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De grootste barrière voor digitalisering is het gebrek aan resources voor het uitvoeren van digitaliseringsprojecten. Om dit te managen implementeren organisaties IT-project portfoliomanagement (ITPPM). Een gat in de literatuur is de integrale beoordeling van een IT-project portfolio (ITTP), waarmee organisatie ITPPs kunnen evalueren en verbeteren. In dit onderzoek is een integrale ITPP-beoordelingsmethodiek aangepast. Een groep studenten heeft voor deelontwerpen verbetervoorstellen uitgewerkt op basis van voorafgaande evaluaties en literatuuronderzoek. Het deelontwerp binnen dit onderzoek was het opstellen en prioriteren van verbetermaatregelen. Middels twee ontwerpsessies onder leiding van een moderator zijn de deelontwerpen verwerkt tot een nieuw ontwerp van het procesmodel en de ondersteunende tooling. Validatie van het nieuwe ontwerp vond plaats binnen een caseorganisatie via observatie en evaluatie interviews. ITPP-professionals van de caseorganisatie in dit onderzoek beoordelen de ontwikkelde ITPP-beoordelingsmethodiek inclusief de tooling als nuttig en gebruiksvriendelijk. Vervolgonderzoek is nodig om de lange termijneffecten te bepalen van de methodiek en de generaliseerbaarheid van de resultaten in andere organisatiecontexten te onderbouwen.

Dit is de eerste Klimaat- en Energieverkenning (KEV), die, zoals in de Klimaatwet is vastgelegd, inzicht geeft in de ontwikkelingen van de uitstoot van Nederlandse broeikasgassen in het verleden en tot 2030. Daarbij schetst de KEV een integraal beeld van de ontwikkelingen in de energievoorziening en het energieverbruik, maar ook van andere activiteiten die tot broeikasgasemissies leiden. De KEV bouwt voort op eerdere Nationale Energieverkenningen (NEV) en zal in de komende jaren verder ontwikkeld worden. De KEV is geen beleidsevaluatie en gaat niet in op de vraag of beleid doelmatig of kosteneffectief is.

Uit recent onderzoek onder beeldschermwerkers met rsi-klachten die door blijven werken, blijkt dat deze beroepsziekte een kostbare verzuimfactor is voor organisaties. In het ergste geval vallen werknemers hierdoor in het ziekteverzuim, in het gunstigste geval leidt het tot productieverlies bij mensen die doormodderen met rsi. Het advies in deze korte bijdrage is dan ook dat P&O er goed aan doet preventief beleid te ontwikkelen om productieverlies te verminderen.

In this thesis the association was examined between the duration of computer use at work and the onset of arm-wrist-hand and neck-shoulder symptoms. A prospective cohort study among 1951 office workers was performed with a follow-up period of 2 years. Outcome was assessed every three months by questionnaire. Cases were identified based on the transition within 3 months of no, irregular or "minor" symptoms to regular or prolonged symptoms accompanied with a pain intensity exceeding 6 on a Von Korff scale 20 for worst symptoms or medication use to control symptoms. The results showed that self-reported exposure data were positively associated with the onset of both neck-shoulder and arm-wrist-hand symptoms. Registered exposure data were not associated with the outcomes. In conclusion, the findings of this prospective cohort study challenges the existence of a causal link between the duration of computer use at work and the onset of arm-wrist-hand and neck-shoulder symptoms, based on the absence of an association between the registered duration of computer use at work and the onset of arm-wrist-hand and neck-shoulder symptoms. The positive association between the self-reported duration of computer use at work and the onset of arm-wrist-hand and neck-shoulder symptoms could not be explained satisfactory.

Congresbijdragen. Sixth International Scientific Conference on Prevention of Work-Related Musculosketal Disorders (PREMUS) Boston, USA, 27-30 august 2007.

Introduction: The objective of the present study is to describe the extent of productivity loss among computer workers with neck/shoulder symptoms and hand/arm symptoms, and to examine associations between pain intensity, various physical and psychosocial factors and productivity loss in computer workers with neck/shoulder and hand/arm symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. The study population consisted of 654 computer workers with neck/shoulder or hand/arm symptoms from five different companies. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the occurrence of self-reported productivity loss. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations. Results: In 26% of all the cases reporting symptoms, productivity loss was involved, the most often in cases reporting both symptoms (36%). Productivity loss involved sickness absence in 11% of the arm/hand cases, 32% of the neck/shoulder cases and 43% of the cases reporting both symptoms. The multivariate analyses showed statistically significant odds ratios for pain intensity (OR: 1.26; CI: 1.12-1.41), for high effort/no low reward (OR: 2.26; CI: 1.24-4.12), for high effort/low reward (OR: 1.95; CI: 1.09-3.50), and for low job satisfaction (OR: 3.10; CI: 1.44-6.67). Physical activity in leisure time, full-time work and overcommitment were not associated with productivity loss. Conclusion: In most computer workers with neck/shoulder symptoms or hand/arm symptoms productivity loss derives from a decreased performance at work and not from sickness absence. Favorable psychosocial work characteristics might prevent productivity loss in symptomatic workers. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Background: This article describes the background and study design of the PROMO study (Prospective Research on Musculoskeletal disorders in Office workers). Few longitudinal studies have been performed to investigate the risk factors responsible for the incidence of hand, arm, shoulder and neck symptoms among office workers, given the observation that a large group of office workers might be at risk worldwide. Therefore, the PROMO study was designed. The main aim is to quantify the contribution of exposure to occupational computer use to the incidence of hand, arm, shoulder and neck symptoms. The results of this study might lead to more effective and/or cost-efficient preventive interventions among office workers. Methods/Design: A prospective cohort study is conducted, with a follow-up of 24 months. In total, 1821 participants filled out the first questionnaire (response rate of 74%). Data on exposure and outcome is collected using web-based self-reports. Outcome assessment takes place every three months during the follow-up period. Data on computer use are collected at baseline and continuously during follow-up using a software program. Discussion: The advantages of the PROMO study include the long follow-up period, the repeated measurement of both exposure and outcome, and the objective measurement of the duration of computer use. In the PROMO study, hypotheses stemming from lab-based and field-based research will be investigated. © 2006 IJmker et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Worldwide, millions of office workers use a computer. This systematic review sum marizes the evidence for a relation between the duration of computer use and the incidence of hand-arm and neck- shoulder symptoms and disorders. The strength of the evidence was based on methodological quality and consistency of the results. Nine articles based on longitudinal studies were identified, of which six were rated as high quali ty. Moderate evidence was concl uded for a positive association between the duration of mouse use and hand-arm symptoms. For this association, indications for a dose-response relationship were found. Risk estimates were generally stronger for the hand-arm region than for the neck-shoulder region, and stronger for mouse use than for total computer use and keyboard use. A pathophysiological model focussing on the overuse of muscles during computer use supports these differences. Future studies could improve our understanding of safe levels of computer use by measuring the duration of computer use in a more objective way, differentiating between total computer use, mouse use and keyboard use, and by collecting data on disability resulting from symptoms. Efforts targeted on the reduction of the duration of mouse use might be a promisi ng option in the prevention of hand-arm symptoms among office workers.

Work related neck and upper limb symptoms have a multi-factorial origin. Possible risk factors are of a physical, psychosocial or personal origin. These factors can reinforce each other and their influence can also be mediated by cultural or societal factors. Initially, most research on neck and upper limb symptoms focused on work-related physical exposure. Nowadays, psychosocial work characteristics are recognized as important risk factors. Various models have been developed to offer frameworks for possible pathways, but their empirical support is still not conclusive. In part I of this paper an overview is presented of the results of recent epidemiological studies on work related psychosocial and personal risk factors for neck and upper limb symptoms. In addition, the interplay between these factors and the possible intermediate role of an individuals work style in this process is explored. In contrast to previous reviews, it is now possible to base the conclusions on the effect of work related psychosocial factors on neck and upper limb symptoms on quite a few longitudinal studies. These studies show that high work demands or little control at work are often related to these symptoms. However, this relationship is neither very strong nor very specific. Perceived stress is studied in not as many studies but more consistently related to neck and upper limb symptoms. This also applies to general distress or other pain (co-morbidity). Job dissatisfaction does not contribute to neck and upper limb symptoms. Too little research on personal characteristics is available to draw any conclusions. It is plausible that behavioural aspects, such as work style, are of importance in the etiology of work related upper limb symptoms. However, studies concerning these factors are promising but too scarce to draw conclusions. Future studies should address these behavioural aspects. In part II, the recent studies on the effectiveness of preventive measures for work related neck and upper limb problems are discussed. Few randomised or non randomised controlled trials have been carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of individual or organisational interventions to improve work related psychosocial factors. Very few have reported on the preventive effect for work related neck and upper limb symptoms. Therefore, there is a great need for additional high quality trials before any conclusions on effectiveness of bio-behavioural interventions for reduction of neck and upper limb problems and return to work after these symptoms can be made. From the low back pain intervention research can be learned that interventions should best be targeted to both the worker and the organisation and that interventions will only be successful when all stakeholders are involved. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the reliability and validity of self-reported duration of computer and mouse use at work. Data of the PROMO project were used, in which an internet questionnaire was administered in about 2000 computer workers. Questions were asked on risk factors in computer work, such as ergonomic and psychosocial factors. Duration of computer use and mouse use at work was reported in 7 categories. To investigate reliability, questionnaires were administered twice, with an intervening period of two weeks. To investigate validity, exposure to computer use was measured using the software program WorkPace (Niche Software Ltd/ErgoDirect) as a gold standard. Test-retest reliability of the self-reported question on the duration of computer use was high: kappa was 0.85 for computer use and 0.75 for mouse use. Regarding validity, the mean computer use durations measured by the software program statistically significantly increased with increasing categories of self-reported computer use. However, standard deviations within a single report category were large. After categorising the software data into categories that were comparable with the self-reported data, kappas were below 0.10. Workers tended to overestimate the duration of computer use with 2.5 hours per day, but this overestimation did not occur systematically. We conclude that the test-retest reliability of the question on duration of computer use was satisfactory, but that the validity was low. It is recommended to use objective ways of exposure assessment, such as software programs, to estimate the duration of computer use.

Questionnaires are widely used to assess for non-neutral work postures in order to prevent upper extremity disorders among office workers. From previous research we know that the agreement between questionnaires and objective measurements for assessi ng work postures and workstation characteristics among office workers is low. One of the recommendations of previous research was to add pictures to increase clarity. Hence, we developed a web-based questionnaire in which pictures were added. Questionnaire items concerned both work postures and workstation characteristics. We investigated test-retest reliability and agreement with observations and measurements with a manual goniometer. The study population consisted of 84 office workers of a research department. Questionnaire items regarding workstation characteristics showed sufficient test-retest reliability and agreement with observation. Questions regarding work postures showed poor agreement with the observations. None of the questions showed good agreement with the manual goniometer measurements. The conclusion of this study is that our questionnaire cannot validly measure work postures, despite the added pictures. Efforts should be directed to objective measurements if one wants to validly measure work postures among office workers.