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The Mobile intermittent wireless connectivity limits the evolution of the mobile landscape, such that this progress coupled with the ubiquitous nature of the Internet and the web services. The web service Reliability achieves the low overhead communication and retrieves the appropriate state response from the web service consumption. This paper discusses and analyzes the most recent approaches that achieve the reliability of web services consumed by mobile devices. Achieving the reliable web service consumption istended to two approaches: Middleware approach and Mobile Agent(MA) approach. Both of them focus on ensuring the request execution under the communication limitations and services temporary unavailability., 2015 IEEE Seventh International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems (ICICIS). IEEE, 2015. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2207.12404, arXiv:2207.11608

In most developing countries across the world, cellular rural users are predominantly pedestrian and indoor users within village homes, and much less from vehicles, let alone fast-moving ones. Specifically, in India, 85% of the villages in the plains are spaced 2–3 km apart uniformly in every direction. The base station required for providing coverage in rural areas is starkly different from the base station along highways to provide coverage for fast-moving vehicles. Till IMT-2020, ITU did not have a rural use case suited to rural needs of developing countries. Hence, the IMT advanced technology development (such as 4G LTE) did not meet the rural requirements in countries like India. To avoid such a situation for 5G, a new test case requirement, named low-mobility large cell (LMLC) was included as a mandatory use case with performance requirements that must be met by every specification that is approved as an IMT-2020 compliant standard. In this paper, we describe the reasons why such a test case requirement is crucial by taking a case study from the Indian rural setting. In addition, we also describe various technical solutions that can be considered to satisfy such stringent requirements. In particular, we look at a new waveform with low peak-to-average power ratio that has been introduced in 5G for coverage enhancement.

The usage of mobile phones has witnessed a revolutionary shift with an increasing number of users employing it for accessing the web. Consequentially, there has been an overwhelming increase in data usage. Data is being transmitted as data, voice is sent as data, and video is also transmitted as data. The phenomenal rise in data rates has been dictated by Edholm's law of bandwidth, which is an extension of all-pervasive Moore's law. The leaps taken forward in mobile communication by the advancement of technology have been characterized by transition from one generation to other. The demand for bandwidth has increased manifold times. The conventional method of providing a dedicated channel to a user is no longer in vogue. Instead, we need to devise ways that enable smart spectrum sharing and can help ease the bandwidth crunch. In this article, the key technology drivers for the development of the Fifth Generation(5G) are illumined as envisaged by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). The role of machine learning in the task of dynamic spectrum sensing and management is being increasingly explored. With the enhanced complexity of 5G the conventional of spectrum sensing and assignment may not suffice. Although, the supervised algorithms have improved the performance, but the unsupervised machine learning algorithms need to be augmented. Hence the role of cognitive machine learning in smart spectrum sharing is envisaged and highlighted.

Recently, spectrum optimization solutions require mobile phones to obtain precise, accurate and fine-grained estimates of the radio link data rate. In particular, the effectiveness of anticipatory schemes depends on the granularity of these measurements. In this paper we use a reliable LTE control channel sniffer (OWL) to extensively compare mobile phone measurements against exact LTE radio link data rates. We also provide a detailed study of latencies measured on mobile phones, the sniffer, and a server to which the phone is connected. In this study, we show that mobile phones can accurately (if slightly biased) estimate the physical radio link data rate. We highlight the differences among measurements obtained using different mobile phones, communication technologies and protocols. We also provide detailed instructions on how to replicate our measurements and describe alternative measurement setups and their tradeoffs.

With the growing popularity of mobile devices, a new type of peer-to-peer communication mode for mobile cloud computing has been introduced. By applying a variety of short-range wireless communication technologies to establish connections with nearby mobile devices, we can construct a mobile cloudlet in which each mobile device can either works as a computing service provider or a service requester. Although the paradigm of mobile cloudlet is cost-efficient in handling computation-intensive tasks, the understanding of its corresponding service mode from a theoretic perspective is still in its infancy. In this paper, we first propose a new mobile cloudlet-assisted service mode named Opportunistic task Scheduling over Co-located Clouds (OSCC), which achieves flexible cost-delay tradeoffs between conventional remote cloud service mode and mobile cloudlets service mode. Then, we perform detailed analytic studies for OSCC mode, and solve the energy minimization problem by compromising among remote cloud mode, mobile cloudlets mode and OSCC mode. We also conduct extensive simulations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed OSCC mode, and analyze its applicability. Moreover, experimental results show that when the ratio of data size after task execution over original data size associated with the task is smaller than 1 ( i.e., $r ) and the average meeting rate of two mobile devices $\lambda$ is larger than $0.00014$ , our proposed OSCC mode outperforms existing service modes.

International audience; Abstract:In mobile live streaming systems, user are fairly limited in interaction with the streaming objects due to the constraints coming from mobile devices and event-driven nature of live content. The constraints could lead to unique user behavior characteristics, which have yet to be explored. This paper investigates over 9 million access logs collected from the PPTV live streaming system, with an emphasis on the discrepancies that might exist when users access the live streaming catalog from mobile and non-mobile terminals. We observe a much higher likelihood of abandoning sessions by mobile users, and examine the structure of abandoned sessions from the perspectives of time of day, channel content and mobile device types. Surprisingly, we find relatively low abandonment rates during peak-load time periods and a notable impact of mobile device type (i.e. Android or iOS) on the abandonment behavior. To further capture the intrinsic characteristics of user behavior, we develop a series of models for session duration, user activity and time-dynamics of user arrivals/departures. More importantly, we relate the model parameters to physical and real-life meanings. The observations and models shed light on video delivery system, telco-CDNs and mobile applications.

In this paper, we introduce the novel concept of cost-effective mobile health care which leverages the multiple wireless interfaces onboard most mobile phones today. First, we study the problem of uploading medical data using the “least cost” radio interface. Toward this objective, we propose the wireless interface selection algorithm (WISA) which decides the wireless interface yielding the least cost, depending on the data size, modality, and quality of service (QoS). Second, we study using modeling and simulations, the problem of cost-effective medical advisory message dissemination (on the downlink) which gives rise to an interesting cost-delay trade-off when leveraging free short range phone-to-phone (P2P) communication. Finally, we build a proof-of-concept testbed, coined CellChek , which showcases the proposed WISA algorithm and demonstrates its operation using sample wireless-enabled medical devices, namely pulse oximeter and blood pressure monitor. The experimental results gathered using the prototype provide key insights into the system and the involved tradeoffs. The concepts explored in this paper along with the proposed schemes hold great promise for this emerging area of research that is of equal importance to developing and developed countries promising considerable cost savings.

Advances in antenna technologies for cellular hand-held devices have been synchronous with the evolution of mobile phones over nearly 40 years. Having gone through four major wireless evolutions [1], [2], starting with the analog-based first generation to the current fourth-generation (4G) mobile broadband, technologies from manufacturers and their wireless network capacities today are advancing at unprecedented rates to meet our unrelenting service demands. These ever-growing demands, driven by exponential growth in wireless data usage around the globe [3], have gone hand in hand with major technological milestones achieved by the antenna design community. For instance, realizing the theory regarding the physical limitation of antennas [4]-[6] was paramount to the elimination of external antennas for mobile phones in the 1990s. This achievement triggered a variety of revolutionary mobile phone designs and the creation of new wireless services, establishing the current cycle of cellular advances and advances in mobile antenna technologies.

The massive amounts of mobile traffic generated by the unprecedented demand for high-quality video content are fast approaching the communication capacity of current network infrastructures. Novel solutions are required, including using content- centric mobile networks (CCMNs), which make use of storage, computation, and bandwidth resources of the entire network to support traffic offloading and large-scale content sharing in wireless mobile networks. The unicast-based interest routing in CCMNs is known for fast content delivery with low resource consumption, but video information management and mobility of mobile nodes significantly influence the performance of video delivery. This article first reviews recent studies and discusses the research challenges for content distribution and delivery in CCMNs. The article then presents an innovative video streaming solution in CCMNs (VSCC), which proactively leverages a content-centric multi-region video content management method and a mobility-adaptive content-centric video delivery mechanism to improve the performance of video delivery. Simulation results demonstrate that VSCC achieves high video sharing efficiency and increased QoS levels in comparison with two state of the art approaches.

today, fourth generation of mobile communication turn out to be in active mode for several countries and one of the most promisingtechnologies used for a backhaul service is High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS). While HAPS still suffers from environment effects in stratospheric layer like rain and winds.In this research paper, a study of the effect of the positional instability of HAPS (aircraft category) on the link level performance of an International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) served by HAPS is presented. The analysis is performed in three different climatic conditions of Malaysia, which is a tropical country. Then two types of radio links have been analyzed – firstly, the end user link which connects aerial station and end user and then, backhaul link that establishes communication between HAPS and Ground Transmission Gateway (GTG). A Problem of fluctuations in the signal level and degrading the performance level had been solved by analyze the behavior of winds in stratospheric layer. Finally, the effect of instability was given in received signal level variation and link availability or percentage outage of the link. Obtained results showed that the link availability of the backhaul link meets the ITU-R recommendations. Lately, it can be said that the results of the service obtained can be used to design the communication network with a higher level of user satisfaction.

It is very challenging to design an efficient wireless communication system. It is because of many factors, affecting the performance of a typical wireless communication system. With all these years’ rapid development in wireless communication, high demands for broadband mobile wireless communications and the emergence of new wireless multimedia applications have constituted the motivation to the development of broadband wireless access technologies. The long term evolution (LTE) system has been specified by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) on the way towards fourth-generation (4G) mobile to ensure 3GPP keeping the dominance of the cellular communication technologies. LTE-advanced (LTE-A) is the project name of the evolved version of LTE that is being developed by 3GPP. LTE-A will meet or exceed the requirements of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the 4G radio communication standard. LTE-A is being specified initially as part of the 3GPP specifications. Where the current generation of mobile telecommunication networks are collectively known as 3G (for “third generation”), LTE is marketed as 4G. In this paper, LTE-A WINNER MIMO uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink that is, from the base station to the terminal. OFDMA meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. The multiple access schemes in LTE downlink uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). Power saving in transmission is an extensive issue for the multiple access techniques used in LTE, therefore in this paper, an important transmission factor SER for OFDMA system, is considered. This paper provides comparison of SER performance versus SNR of OFDMA system for different relay environment in WINNER, MIMO LTE-A.

The demand of mobile traffic increases tremendously as various Internet services are provided to mobile phones and computing devices, making mobile carriers increase the capacity of their cellular network. Since current cell towers and auxiliary devices cannot carry an excessive amount of traffic, several mobile carriers try to install low cost wireless equipment such as a Wi-Fi access point (AP) in order to offload overloaded traffic on cell towers. However, APs are installed randomly unlike cell towers because they can be installed by anyone and anywhere. The randomized allocation of APs incurs interference that causes serious degradation of wireless communication quality. Therefore, it is necessary to design mobile devices to use the environment or channel that contains the least interference for proper Wi-Fi communication. In order to make a mobile device experience the best wireless download quality, this paper proposes a novel AP selection mechanism that selects an AP that contains the least interference level compared to others with different number of communicating devices and amount of traffic load. The proposed selection mechanism does not require any additional feedback from nearby devices or APs. Performance evaluation was done by using real mobile devices with open source platform called Android.

Increasing customer demand coupled with limitations in current fourth-generation (4G) wireless mobile networks and advances toward the next-generation wireless mobile network have all together created a need for us to look at what customers today expect from the upcoming fifth-generation (5G) network. This study was conducted among existing 4G users in the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Australia. The research was completed in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative part was accomplished by performing data collection and selection through surveys and data evaluation by structural equation modeling (SEM) using SMARTPLS.

In order to provide assessment of mobile phone user exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted in the close vicinity of a mobile device we have measured real life UMTS and LTE signals at mobile data turn on. The paper presents some preliminary results of mobile phone user exposure assessment at mobile data turn by making use of a non-standardized procedure that enables the calculus of the radiated signal energy and duty cycle. Our results sustain that higher user exposure is expected within the first minute after mobile data is switched on as higher duty cycles and more than a third of the total radiated energy is found in this time period, as compared to the total signal monitoring time. Authors expect increased exposure if other application services are launched within this time frame. Moreover, special attention should be paid to user exposure assessment in the case of active call services with mobile data turned on. Because SAR is currently the sole standardized metrics in dosimetry, the authors propose the use of the measured signal radiated energy as well as the calculated duty cycle as complementary indicators of user exposure to electromagnetic fields in order to provide a more comprehensive view on mobile phone radiation exposure.

Mobile edge computing is a provisioning solution to enable Augmented Reality (AR) applications on mobile devices. AR mobile applications have inherent collaborative properties in terms of data collection in the uplink, computing at the edge, and data delivery in the downlink. In this letter, these features are leveraged to propose a novel resource allocation approach over both communication and computation resources. The approach, implemented via Successive Convex Approximation (SCA), is seen to yield considerable gains in mobile energy consumption as compared to conventional independent offloading across users., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures. Submitted

It is expected that the incessant use of SBSs by indoor mobile users to achieve high data rate and high energy efficiency for their smart mobile devices will drive ultra dense deployment of SCNs within MCNs, specifically in future smart cities. However, SCN densification has a hard effect on the deterioration of the energy efficiency and QoS throughput of mobile users equipped with smart mobile devices like smartphones, laptops, PDAs, and tablets. This degradation is due to the severe cross-tier interferences occurring in ultra dense co-channel deployments of SCNs within MCNs. The present article intends to study the energy efficiency of mobile users for better battery life management of their smart mobile devices through minimal energy consumption during their uplink transmissions. The proposed solution, based on a fully decentralized algorithm for sharing time access executed by SBSs and multi-homing capabilities of macrocellular users, improves the energy efficiency of mobile users for better battery life, and keeps their QoS throughput requirements. Therefore, it leads to the eco-friendly smart mobile devices required in future smart cities. The results validate our proposed solution and show the improvement achieved compared to the conventional access control mechanisms. Furthermore, our scheme requires no coordination among SBSs and macro base stations, which reduces the huge signaling overhead when using cooperative schemes.

With the recent progress on mobile networking and devices, mobile social video sharing (MSVS) has emerged as one of the most important social media services. It enables mobile users to create ultra-short video clips and instantly share them with social friends. Due to the huge volume of videos and limited available bandwidth of wireless infrastructure, it is challenging to distribute these massive videos to mobile users with satisfactory quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we present a general framework to model the video diffusion among mobile users and user QoS of the MSVS service over the wireless infrastructure. Then, we utilize the hierarchical structure to decompose this problem into two subproblems, including a bitrate adjustment and spectrum allocation problems. For the bitrate adjustment problem, we propose a QoS estimation model based on the large deviation principle. By introducing a sliding window method to derive the online estimation, we develop an online bitrate adjustment strategy without relying on any prior knowledge of neither network environment nor video traffic. For the spectrum allocation problem, we prove that such a problem is a potential game. We devise a decentralized algorithm to find the Nash equilibrium, and analyze the convergence rate and the performance gap with the centralized optimization solution. Through extensive real trace driven simulations, we demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can guarantee smooth video playback with a higher PSNR.

The exponential increase of mobile traffic will continue to be a reality in the next years. To support it, some actions should be taken: the current frequency bands can be refarmed, the number of base stations can be increased, the technologies can evolve etc. Even with all of these, the spectrum in use will not be enough. Therefore, it will be necessary to allocate more spectrum, so the new expected traffic can properly flow. However, the spectrum is a scarce resource. Hence, from a spectrum management point of view, it is not suitable to allocate a huge amount of spectrum without planning. One question arises: how much spectrum is necessary to support all this new traffic that will emerge? This paper answers this question.

Mobile crowdsensing is a new paradigm, sharing sensing data collected by mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. As mobile devices are usually connected by an opportunistic network for data transfer, it is hard to acknowledge the contribution of each mobile user in network forwarding and find a sustainable incentive mechanism. In this article, we propose a software defined opportunistic network scheme for mobile crowdsensing. We design a centralized control structure to manage the opportunistic network and mobile crowdsensing. By the centralized structure, we also design an incentive mechanism for data forwarding and collection in a software defined opportunistic network and solve the optimal decision of mobile devices and the sensing service provider. From the extensive simulation results, our incentive mechanism performs better than original solutions.

In 2015, the international telecommunication union (ITU) proposed 11 candidate millimeter-wave bands between 24 and 86 GHz for the deployment of future fifth mobile generation (5G) broadband systems. Furthermore, the ITU called for spectrum-sharing studies in these bands. Since 5G specifications are not yet defined, the utilization of radio spectrum by 5G mobile systems will assist in identifying these specifications. This paper introduces Malaysia as a case study for the deployment of 5G systems. This includes a discussion of the current status of the Malaysian telecommunication market. Then, we investigate the current services that are already deployed in the proposed bands. Our investigation shows that the fixed (F) service is the most deployed as a primary service in the candidate bands. For this reason, a preliminary spectrum-sharing study is conducted on the basis of a modified 5G spectrum-sharing model to evaluate the feasibility of coexistence between 5G and F services in the 28-GHz band. Our modified methodology can be used for spectrum-sharing studies between 5G and any other services for an initial spectrum-sharing investigation. The results show that the F service will be severely affected by the 5G system transition in the 28-GHz band, especially in the base station (BS)-to-BS sharing scenario. The best band from the perspective of current spectrum allocation for 5G systems is the 45-GHz (i.e., 45.5–47 GHz) band, since it is already reserved for mobile service for primary allocation and not utilized. This paper is carried out concurrently with current worldwide efforts investigating spectrum sharing, as requested by the ITU in agenda item 1.13 for the next world radio conference 2019.

Increased demand of consumers on services in the mobile environment with high data rate and technologically developed mobile broadband communication systems will require more spectrum to be available in the future. The new technologies require frequencies for their development and usage. One of the main objectives of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems, known also as IMT-2020, is to increase the current data rates up to several gigabits per second (Gbit/s) with even more than 10 Gbit/s. One possibility is to consider the use of higher frequencies in order to increase the available bandwidth, which is necessary to achieve such data rates. Main idea of the research is to investigate the available International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) frequency bands and possible new one above 6GHz for possible identification worldwide and in Europe for IMT by the 2019 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-19). Main characteristics and requirements of IMT-2020 are also provided in this paper.

Mobile data traffic has been growing exponentially over the past few years. A report from Cisco shows that the mobile data traffic in 2014 grew 69 percent and was nearly 30 times the size of the entire global Internet in 2000 [item 1) in the Appendix]. One of the primary contributors to the explosive mobile traffic growth is the rapid proliferation of mobile social applications running on multimedia mobile devices (particularly smartphones). These sharp increases in mobile traffic (particularly from mobile social applications) are projected to continue in the foreseeable future. As mobile networks by and large are designed and deployed to meet people’s social needs, people’s behaviors and interactions in the social domain will shape their ways to access mobile services. Therefore, there is an urgent need to integrate social effects into the design of mobile networks.

Batteries of modern mobile devices remain severely limited in capacity, which makes energy consumption a key concern for mobile applications, particularly for the computation-intensive video applications. Mobile devices can save energy by offloading computation tasks to the cloud, yet the energy gain must exceed the additional communication cost for cloud migration to be beneficial. The situation is further complicated by real-time video applications that have stringent delay and bandwidth constraints. In this paper, we closely examine the performance and energy efficiency of representative mobile cloud applications under dynamic wireless network channels and state-of-the-art mobile platforms. We identify the unique challenges of and opportunities for offloading real-time video applications and develop a generic model for energy-efficient computation offloading accordingly in this context. We propose a scheduling algorithm that makes adaptive offloading decisions in fine granularity in dynamic wireless network conditions and verify its effectiveness through trace-driven simulations. We further present case studies with advanced mobile platforms and practical applications to demonstrate the superiority of our solution and the substantial gain of our approach over baseline approaches.

Different from conventional mobile networks designed to optimize the transmission efficiency of one particular service (e.g., streaming voice/ video) primarily, the industry and academia are reaching an agreement that 5G mobile networks are projected to sustain manifold wireless requirements, including higher mobility, higher data rates, and lower latency. For this purpose, 3GPP has launched the standardization activity for the first phase 5G system in Release 15 named New Radio (NR). To fully understand this crucial technology, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art development of NR, including deployment scenarios, numerologies, frame structure, new waveform, multiple access, initial/random access procedure, and enhanced carrier aggregation (CA) for resource requests and data transmissions. The provided insights thus facilitate knowledge of design and practice for further features of NR.

With the recent proliferation of powerful mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, data traffic on mobile networks is growing explosively. To cope with the challenges brought by the explosive growth of mobile traffic, mobile network operators tend to deploy and operate their own content distribution system within their existing network infrastructure. In this paper, we present a novel content distribution architecture called ISP-Controlled In-network Content Distribution (ICICD) to improve the content delivery performance in mobile network, which benefits from content request aggregation, hybrid cache decision mechanism, distributed load balancing, and seamless mobility support. Content request aggregation is used to decrease duplicate transmission. Hybrid cache decision mechanism enables the ICICD to cache content more efficiently. Distributed load balancing is able to ensure the overall performance and reliability of the content distribution architecture. Seamless mobility support function enables service continuity when mobile users move from one eNodeB to another. In this paper, we first give a detailed description about the key components of the ICICD architecture and then discuss a number of challenges in deploying the proposed ICICD architecture. Finally, simulation results are presented to show the performance and benefits of the proposed mobile content distribution architecture.

As the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Web of Things (WoT) are becoming a reality, their interconnection with mobile phone computing is increasing. Mobile phone integrated sensors offer advanced services, which when combined with Web-enabled real-world devices located near the mobile user (e.g., body area networks, radio-frequency identification tags, energy monitors, environmental sensors, etc.), have the potential of enhancing the overall user knowledge, perception and experience, encouraging more informed choices and better decisions. This paper serves as a survey of the most significant work performed in the area of mobile phone computing combined with the IoT/WoT. A selection of over 100 papers is presented, which constitute the most significant work in the field up to date, categorizing these papers into ten different domains, according to the area of application (i.e., health, sports, gaming, transportation, and agriculture), the nature of interaction (i.e., participatory sensing, eco-feedback, actuation, and control), or the communicating actors involved (i.e., things and people). Open issues and research challenges are identified, analyzed and discussed. © 2014 IEEE. 3 6 885 898 Cited By :3

The rapid growth in the energy consumption of mobile networks has become a major concern for mobile operators. Today’s mobile networks’ usage is dominated by over-the-top (OTT) applications, and operators are keen to determine the network energy consumed by these OTT applications. With a recent shift in user behavior toward a preference for instant messaging (IM) applications over conventional mobile services, operators are interested in exploring what impact OTT IM applications such as WeChat will have on the energy consumption of a network when compared with a corresponding conventional mobile service. Here, we present for the first time energy assessment models for mobile services based on real network and service measurements to address this need. Using WeChat as an OTT IM application example, our results show that WeChat consumes more network energy than conventional mobile services for both light users and heavy text users due to the network signaling energy overhead. In comparison, for heavy voice users, WeChat consumes less network energy since voice messages are first recorded and then sent in packet bursts. Our findings provide a quantitative analysis of the energy consumption of mobile services, which should be valuable for mobile operators and OTT application developers to improve the energy-efficiency of mobile applications and services.

In this paper, a novel two-layered low profile multiband frequency selective surface (FSS) design was performed. Two independent FR4 dielectric layers were used in the design, with a thickness of 1 mm, a relative dielectric constant of 4.54, and a loss tangent of 0.02. The proposed FSS unit cell consists of a square frame, dodecagonal rings and upright bars. The FSS is designed for preventing harmful effects to human health from electromagnetic waves in the 800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2600 MHz frequency bands, used for IMT Advanced mobile phone and internet access service global system for mobile communication (GSM), is also designed for the Department of Defense (DoD) ground-based, high-powered shipborne and airborne radar systems 3500–3650 MHz frequency bands, which is known as US245 at United States Federal Table and to prevent interference effects in these frequency bands. The proposed FSS has a very compact size with a cell size of 0.17λ and therefore has a low sensitivity to the angle of incident wave. ANSYS high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software was used for verification of the design.

It is expected that by the year 2020, video services will account for more than 70 percent of mobile traffic. It is worth noting that broadcasting is a mechanism that efficiently delivers the same content to many users, not only focusing on venue casting, but also distributing many other media such as software updates and breaking news. Although broadcasting services are available in LTE and LTE-A networks, new improvements are needed in some areas to handle the demands expected in the near future. In this article we review the actual situation and some of the techniques that will make the broadcast service more dynamic and scalable, meeting the demands of its evolution toward the next generation. Resource allocation techniques for broadcast/multicast services, integration with new waveforms in 5th generation mobile communications (5G), initiatives for spectrum sharing and aggregation, or the deployment of small cells placed together with the existing macro cells, are some enhancements that are examined in detail, providing directions for further development. With this evolution, 5G broadcasting will be a driver to achieve the spectral efficiency needed for the 1000 times traffic growth that is expected in upcoming years, leading to new applications in 5G networks that are specifically focused on mobile video services.

The advances in mobile technologies enable us to consume or even provide services through powerful mobile devices anytime and anywhere. Services running on mobile devices within limited range can be composed to coordinate together through wireless communication technologies and perform complex tasks. However, the mobility of users and devices in mobile environment imposes high risk on the execution of the tasks. This paper targets reducing this risk by constructing a dependable service composition after considering the mobility of both service requesters and providers. It first proposes a risk model and clarifies the risk of mobile service composition; and then proposes a service composition approach by modifying the simulated annealing algorithm. Our objective is to form a service composition by selecting mobile services under the mobility model and to ensure the service composition have the best quality of service and the lowest risk. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach can yield near-optimal solutions and has a nearly linear complexity with respect to a problem size.

The increasing demand of mobile applications creates challenges for mobile devices on energy consumption and data usage. As a solution, device-to-device communication can serve as a powerful paradigm in future cellular networks to enable local cooperation of mobile devices. By leveraging social awareness, users can share surplus communication and computation resources on their mobile devices to stimulate beneficial cooperation, which can cut down on energy consumption and data usage. In this article, we propose a joint task-data offloading framework for mobile devices that have insufficient energy budgets or data usage budgets. Based on the proposed framework, a mobile device association problem is formulated and solved by exploiting matching-based and game-theory-based schemes. Extensive numerical results show the effectiveness of the schemes for the proposed framework in the reduction of energy consumption and data usage.

In light of the rapid growth in mobile video traffic and demand for stable video viewing with higher video resolution, we introduce a novel transport protocol for content-centric networking (CCN), named Content Name-Based Mobile Real-Time Streaming (NMRTS). NMRTS utilizes "symbolic interest" for mobile users to receive real-time streaming without sending bursty requests, and the regular interests (which CCN generally uses) to recover lost packets during handover. NMRTS can support seamless handover by adjusting the symbolic interest lifetime and its transmission frequency according to network conditions. Through simulations, we demonstrate that NMRTS reduces the amount of both control message transmission and redundant data traffic, and minimizes data reception delay, compared with the general CCN.

This article presents an overview of recent 3GPP developments in the area of traffic steering that are shaping the road toward the approaching 5G systems. Due to the increasing availability of RAN features addressing mobile data delivery over a variety of spectrum access techniques, a new traffic steering design is required for the evolving LTE-Advanced Pro standard. LTE evolution toward 5G brings an opportunity to introduce a native and unified approach to the coordination of radio access mechanisms in multi-radio access technology networks for efficient data delivery in mobile networks. This leads to a design of a unified traffic steering framework, aiming at the orchestration of traffic steering related features for optimal radio resource utilization. Load-based radio access network coordination is presented and accompanied by illustrative examples to visualize how the multitude of LTE-Advanced Pro features can be handled in a holistic manner. Based on the proposed solution, potential evolution directions of mobile networks are discussed as an initial step toward the standardization of 5G.

The concept of NFV appears to be a promising direction to save cellular network service providers from endlessly increasing capital investment, given the fast evolving mobile broadband communication techniques and unprecedented consumer demand for quality of service and quality of experience in mobile access. Meanwhile, given the deployment of NFV, the virtualized network functions and the physical hardware resources are still vulnerable to natural disasters and malicious attacks. We present in this article the first framework for reliability evaluation of NFV deployment and specific algorithms to efficiently determine the key set of physical or logical nodes there.

Today's 4G LTE systems bring unprecedented mobile broadband performance to over a billion of users across the globe. Recently, work on a 5G mobile communication system has begun, and next to a new 5G air interface, LTE will be an essential component. The evolution of LTE will therefore strive to meet 5G requirements and to address 5G use cases. In this article, we provide an overview of foreseen key technology areas and components for LTE Release 14, including latency reductions, enhancements for machine-type communication, operation in unlicensed spectrum, massive multi-antenna systems, broadcasting, positioning, and support for intelligent transportation systems.

Initial developments of cellular networks were intended for voice only applications. Later the need to support several applications and services lead to the evolution of mobile technology. In order to meet the growing user demands and high data rate requirements the fourth generation of mobile communication has adopted a standard called LTE. LTE provides high data rates, flexible bandwidth usage and low latency in networks. Scheduling is a feature employed at the eNodeB to allocate user equipments with available resources in the most efficient way. A scheduling scheme for video transmission is proposed in the downlink. A decision index is introduced in the algorithm which considers the status of the transmission queue and the quality of the channel connecting the eNodeB and the intended user equipment. Higher decision indexed valued user data is scheduled first. Index Terms: 4G, LTE, Video Codec, H.264, Resource Block, Channel Quality, CQI, Scheduling. I. Introduction Individuals exchange information between them through the process of communication. Communication can be done by any means such as gestures, vocabulary, written scripts and wired or wireless means. Nowadays wireless communication systems play a vital role in revolutionizing the means of information exchange. Mobile Communication categorically falls into the division of wireless communication. It is now one of the fastest means for conveying information between individuals. Mobile technology has evolved from the usage of analog devices to the digital counter parts. From first generation (1G) of mobile communication to the forthcoming fifth generation (5G) the difference in communication speed and bandwidth flexibility is clearly visible. Amplitude and frequency modulation techniques employed in the zeroth generation of mobile technology gave only a handful of channels for communication. Analog devices were designed for voice only applications in 1G which gave only low capacity voice channels. Later with digital techniques and multiple access schemes 2G provided unlimited access to limited channels. Wider range of applications such as voice telephony, video call, mobile TV, GPS (Global Positioning System) and video conferencing were supported by the third generation (3G) of mobile communications. However with the advent of newer technologies and a hike in user demands, the need for next generation of mobile technology became inevitable. Thus the evolution of fourth generation mobile technology occurred. 4G is clearly an improvement from its pre-existing technologies in terms of spectral efficiency, data rates and network capacity. LTE is the wireless standard adopted by the fourth generation of mobile technology. The adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) schemes, MIMO antenna technique and multicarrier modulation schemes such as OFDM jointly contributes to the high achievable data rates and spectral efficiency (3). In LTE systems, scheduling and resource allocation are the two important features adopted to ensure user satisfaction as well as efficient utilization of the available spectrum. Scheduling ensures the proper transmission and reception of the most urgent user data in the queue. Assignment of radio resources to users based on their quality of service (QoS) requirements and quality of the communication links is the main function of the scheduling and resource allocation processes.

As wireless communication evolves toward 5G, both fixed broadband and mobile broadband will play a crucial part in providing the gigabit-per-second infrastructure for a connected society. This article proposes an MGB system as the solution to two critical problems in this evolution: last-mile access for fixed broadband and small cell backhaul for mobile broadband. The key idea is to use spectrum that is already available in the millimeter-wave bands for fixed wireless access with optimized dynamic beamforming and massive MIMO infrastructure to achieve high capacity with wide area coverage. This article explains the MGB concept and describes potential array architectures for realizing the system. Simulations demonstrate that with 500 MHz of bandwidth (at 39 GHz band) and 28 dBm transmission power (55 dBm EIRP), it is possible to provide more than 11 Gb/s backhaul capacity for 96 small cells within a 1 km radius.

The recent dramatic advances in information and communication technologies have yielded new environments. However, adoption still differs area by area. To realize the future broadband environment that everyone can enjoy everywhere, several technical issues have to be resolved before network penetration becomes ubiquitous. One such key is the use of fiber optics for the home and mobile services. This article overviews initial observations drawn from numerical survey data gathered over the last decade in several countries/regions, and gives some example scenarios for network/service evolution. One result implies that implementing new/future services must consider the gross domestic product impact.

Big data stream mobile computing is proposed as a paradigm that relies on the convergence of broadband Internet mobile networking and real-time mobile cloud computing. It aims at fostering the rise of novel self-configuring integrated computing-communication platforms for enabling in real time the offloading and processing of big data streams acquired by resource-limited mobile/wireless devices. This position article formalizes this paradigm, discusses its most significant application opportunities, and outlines the major challenges in performing real-time energy-efficient management of the distributed resources available at both mobile devices and Internet-connected data centers. The performance analysis of a small-scale prototype is also included in order to provide insight into the energy vs. performance tradeoff that is achievable through the optimized design of the resource management modules. Performance comparisons with some state-of-the-art resource managers corroborate the discussion. Hints for future research directions conclude the article.