinal plant collected in the Central Highland of Vietnam—has been utilized by medical folks for ages. However, almost related scientific evidence still has not been clarified. This study aimed to report the phytochemical profiles and novel potent biofunctions of DOWHT. The testing bioactivities of different parts used of DOWHT indicated this herbal demonstrated moderated inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while it showed potent anti-oxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of these, the inhibition against the key enzymes targeting anti-diabetes and Alzheimer's disease was notably reported for the first time. The phytochemical profiles of all the parts used of DOWHT were investigated via GC–MS and UHPLC analysis. Totally, 46 compounds, including 30 volatiles (compounds 1–30) and 16 phenolics (compounds 31–46), were newly identified from DOWHT extracts. In this work, various volatiles and phenolics were newly found in this herbal species. In the docking study, some major phenolics including Epigallocatechin gallate (34), Epicatechin gallate (36), Vitexin (37), and Apigetrin (41) possess DS values (− 12.5 to − 13.3 kcal/mol) better than Berberine chloride (− 12.1 kcal/mol). Moreover, almost tested metabolites comply with the drug-likeness properties of Lipkin's rules prediction and nontoxicity via the ADMET test. The results suggest the herb DOWHT may be a potential source for drug discovery and these in silico results may be good reference information for further in vitro and in vivo experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the mosquito-repelling ability of folkloric indigenous plants by phytochemical extraction using three distinct methods. The phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated using thin-layer chromatography. The average powder weights of Citrus maxima (CM), Eleocharisdulcis plantaginea (EP), and Thespesia populnea (TP) were 154.33, 156.67, and 153.78 mg/g dry weight, respectively, and are substantially different from the other ten species (p=0.05). However, this technique did not affect the extract yield. The region of interest (ROI) values for the antioxidant activity of these three species were 328.9, 924.0, and 735.0, respectively. The repellent activities of the CM, TP, and EP extracts were significantly lower than those of DEET; however, the repellent activities of the mixed extract did not differ (p=0.05). This study found that indigenous plants commonly used in the region have mosquito-repellant and antioxidant properties. Combining the three extracts would yield the same activity as DEET, an ingredient used in commercial mosquito repellents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translations, whether in the form of text, illustration, or interpretive analysis, served knowledge-making in multiple ways. It offered a refuge, severed contexts, and concealed the various workers that created it. Over the course of the seventeenth century, European naturalists in Istanbul, such as Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658–1730), procured illustrations of Ottoman nature as fundamental resources to identify, collect, and compare indigenous plants and newly bred varieties. Despite maintaining an actual mediation for cross-cultural interactions, these sources of virtual communication remain largely forgotten in modern scholarship. This article argues that this curious yet invisible corpus was not a nonagentive medium in an alienated leisure of a gentleman-scholar; instead, these illustrations were designed to call upon the viewer's constant attention in self-motivated scientific labor. Such handy tools responded and contributed to early modern scholars' modes of working, and in exchange they determined these sources' own function, position, and visibility – either as a by-product or as a derivative. It is therefore only when integrated into the labor history of science that the degrees of invisibility pertaining to both Ottoman nature studies and self-directed labor can come into a granular view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the concentrations of arsenic (As) in soil and plant biomass from the Barak Valley in South Assam, India. Soil samples showed concentrations ranging from 6.06 ± 0.84 mg/kg to 18.61 ± 1.52 mg/kg, with an average of 10.60 ± 3.15 mg/kg, 41.67% of the sample exceeding uncontaminated ranges (0.1–10 mg/kg). Ecological risk assessments such as contamination factors, pollutant load index, geo‐accumulation index, and anthropogenicity identified varying contamination levels across sampling points. A total of 24 plant species were collected, ferns (two species), shrubs (five species), grass (six species), and herb (11 species). The concentration of As in different plants types decreased in the order of fern (393.45 ± 159.63 mg/kg) > shrub (20.48 ± 7.25 mg/kg) > herb (17.92 ± 13.75 mg/kg) > grass (14.98 ± 13.80 mg/kg). Plant species, namely Pityrogramma calomelanos, Christella dentata, Mimosa pudica, Chromolaena odorata, Leucas aspera, Persicaria decipiens, Melastoma malabathricum, and Clerodendrum infortunatum, accumulated higher concentrations of As in their above‐ground parts compared to roots and were categorized as tolerant accumulators (TF > 1). By incorporating these plant species into phytoextraction strategies, the region can benefit from their unique properties and abilities to effectively remediate arsenic‐contaminated sites, ultimately improving the affected areas' environmental and human health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi Arabia is not surprising given the relatively high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Hepatitis C is also common in Saudi Arabia with a prevalence rate of 1% to 3% of the population, which further increases the risk of HCC. The incidence of HCC has been increasing in recent years, with HCV-related HCC accounting for a significant proportion of cases. Traditional medicine has long been a part of Saudi Arabian culture, and many medicinal plants have been used for centuries to treat various ailments, including cancer. Following that, this study combines network pharmacology with bioinformatics approaches to potentially revolutionize HCV-related HCC treatment by identifying effective phytochemicals of indigenous plants of Medina valley. Eight indigenous plants including Rumex vesicarius, Withania somnifera, Rhazya stricta, Heliotropium arbainense, Asphodelus fistulosus, Pulicaria incise, Commicarpus grandiflorus, and Senna alexandrina, were selected for the initial screening of potential drug-like compounds. At first, the information related to active compounds of eight indigenous plants was retrieved from public databases and through literature review which was later combined with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained through microarray datasets. Later, a compound-target genes-disease network was constructed which uncovered that kaempferol, rhazimol, beta-sitosterol, 12-Hydroxy-3-keto-bisnor-4-cholenic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 24-Methyldesmosterol, stigmasterone, fucosterol, and withanolide_J decisively contributed to the cell growth and proliferation by affecting ALB and PTGS2 proteins. Moreover, the molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation of 20 ns well complemented the binding affinity of the compound and revealed strong stability of predicted compounds at the docked site. But the findings were not validated in actual patients, so further investigation is needed to confirm the potential use of selected medicinal plants towards HCV-related HC.

Objective: Murraya koenigii (M. Koenigii) is a common indigenous plant in Tamil Nadu, India, known for its various medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential antifungal activity of an ethanolic extract of bark of M. koenigii (EEBMK) against five fungal species. Methods: EEBMK extract was evaluated in vitro for its antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans using the agar well diffusion method. Results: EEBMK significantly inhibited the growth of C. neoformans, C. albicans and suppressed the growth of F. oxysporum and A. niger. However, EEBMK showed no activity against T. viride strains. The antifungal activity of EEBMK was sequenced as C. neoformans (15.6 ± 1.15 mm) > C. albicans (14.3 ±1.5 mm) > F. oxysporum (8.3 ± 0.57 mm) > A. niger (8 ±1 mm). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that EEBMK could be used as a natural antifungal agent to treat infections caused by certain types of fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensive metabolite profiling of four traditional medicinal plants was carried out. • The detection of 52 metabolites showcased rich phytochemical diversity among the plants. • In-depth comparison of antioxidant and antibacterial capacities linked to unique metabolites in each plant. • S. cordatum exhibited the highest radical scavenging and antibacterial activities. • The recognition of the potential applications of these plants in food preservation validated their use beyond traditional medicine. This research aimed to contrast the metabolite compositions of four medicinal plants (Bidens pilosa, Lippia javanica, Syzygium cordatum, and Ximenia caffra) and assess their relevance for food preservation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry results indicated 52 metabolites such as gallic acid, quinic acid, bergenin, coumaric acid derivative and citric acid etc., amongst the investigated medicinal plants. Specifically, B. pilosa had 15 identified metabolites along with six unknown polyphenols; L. javanica contained 16 known metabolites and four unidentified polyphenols; S. cordatum contained 19 metabolites and three unexplored polyphenols, whereas X. caffra had 19 identified metabolites and six unknown polyphenols. In the DPPH assay, S. cordatum demonstrated the strongest EC 50 radical scavenging ability of 6.28 µg/mL, while X. caffra exhibited the least potency (21.68 µg/mL). Against Escherichia coli strains (ATCC 35218 and 25922), S. cordatum displayed the highest antibacterial activity (21 and 17.5 mm, respectively), while L. javanica showed the least (9.5 and 8 mm, respectively). L. javanica was potent against Enterococci faecalis (39 mm), and S. cordatum exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococci aureus (23.5 mm). The distinct antioxidant and antibacterial properties of these medicinal plants highlight their potential as natural preservatives in food industries, particularly in extending the shelf life of perishable foods and combating foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usage of wrapping or packaging is very significant in food processing to protect, secure, and provide a specific image of the food contained. Around 10,000 years ago, food wrappers were developed by our ancestors using natural substances such as animal skins, tree stems, and leaves. There is limited information on food wrappers based on Sarawak's natural resources. However, among the older Sarawak communities, such knowledge is present and valuable. Unfortunately, this information is on the verge of extinction due to a lack of documentary. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify and document the plant-based food wrappers used by the communities in Sarawak. An ethnobotanical study was conducted using face-to-face interviews with 384 respondents. The study was conducted in a semi-structured manner from December 2021 until May 2022. A total of 21 species of plants from 11 different families has been identified as food wrapper by the community in Bintulu, Sarawak. The community dominantly used leaves as food wrappers because they can be handled easily and enhance the aroma of the food. Some plant-based food wrapper gives a distinct flavor and aroma to the food when applied with heat. Plantbased food wrappers also had huge potential as more than 90% of respondents were satisfied with the usage and suggested that these wrappers be developed into ready-made form. Locals also informed that plant-based food wrappers can help to expand their economic profit, especially for sellers. Therefore, this study was able to discover the indigenous plant species utilized as traditional food wrappers that have been forgotten. However, further study about the nutritional composition, fiber structure, antibacterial ability, and volatile compound of the species can be conducted to provide a full record of the plants, especially as food aroma enhancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plants as food flavourings, commonly known as herbs and spices, serves as natural sources of flavour, altering the taste and aroma of dishes with only a small amount. Beyond flavour, these plants also contribute essential antioxidants crucial for human health by inhibiting free radicals that can lead to various diseases. In Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia, locals traditionally consume indigenous flavouring plants primarily for their culinary impact, often overlooking the pharmaceutical value these plants may offer. This study aimed to assess the marketable appearance and antioxidant composition of indigenous food flavouring plants in Bintulu. Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market and analyzed for morphological dimensions, total phenolic content, free radical scavenging ability (DPPH), and ferric reducing ability (FRAP). The edible portion of the plants ranged from 57.33% to 84.99%, with P. edule exhibiting the largest edible blade. Total phenolic content varied from 343.27 to 3245.67 mg GAE/100 g, with P. serratifolia having the highest value. Premna serratifolia demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging activity, while S. polyanthum exhibited the highest ferric reducing ability. All species exhibited high antioxidant composition (IC50 = 0.10 to 27.6 µg/mL, FRAP = 469.88 to 9272.50 mg TE/100 g), indicating potential medicinal utility. Further studies on anti-nutrients like oxalate and phytate are recommended to complement the obtained data. Additionally, an ethnobotanical study is suggested to document the traditional medicinal uses of these plants alongside their role as flavor enhancers in cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance is considered a "One-Health" problem, impacting humans, animals, and the environment. The problem of the rapid development and spread of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics is a rising global health threat affecting both rich and poor nations. Low- and middle-income countries are at highest risk, in part due to the lack of innovative research on the surveillance and discovery of novel therapeutic options. Fast and effective drug discovery is crucial towards combatting antimicrobial resistance and reducing the burden of infectious diseases. African medicinal plants have been used for millennia in folk medicine to cure many diseases and ailments. Over 10% of the Southern African vegetation is applied in traditional medicine, with over 15 species being partially or fully commercialized. These include the genera Euclea, Ficus, Aloe, Lippia. And Artemisia, amongst many others. Bioactive compounds from indigenous medicinal plants, alone or in combination with existing antimicrobials, offer promising solutions towards overcoming multi-drug resistance. Secondary metabolites have different mechanisms and modes of action against bacteria, such as the inhibition and disruption of cell wall synthesis; inhibition of DNA replication and ATP synthesis; inhibition of quorum sensing; inhibition of AHL or oligopeptide signal generation, broadcasting, and reception; inhibition of the formation of biofilm; disruption of pathogenicity activities; and generation of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this review is to highlight some promising traditional medicinal plants found in Africa and provide insights into their secondary metabolites as alternative options in antibiotic therapy against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Additionally, synergism between plant secondary metabolites and antibiotics has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upland rice farming plays a crucial role in ensuring food security in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates on the growth of upland rice. The bioassay and pot experiments were conducted to select the capable isolates of PGPR and to investigate the effect of the PGPR inoculant on the N fertilizer efficiency and agronomic traits of upland rice. The bacterial isolates were identified through a biochemical analysis and tested under controlled greenhouse conditions. The selected PGPR inoculant was formulated as a liquid biofertilizer (LB). The three capable isolates were obtained to fix nitrogen, produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), organic acid, and nitrogenase activity and were identified through a biomolecular analysis as Delftia tsuruhatensis strain D9, Delftia sp. strain MS2As2, and Bacillus sp. The application of the LB into the soil at a dose of 10 L ha−1 and 50 kg ha−1 N resulted in a grain yield of 29.81 g pot−1 and a relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) value of 235.08%, signifying a significant improvement over the conventional method. Several variables, including the number of grains, number of panicles, root length, 1000-grain weight, population of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and nitrogen uptake exhibited a strong correlation with the grain yield, accounting for 97.80% of the observed variation. These findings show the enormous potential of PGPR isolates, specifically of Delftia tsuruhatensis strain D9, Delftia sp. strain MS2As2, and Bacillus sp., in significantly enhancing the upland rice output in Indonesia. Furthermore, the use of an LB as a biofertilizer in conjunction with nitrogen fertilization provides a viable and sustainable way to increase yields and enhance the overall sustainability of the region's upland rice farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's problematic perennial weed Mikania micrantha hampers in crop production and causes enormous losses due to its interference. Management of M. micrantha by mechanical and chemical methods has not met with any reasonable success. So, it has become a target for classical biological control. Numerous natural indigenous plant species, fungi and insects were tried as biocontrol agents for effective control of M. micrantha. However, along with bio-control, appropriate mechanical, chemical and cultural methods are required to be integrated for controlling it. Thus, integrated management approaches for control of M. micrantha should be evolved against this invasive weed in long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activity of a traditional Thai formula has been studied and compared to each plant. The formula comprised the roots of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler, Huberantha cerasoides (Roxb.) Benth), Oxyceros horridus Lour, Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaerth, Combretum quadrangulare Kurz, and Ziziphus cambodiana Pierre. The stem was also studied in comparison. The ethanolic extract from each plant part and the mixed plants mimicking the traditional formula were prepared and investigated for antioxidant capability in vitro via DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The phytochemical constituents were determined by chemical screening, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC), and high-performance liquid chromatography. The relationship between antioxidant activity and the contributed phytochemicals was determined using correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that extracts from both parts of the plant formula showed the highest antioxidant activity compared to a single plant extract. Among the six plants, C. digyna exhibited the highest TPC and antioxidant activity. TPC had a strong positive correlation with antioxidant activity. PCA revealed that gallic acid contributed to the antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the ethanolic extracts of the traditional formula and C. digyna have the potential for further chemical characterization and study related to antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrochemicals provide vital nutrients for plant growth to enhance crops yield, but they can pose major agro-environmental issues. Bioinoculants have attracted more and more attention due to their cost effective-eco-friendly and pollution-free characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine whether using a variety of bioinoculants that include both individual and group members could reduce the need for chemical fertilizer. In the modern era, individual and multiple strain formulation as bioinoculants and bacterial consortium is need of agricultural sustainability. A total 132 bacteria were sorted out from soil and internal tissues of the plant and screened for PGP characteristics including nitrogen fixer, phosphorus, and potassium solubilization. Among 132 bacteria, 13 were found to fix nitrogen, 17 and 14 bacteria were able to solubilize phosphorus, and potassium respectively. Efficient bacterial isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus thuringiensis EU-CRP-15 (P-solubilizer), Bacillus horikoshii EU-CRK-18 (K-solubilizer), and Pseudomonas trivialis EU-CEN-2 (N-fixer). Inoculation of individual and consortium bioinoculants had a favorable effect on seed sprouting with the increase concentrations of inoculum. These three compatible and individual bacterial strains inoculated on sweet pepper enriched the growth and physiological characteristic of plant (plant length, root length, fresh weight, and biomass of the plant), and (chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and total soluble sugar content) over chemical fertilizers and untreated control plant. The plant growth promoting bacteria viz; N2-fixer as well as P and K solubilizers can be utilized as bioinoculants for the growth promotion of plants and increasing soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology. It discusses the topic of ethnopharmacology in North and South America, highlighting the contributions of scientists and health officers from these regions. The editorial emphasizes the importance of studying indigenous plants and their medicinal properties, as well as the need for quality control and consistency in the use of Pan-American medicinal plants. The document also provides summaries of five research papers included in the editorial, covering topics such as the phenolic profile of honeybee pollen, the effects of Maca, the importance of a Latin American database of natural compound structures, the discovery of inhibitors for diabetes drug development, and an overview of botanical dietary supplements and herbal medicines in the Americas. [Extracted from the article]

Disposal of biosolids, the solid fraction of sewage treatment, is a global environmental issue. Biosolids contain valuable organic matter and plant nutrients; however, they also contain contaminants including trace elements, xenobiotics, and pathogens. The quality of the biosolids greatly depends on the source of wastewater (i.e., industrial vs. domestic) and the treatment processes. We aimed to determine the potential of three distinct biosolids and one pond sludge to grow indigenous plants for ecosystem restoration. For each amendment, we tested six indigenous species, Veronica salicifolia, Corokia cheesemanii, Griselinia littoralis, Phormium tenax, Poa cita, and Cordyline australis in bark mixed with biosolids and/or pond sludge at rates of 0–50%. There was a significant positive correlation between plant growth and biosolid addition up to a species-dependent plateau. Growth decreased at the highest rates. At a rate of 10% for fresh biosolids and 30% for aged biosolids provided consistent optimal growth across all species. The pond sludge was unsuitable for the establishment of indigenous seedlings. At the optimal rates, there were significant increases in foliar N, P, K, S, and Zn. None of the trace elements accumulated in the plants at phytotoxic concentrations or levels that presented a risk to ecosystems. Future work should determine how plants raised with biosolids perform once planted out in the field.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder marked by recurrent seizures, significantly affecting the population in Saudi Arabia across all age demographics. The global prevalence of active epilepsy is around 6.38/1,000 persons and in the Arabian region, the median prevalence of active epilepsy is 4.4/1,000 persons. However, over 75% of individuals are untreated. Consequently, the development of therapeutic strategies with increased efficacy and safety profiles is essential to improve the survival rate among epilepsy patients. The current study integrates network pharmacology along with Bioinformatics approaches to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of local flora of Saudi Arabia including Solanum incanum, Abrus precatorius, Withania somnifera, and Azadirachta indica in epilepsy treatment. In the preliminary phase, data related to the bioactive components of the local plants and the associated target genes of both these plants and epilepsy were gathered from scientific literature and open-source databases. This data was then analyzed to identify common targets between the plants and ovarian cancer. Based on these common targets, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed utilizing the STRING database, which was subsequently incorporated into the Cytoscape software for identification of hub genes based on their degree of connectivity. Lastly, an interplay network depicting the associations between the compounds and the overlapping genes was formulated via Cytoscape, to study the potential network pharmacology implications of these active compounds in relation to ovarian cancer. Following that, a compound-target protein-pathway network was constructed which uncovered that namely abrectorin, genistin, (+)-catechin, precatorine, (+)-ascorbic acid, licoflavanone, skrofulein, stigmasterone, 5,7-Dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-8,3′-di-C-prenylflavanone could potentially be used as antagonists for the therapeutic management of epilepsy by targeting TNF and TP53 proteins. Furthermore, the implementation of molecular docking reinforces the binding affinity of the compound, indicating a robust stability of the forecasted compounds at the docked site. This research lays both a theoretical and experimental groundwork for more profound investigations and establishes a practical method for the strategic employment of active compounds in the development of anti-epileptic therapeutics.

The salinity and sodicity of soils lead to the inhibition of the plant's growth and disequilibrium of the nutrients, and thus reduce their plant uptake in the soil. The aims of this study were to characterize the indigenous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) of wheat rhizosphere and to evaluate their ability with sulfur to improve nutrient uptake and wheat yield in saline-sodic soils. To do so, the bacteria were isolated from wheat rhizosphere cultivated in saline-sodic soils and screened for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. The superior PGPR was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A greenhouse experiment was carried out in a completely randomized factorial design with different levels of salinity and sodicity, bacteria inoculation, and levels of sulfur along with Thiobacillusthiooxidans. Results showed that Pseudomonas alcaliphila, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhizobium pusense were the superior PGPR in the wheat rhizosphere. Grain yield and nutrient concentrations of wheat grain decreased with increasing soil salinity and sodicity. Bacteria inoculation, especially R. pusense showed a marked exopolysaccharide and ACC-deaminase production increased grain yield, N and P concentrations and Ca/Mg ratio at different levels of soil sodicity and salinity. R. pusence and B. subtilis facilitated higher concentrations of N and P in wheat when used concurrently with sulfur and T. thiooxidans, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that the application of isolated PGPR of wheat rhizosphere possessed PGP traits especially R. pusense along with sulfur and T. thiooxidans, resulted in excellent benefits on wheat growth in saline-sodic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]