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This article provides a framework for estimating intergenerational mobility elasticities (IGEs) of children’s income with respect to parental income. We allow the IGEs to be heterogeneous, by leavi...

This paper details the efforts made by Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), under their Japan–India collaborative projects, to promote low carbon technologies (LCT) among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. The empirical evidence gathered during the projects show that three key barriers hinder faster adoption of Japanese LCT among the Indian SMEs: (i) information and knowledge gaps; (ii) networking and communication challenges; (iii) higher cost of the LCT. To bring stakeholders from the two countries together, a multi-stakeholder platform called Japan–India Technology Matchmaking Platform (JITMAP) was developed. The paper outlines how JITMAP, through its online information sharing and on the ground activities, is addressing some of the barriers by promoting awareness enhancement, arrangement of business meetings, study on LCT application (feasibility studies), access to financial schemes, and arrangement of policy and regulatory discussions. There is ample scope to scale-up the JITMAP activities and replicate it as a model for LCT cooperation between other developed and developing countries.

Estimates of economic persistence and mobility in the United States, as measured by the intergenerational elasticity (IGE), cover a very wide range. Nevertheless, careful analyses of the evidence suggested until recently that as much as half, and possibly more, of economic advantages are passed on from parents to children. This 'dominant hypothesis' was seriously challenged by the first-ever study of family-income mobility based on tax data (Chetty et al. 2014), which provided estimates of family-income IGEs indicating that only one-third of economic advantages are transmitted across generations and claimed that previous highly influential IGE estimates were upward biased. Using a different tax-based data set, this article provides estimates of family-income IGEs that strongly support the dominant hypothesis. The article also carries out a one-to-one comparison between IGEs estimated with the two tax-based data sets and shows that Chetty et al.'s estimates were driven downward by a combination of attenuation, life-cycle, selection, and functional-form biases. Lastly, the article determines the exact relationship between parental income inequality, economic persistence, and inequality of opportunity for income. This leads to the conclusion that, in the United States, at least half of income inequality among parents is transformed into inequality of opportunity among their children.

The rise of new technologies has led to a growth in the number of 3D models. They can come from various source, hence they are heterogeneous and complex. The level of 3D data access is often a function of the user’s expertise since the 3D data are often registered to different file formats. Some file formats do not show the data tree, as IGES. For using information inside a 3D model, that does not show a data tree, each company adopts his own system that will allow him to access easily to 3D model in order to exploit the hidden knowledge within the models. In this article, we are going to speak about technologies that helps user to exploit and knowledge coming from different file formats. In addition, we are going to present a system named VAQUERO that uses ontology to access, store and share knowledge coming from 3D models.

The electric CO2 water source heat pumps (EHP) generate hot water and cold water simultaneously using the trans-critical cycle of the natural refrigerant CO2. Since their introduction in 2001, EHP were regarded as the next generation of low carbon technologies. The results from piloting EHP at two diary plants, one in Anand, Gujarat and other in Chandigarh, Punjab in India, by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) revealed that a potential of 30-50% primary energy saving is possible depending upon the unit level existing scenario. Consequently, a potential CO2 emission reduction up to 180 tons/year. On impact analysis of installing EHP of similar capacity at fifty (50) dairy plants in both the states of Gujarat and Punjab, the authors found that the replications could result in equivalent primary energy saving of 952 toe/year, and a reduction in CO2 emissions of 3,128 ton/year. EHP are ideal not only for dairy industries but also for applications that require both hot water and cold water regularly; therefore, significant potential exists for implementing them in the Indian Industrial sector. To tap such potential, the authors call for addressing three types of barriers which were observed: 1) High initial investment cost; 2) Lack of awareness about EHP, and 3) Limited technical capacity on how to operate and maintain EHP. To overcome the financial barriers, the authors recommend the use of existing financial schemes, including the financing under the credit scheme initiated by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Small Industries Development Bank in India (SIDBI). To overcome the lack of awareness and to develop the technical capacities regarding EHP, the authors recommend the use of the Japan-India Technology Matchmaking Platform, which was initiated to promote Japanese Low carbon technologies in India.

This paper develops and estimates a two-factor model of intergenerational skill transmission when earnings inequality reflects differences in individual skills and other non-skill shocks. We consider heterogeneity in both initial skills and skill growth rates, allowing variation in skill growth to change over the lifecycle. Using administrative tax data on two linked generations of Canadians covering 37 years, we exploit covariances in log earnings (at different ages) both across and within generations to identify and estimate the intergenerational correlation structure for initial skills and skill growth rates, lifecycle skill growth profiles, and the dynamics of non-skill earnings shocks. We estimate low intergenerational elasticities (IGEs) for earnings in Canada (less than 0.2, even when based on 5- and 9-year average earnings); however, skill IGEs are typically 2-3 times larger due to considerable (and persistent) variation in earnings conditional on skills. Both earnings and skill IGEs decline substantially for more recent cohorts and are lower for children born to younger fathers. We estimate significant heterogeneity in both initial skills and skill growth rates, showing that intergenerational transmission of these factors explains up to 40% of children's skill variation. Skills become a more important determinant of earnings over the first part of workers' careers, while intergenerational transmission of skills becomes less important with age. Although "inherited" initial skills (compared to skill growth) are a more important determinant of children's skills throughout their lives, parents' initial skills and skill growth rates are equally important determinants of children's skills, largely because both strongly influence children's initial skills. Finally, we study intergenerational mobility for the 35 largest cities in Canada, determining the extent to which considerable differences in earnings and skill IGEs vary with the extent of local heterogeneity in parental skills vs. earnings instability.

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is considered one of the serious environmental issues in the Philippines, with corresponding linkages to the climate change and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, methane (CH4) linked with indiscriminate dumping of municipal solid waste has received the much attention with regard to public health and climate change. The impacts of black carbon (BC) are less documented and understood. This paper aims to review the status of MSWM in the Philippines and makes efforts to assess the scale of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), including both CH4, and BC, associated with the country’s waste sector. Utilising available national level data and following a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach, the paper offers preliminary projections of SLCP emissions resulting from present MSWM practices. In addition, it examines model mitigation scenarios based on priority actions identified within the country’s national policy on waste management, Republic Act 2003 (RA 9003). Data analysis was conducted using an Emission Quantification Tool (EQT) developed by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) through its work under the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) – Municipal Solid Waste Initiative (MSWI). Following a summary of key findings, the paper affirms that control of methane from disposal practices and of BC from waste collection and open burning requires urgent attention in the Philippines. Continued awareness raising, institutionalising regulatory policies on SLCPs, and further enhancing data collection and capacity building on waste-related BC emissions remain key priorities for the country.

The expression of aggression depends not only on the direct genetic effects (DGEs) of an individual's genes on its own behavior, but also on indirect genetic effects (IGEs) caused by heritable phenotypes expressed by social partners. IGEs can affect the amount of heritable variance on which selection can act. Despite the important roles of IGEs in the evolutionary process, it remains largely unknown whether the strength of IGEs varies across life stages or competitive regimes. Based on manipulations of nymphal densities and > 3000 pair-wise aggression tests across multiple life stages, we experimentally demonstrate that IGEs on aggression are stronger in field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) that develop at lower densities than in those that develop at higher densities, and that these effects persist with age. The existence of density-dependent IGEs implies that social interactions strongly determine the plastic expression of aggression when competition for resources is relaxed. A more competitive (higher density) rearing environment may fail to provide crickets with sufficient resources to develop social cognition required for strong IGEs. The contribution of IGEs to evolutionary responses was greater at lower densities. Our study thereby demonstrates the importance of considering IGEs in density-dependent ecological and evolutionary processes.

Günümüzde, tasarım ve imalat işlerinde bilgisayar destekli sistemler yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dünyada, bu amaçla geliştirilmiş farklı özelliklere sahip birçok BDT ve BDİ programları bulunmaktadır. BDT ve BDİ programlarının birbirleri arasında veri alışverişinin yapılabilmesinde ise ortak dosya formatları geliştirilmiştir. Fakat yapılan veri alışverişlerinde ise kayıplar meydana gelebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bir BDT programında elde edilen bir modelin, herhangi bir analiz için başka bir BDT kullanılması durumunda elde edilecek olan sonuçlar üzerinde etkili olacağı düşünülmüştür. Bu amaçla, yaygın kullanıma sahip bir BDT programında krank-biyel mekanizması tasarlanmıştır. Krank-biyel mekanizmasında kullanılan parçalar katı olarak modellenmiştir. Modellenen parçalar, IGES, STEP ve SLDPRT dosya formatlarında kaydedilmiştir. 3 farklı format için ayrı ayrı montajlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen krank-biyel mekanizmaları üzerinde hareket analizleri yapılmış ve sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, SLDPRT, STEP ve IGES dosya formatlarında kaydedilen mekanizmalara ait veriler arasında farklılıkların bulunduğunu göstermiştir., Today, computer-aided systems are widely used in design and manufacturing. There are many CAD and CAM programs in the world with different features developed for this purpose. Common file formats are developed in order to make data exchange between CAD and CAM programs. However, losses can occur in data exchange. In this study, it was thought that a 3D model obtained in a CAD program would have an effect on the results obtained if another CAD was used for any analysis. For this purpose, a crank-rod mechanism is designed as a 3D in a common CAD program. The parts used in the crank-rod mechanism are modeled as solid. The parts were save in IGES, STEP and SLDPRT common file formats. Assemblies were realized separately for 3 different CAD formats. The motion analysis was performed on the crank-rod mechanisms and the results were compared. The results of the analysis showed that there were differences between SLDPRT, STEP and IGES data of the crank-rod mechanisms.

Compressed air systems account for 5–35% of electricity use among the Indian manufacturing sector. It shares a significant portion of the production cost, but its energy-efficiency measures are not widely applied in India yet. From 2011 to 2018, the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) jointly conducted 30 preliminary energy audits at different sectors including textiles, pharmaceuticals, automobiles, auto components, casting, and forging to promote energy efficiency of compressed air systems. Through this, it was found that there is a vast scope for energy savings by adopting better operating and maintenance practices, such as leakage prevention, pressure adjustment, air controls, improving ventilation, and installing appropriate compressors. Based on these findings, most of the audited companies incorporated the recommended operating and maintenance practices, and some installed new compressors. Information on energy efficiency is widely available in India; however, it was observed that companies, particularly small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) had limited knowledge about it. To address this gap, authors carried out preliminary energy audits, organised awareness workshops, and trained energy personnel. This paper analyses the effect of these interventions and recommends actions to adopt a packaged approach to promote energy efficiency of the compressed air system in a more comprehensive manner.

The Western Visayas region is at the heart of the Philippine archipelago. It consists of three main islands, Panay, Guimaras, and Negros. Because of the region's geographic make-up, an efficient inter-island transport system is necessary to ensure the continuous flow of goods, services, and people. In order to aid the region in continuously becoming a significant contributor to the economy, the Panay-Guimaras-Negros (PGN) inter-island bridge project is proposed. The proposed project intends to connect the three main islands via inter-island bridges that span approximately 23 km. The bridge will connect the main urban centers of the region, Iloilo City in Panay Island and Bacolod City in Negros Island. This study looks into the proposed PGN project and current condition of the inter-island travel in the region. Specifically, this study will employ the co-benefit approach as suggested by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) on the proposed PGN project. Results of this study are beneficial for the preliminary evaluation of the project. The various benefits and savings from travel time, vehicle operating cost, and air emissions are quantified and converted to monetary terms through this method. The result of this study can provide input in the initial assessment of the project before the full cost-benefit analysis is employed.

This study estimates how carbon price affects diffusion of low carbon technologies using data collected from 60 iron & steel companies in China. The analysis indicates that the industry is familiar with related key energy saving and low carbon technologies and has made much progress in energy saving, but efforts in carbon management need improving. An average payback time threshold of 4.1 years was found as regards decision in invest in technology. The three target technologies were adopted by companies to different extents. Carbon emissions pricing was found to be ineffective in promoting the scale-up or further adoption of economically advantageous technologies such as dry top pressure recovery turbine (Dry TRT) and energy management centre (EMC) technology. A moderate carbon price for sintering waste heat recovery power generation (Sintering WHR), which has adoption potential in China's iron & steel industry, may generate comparatively significant effects for diffusion. This research sheds light on how diffusion of low carbon technologies would be affected and the consequences thereof on climate policy development for the target sector in China.

Developing countries must submit forest reference emission levels (FRELs) to the UNFCCC to receive incentives for REDD+ activities (e.g. reducing emissions from deforestation/forest degradation, sustainable management of forests, forest carbon stock conservation/enhancement). These FRELs are generated based on historical CO2 emissions in the land use, land use change, and forestry sector, and are derived using remote sensing (RS) data and in-situ forest carbon measurements. Since the quality of the historical emissions estimates is affected by the quality and quantity of the RS data used, in this study we calculated five metrics (i-v below) to assess the quality and quantity of the data that has been used thus far. Countries could focus on improving on one or more of these metrics for the submission of future FRELs. Some of our main findings were: (i) the median percentage of each country mapped was 100%, (ii) the median historical timeframe for which RS data was used was 11.5 years, (iii) the median interval of forest map updates was 4.5 years, (iv) the median spatial resolution of the RS data was 30m, and (v) the median number of REDD+ activities that RS data was used for operational monitoring of was 1 (typically deforestation). Many new sources of RS data have become available in recent years, so complementary or alternative RS data sets for generating future FRELs can potentially be identified based on our findings; e.g. alternative RS data sets could be considered if they have similar or higher quality/quantity than the currently-used data sets.

Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies seem to be an option to tackle the growing waste management problems in developing Asia. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the environmental and economic attributes of two major WtE technologies: landfill gas to energy (LFG-to-energy) and incineration in Thai cities. Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, net fossil resource consumption and net life-cycle cost (LCC) were used as the basic indicators for measuring performance of these two technologies from a life cycle perspective. The assessment found that at the current efficiency level, both the LFG-to-energy project and the incineration facility contribute to GHG mitigation and fossil resource savings as compared to the Business as Usual (BAU) practice. However, the financial returns from these operations are very low and insufficient to compensate the costs. The paper argues that substantial improvements of WtE plants can be made by adopting proper management practices, enhancing the efficiencies of energy production. Such upgrading would further reduce GHG emissions, increase fossil resource savings and strengthen the financial performance to the benefit of local governments. The authors recognize the potential of incorporating other treatment options along with WtE technologies, for moving towards more sustainable waste management approaches like integrated waste management systems.

We estimate the intergenerational elasticity (IGE) of income for the Netherlands using complete population data for around 177,000 28-year olds. We find that IGEs are much lower when actual individual income data are used rather than proxies or aggregates for income. Though low, daughters’ IGEs are higher than sons’ indicating lower income mobility for women.

The transfer of CAD data among different CAD systems or subsequent downstream analysis applications is critically important to the acceleration of the product development cycle. Since each vendor has its own proprietary native file format, this transfer of data among differing systems is difficult at best. A proposed solution to the transfer problem was the development of agreed upon standard neutral file formats, such as IGES or STEP. However, each vendor writes its own "flavor" of IGES and STEP files that other applications may not understand. The research presented in this dissertation bridges a gap between these systems by taking a native IGES or STEP file and either repairing the data or adding missing information so that a downstream application can properly interpret the model. This ensures that the receiving system gets a full and accurate NURB S-based representation: the original surfaces, the corresponding full complement of model space trim curves, and the corresponding full complement of parameter space trim curves. With all the information present, the receiving system can select the needed pieces to reconstruct the model.

Computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)/computer-aided engineering (CAE) integration offers designers, analysts, and manufacturers the opportunity to share data efficiently throughout the product development process. CAM for NC programing and tool design integrated with solid model data from CAD systems represents a large portion of the CAD/CAM/CAE domain. Sustained integration whereby successive changes to a CAD model are reintegrated with downstream applications is considered the most advanced and useful integration. Sustained integration is typically maintained when working in a homogeneous CAD/CAM environment. However, when working with applications that do not share a common environment (i.e., heterogeneous integration), sustained integration fails, and this lack of sustained integration can result in a loss of detailed information as a design progresses through the engineering design process. In the current paper, the authors discuss and demonstrate a novel approach to achieve sustained integration when working in heterogeneous CAD/CAM environments. After providing basic background information to establish a context, then discussing state-of-the-art and emerging solutions, the paper discusses virtual persistent identifiers as described via design change vectors (VPI/DCV). A series of three case studies shows sustained integration based on neutral formats like STEP working as well as that observed in homogeneous environments. This novel approach demonstrates success as a generic solution using common export formats from the current CAD systems and avoids the need to establish any new standards to achieve sustained integration. The paper finishes with a summary of observations learned from these case studies along with possible future research topics.

The article deals with the problems of integration of modern CAD systems in production engineering systems. The solution offers automated system of choosing the optimal structure strategy, which has the lowest rate of loss of information during its migration between different CAD systems. The problem of the integration of modern CAD systems, which exists due to the presence of large amounts of diverse data formats, such as: STEP, Parasolid, ACIS, IGES, STL, etc. In order to with great confidence to predict the possible loss of information when converting and then. exchange of data between the formats you need the opinion of an expert in this field. This technology makes product design more efficient by automating processes that were once manual, such as traditional drafting. With 3D CAD, designers can also do solid modeling, creating three-dimensional representations of their products.

Existing research on business participation in voluntary environmental programs emphasizes a variety of explanations, including regulatory pressure and incentives, market pressure, self-regulation, and firm size. However, most of this literature focuses on cases from North America and Europe. The contribution of this research is to examine how well this literature applies to a different geographical region and policy context by examining the case of Japan's recent policy mix to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds following revisions to Japan's Air Pollution Control Law. The scientific and policy significance of this case includes a high level of private sector voluntary participation and a sizable reduction in volatile organic compound emissions (44.1 percent). Moreover, the case is related to the major global air pollution priorities of particulate matter and ozone, since volatile organic compounds are important precursors of these two secondary pollutants. This was also the first case in Japan's environmental policy to use a combination of regulatory and voluntary approaches. This study draws upon records of official policy discussions, data related to relevant industry associations, and other primary source documents to test hypotheses on participation in voluntary programs for two relatively large emitting industries with high emission capture rates in Japan: the chemical and printing industries. The results indicate that explanations for the participation of Japanese firms are largely consistent with arguments based on North American and European cases regarding regulatory pressure and incentives, market pressure, and self-regulation, but only partially consistent regarding the role of firm size. The analysis shows that there were similarities and differences in the factors influencing the participation of the two industries which were partly related to industrial associations and industrial structure. In addition, the results highlight the importance of two points which are less emphasized by existing literature, the business-government bargaining process, and how to maintain the credibility of regulatory threats and avoid regulatory capture. Several policy implications for the design of voluntary approaches are presented.

In developing Asia, policies and legislations to promote reduce, reuse and recycling (3Rs) of waste have gained much traction over the last 10 years. Henceforth, the focus of governmental efforts on the 3Rs will be on improving the policy implementation and managing the policy progress. To meet these ends, it is essential to set clear policy targets and review them regularly with a set of policy and performance indicators. Experiences from various Asian countries show different types and approaches taken toward developing these 3R indicators. To bring the 3R performance indicators to a standardized and comparable level among the member countries, the 5th Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific has proposed nine indicators. These indicators are recommended to consider the linkages with resource efficiency and the green economy, rather than just end-of-life product recycling. This paper describes the Asian experience and efforts to set core set of 3R policy indicators to monitor progress of 3R implementation at regional level.

This article assesses Japan's carbon budgets up to 2100 in the global efforts to achieve the 2 °C target under different effort-sharing approaches based on long-term GHG mitigation scenarios published in 13 studies. The article also presents exemplary emission trajectories for Japan to stay within the calculated budget. The literature data allow for an in-depth analysis of four effort-sharing categories. For a 450 ppm CO2e stabilization level, the remaining carbon budgets for 2014–2100 were negative for the effort-sharing category that emphasizes historical responsibility and capability. For the other three, including the reference ‘Cost-effectiveness’ category, which showed the highest budget range among all categories, the calculated remaining budgets (20th and 80th percentile ranges) would run out in 21–29 years if the current emission levels were to continue. A 550 ppm CO2e stabilization level increases the budgets by 6–17 years-equivalent of the current emissions, depending on the effort-sharing category. Exemplary emissions trajectories staying within the calculated budgets were also analysed for ‘Equality’, ‘Staged’ and ‘Cost-effectiveness’ categories. For a 450 ppm CO2e stabilization level, Japan's GHG emissions would need to phase out sometime between 2045 and 2080, and the emission reductions in 2030 would be at least 16–29% below 1990 levels even for the most lenient ‘Cost-effectiveness’ category, and 29–36% for the ‘Equality’ category. The start year for accelerated emissions reductions and the emissions convergence level in the long term have major impact on the emissions reduction rates that need to be achieved, particularly in the case of smaller budgets. Policy relevance In previous climate mitigation target formulation processes for 2020 and 2030 in Japan, neither equity principles nor long-term management of cumulative GHG emissions was at the centre of discussion. This article quantitatively assesses how much more GHGs Japan can emit by 2100 to achieve the 2 °C target in light of different effort-sharing approaches, and how Japan's GHG emissions can be managed up to 2100. The long-term implications of recent energy policy developments following the Fukushima nuclear disaster for the calculated carbon budgets are also discussed.