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There is a growing interest to increase the grid integration of large-scale wind power farms (WPF). As most WPFs are located in remote areas where abundant wind resources are available, these sites are lacking communication infrastructures and network coverage which present major obstacles in enabling reliable data transmission between WPFs and their control centers. With the absence of unified communication network architecture, different vendors and manufacturers are developing their own monitoring and control solutions according to their needs. There is a knowledge gap related to the design of WPF communication networks, where the assumptions of available articles do not represent the complete monitoring data from WPF subsystems including wind turbines, meteorological towers and substations. This work aims to design a wireless network architecture for the grid integration of cyber physical wind energy system based on the IEC 61400-25 standard. The proposed architecture consists of four layers: a wind farm layer, a data acquisition layer, a communication network layer and an application layer. Wireless communication technologies outperform conventional wired-based solutions by offering lower costs, greater flexibility and easier deployment. Based on IEC 61400-25 standard, a wireless turbine area network is proposed for collecting sensing data from wind turbine parts, and connected to a wireless farm area network developed for communication between the remote control center and wind turbines. The network performance of the proposed wireless wind turbine internal network (includes the number of sensor nodes, data types and data size) is evaluated considering different wireless technologies (ZigBee, WiFi and WiMAX) in view of end-to-end delay, wireless channel capacity, and data loss. The simulation results show that wireless-based solutions can meet the delay requirements of the IEEE 1646 standard. This work contributes for building a redundant wireless communication infrastructure for remote monitoring of WPFs with scalable coverage and capacity.

With the increasing demand for electricity as well as the rise of renewable energy resources connecting to the power grid, the bidirectional fault current contributed by renewable energy increases the complexity of power system and impacts to the grid stability when connected. Smart grid concepts have been applied to the power systems to tackle those issues aforementioned. Smart grid is a system which relies importantly on automation in substations using IEDs with the IEC 61850 standard. In this paper, IEDs information models were defined and configured for test based on substation protection strategy and control logic. As mentioned earlier, renewable energy resources are critical and important in Smart Grid, therefore, this paper explicitly explained how several multi-vender wind turbines were integrated by the Gateway that converted the wind turbines information from OPC to IEC 61400-25 information models. An IEC 61850 based SCADA system was developed.

As wind power farm (WPF) installations continue to grow, monitoring and controlling large-scale WPFs presents new challenges. In this paper, a hierarchical network architecture is proposed in order to provide remote monitoring and control of large-scale WPFs. The network architecture consists of three levels, including the WPF comprised of wind turbines and meteorological towers, local control center (LCC) responsible for remote monitoring and control of wind turbines, and a central control center (CCC) that offers data collection and aggregation of many WPFs. Different scenarios are considered in order to evaluate the performance of the WPF communications network with its hierarchical architecture. The communications network within the WPF is regarded as the local area network (LAN) while the communication among the LCCs and the CCC happens through a wide area network (WAN). We develop a communications network model based on an OPNET modeler, and the network performance is evaluated with respect to the link bandwidth and the end-to-end delay measured for various applications. As a result, this work contributes to the design of communications networks for large-scale WPFs.

Renewable energy plays a critical role in Smart Grid. As the penetration of renewable energy increases, the management of operations becomes a critical issue. One of the most important task is interoperability among different models and vendors when the system is needed to be centrally controlled. Standardization is the world's trend to solve interoperability problems. This study focuses on standardizing the wind power energy communications, and the standard specifically designed for wind power is the IEC 61400-25. The aim of this study is to develop a procedure for implementing a gateway that transforms traditional communication protocol to the international standard for the transitioning stage.

Nowadays, a rapid development in wind power technologies is occurring compared with other renewable energies. This advance in technology has facilitated a new generation of wind turbines with larger capacity and higher efficiency. As the height of the turbines and the distance between turbines increases, the monitoring and control of this new generation wind turbines presents new challenges. This paper presents the architectural design, simulation, and evaluation of hybrid communication networks for a large-scale wind turbine (WT). The communication network of WT is designed based on logical node (LN) concepts of the IEC 61400-25 standard. The proposed hybrid network architectures are modeled and evaluated by OPNET. We also investigate network performance using three different technologies: Ethernet-based, WiFi-based, and ZigBee-based. Our network model is validated by analyzing the simulation results. This work contributes to the design of a reliable communication network for monitoring and controlling a wind power farms (WPF).

The new energy power station in the islands is the central node with the ocean current energy,wind energy, solar energy,energy storage equipment and other types of new energy power generation confluencing,achieved intelligent monitoring and energy management for new energy power in the islands.Refer three layer and two network architecture of smart substation,presents the islands’s new energy power monitoring and energy management platform architecture,describes specific function and implementation method of the new energy power station with process layer,spacer layer and energy management layer.Based on the IEC 61850 ( Second Edition ) and IEC 61400-25 standard,the new energy power stations in the islands were standardized modelling,to ensure the platform standard and open.

Due to high penetration level in some regions of distributed generators (DGs) based on renewable energy resources, information about their power delivery capabilities is becoming essential for planning and allocating resources and reserves in power system. This paper discusses the modeling of DGs in the utility control and information technology infrastructures of power system operators. The communication standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-25 and IEC 61850 and their extensions for DGs are first introduced, followed by an example of mapping wind turbine components onto a communication data model. A distribution network comprising several distributed-generation sources is then described from the control and communication point of view. Simulation results of production cost minimization and network constraint management are presented at the end, illustrating the new possibilities that a system-wide approach can provide for distributed generation.

The goal of this project is to develop a system of supervision, communication and control, implemented in a free supervisory software the SCADABR for installed wind farms and/or to be installed in Brazil, from the considerations and recommendations of IEC 61400 - 25. The construction of complete wind farms with full automation, has led entrepreneurs to focus their efforts not only on profit and productivity, but also in: human capital, concerned with the management system, technological mastery and communication at all levels. Information processing with communication, opened borders with new forms of relationship and growing trend in the industrial automation field, which favors different devices to communicate with others in a cooperative way. However, the largest manufacturers of wind generation plants still offer proprietary solutions "black boxes" for the networks field, which results in a variety of protocols of systems, causing the client the full dependence on these suppliers. Aiming interoperability and flexibility of operation, groups of researchers advocate standards of open model, as the solution of networks and protocols for all, leaving customers free. In this struggle, the best-known organization in the field of wind energy is IEC 61400-25, specifically for the monitoring system and free communication among different equipment vendors, nevertheless internal communication of the components of wind power plant is not within the standard. The application range of the standard covers the operation of this kind of wind farm, including wind turbine, meteorological measurement system, electrical system and management system, but does not include the relevant line of the substation feeding and information. Hence, the interaction with the supervisory system SCADABR developed in "open-source" model of free license. It is proposed the application of a multi-platform Java-based, from an application server, like Apache Tomcat the standard choice. Considering the requirements of the present communication model in IEC 61400-25-2 it is defined a model of information for monitoring and control of wind power plants, to this end, part-data simulator MatrikonOPC through customer / OPC DA server interaction (Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control Data Access), with ScadaBR software. O objetivo da pesquisa é desenvolver um sistema de supervisão, comunicação e controle, implementado em um software de supervisão livre o ScadaBR, para parques eólicos instalados e/ou a serem instalados no Brasil, a partir das considerações e recomendações da norma IEC 61400-25. A construção de parques eólicos completos, com automação total, tem levado os empreendedores a focalizar seus esforços não só no lucro e produtividade, mas também no: capital humano, preocupando-se com o sistema de gestão, domínio tecnológico e comunicação em todos os níveis. O processamento da informação com a comunicação, abriu fronteiras com as novas formas de relacionamento e a crescente tendência na área de automação industrial, favorece que diferentes dispositivos comuniquem-se com outros de uma maneira cooperativa. No entanto, os maiores fabricantes de usinas de geração eólica ainda oferecem soluções proprietárias caixas pretas para as redes de campo, o que resulta numa diversidade de protocolos de sistemas, levando dependência desses fornecedores. Visando a interoperabilidade e flexibilidade de operação, grupos de pesquisadores defendem normas de padrão aberto, como a solução de redes e protocolos para todos, deixando os clientes livres. Nesta luta, a organização mais conhecida na área de energia eólica é a norma IEC 61400-25, especificamente para o sistema de monitoramento e comunicação livre entre diferentes fornecedores de equipamentos, porém a comunicação interna dos componentes da usina de energia eólica não está no âmbito desta norma. A faixa de aplicação da norma abrange parte da operação desse tipo de usina, incluindo turbina de vento, sistema de medição meteorológica, sistema elétrico e sistema de gestão, mas não inclui a linha relevante de alimentação e informação da subestação. Daí a interação com o sistema supervisório ScadaBR, desenvolvido em modelo open-source de licença gratuita. Propõe-se a aplicação de uma multi-plataforma baseada em Java, a partir de um servidor de aplicações, com o Apache Tomcat a escolha padrão. Considerando as exigências do modelo de comunicação presentes na Norma IEC 61400-25-2, define-se um modelo de informação para monitoramento e controle de usinas eólicas, para tal, parte-se do simulador de dados MatrikonOPC, por meio da interação cliente / servidor OPC DA (Object Linkingand Embedding for Process Control Data Access), com o software ScadaBR.

Wind power farm monitoring has been received a great attention in both academia and industry with increasing demand for better and reliable communications network. This paper develops a communication network simulator for wind power farm based on switched Gigabit Ethernet. The proposed network model offers remote monitoring for five different sub-networks inside wind turbine (WT) tower: analogue measurement, status information, protection and control devices, video surveillance and internet connection. Architectures and measurement requirements for different sub-networks are explained and discussed. To evaluate the performance of wind power farm network, a small scale wind farm with switched Gigabit Ethernet is modeled and simulated by OPNET modeler. Simulation results show that the proposed network model satisfies with the requirements of power system.

Nowadays, the wind power plant industry confront with a serious issue that the wind turbines produced by various manufactures are not compatible with each other because of various communication protocols. This cause difficulties in the operation, maintenance and management for the power plant operators. In order to solve this problem, an IEC 61850 and IEC 61400-25 standard based digital wind power plant solution was proposed based on the experiences got from lots of digital substation projects. Its technical features, system structure and function components were also analyzed. In the light of this solution, several wind power plant projects were implemented. As a result, an up-to-date general integrated digital wind power plant automation system which integrates wind turbine SCADA system, substation SCADA system and wind power plant advanced applications (such as Auto Generation Control-AGC) has been put into services. These new automation systems in the wind power plants worked well and successfully met its original designed targets and requirements, greatly improved the automation level of these wind power plants.

One of the major trends in the development of next generation Wind Turbines (WTs) is taller turbines with larger capacity. With distance between WTs become larger, wind farm became much greater and the communication network for monitoring and controlling Wind Power Farm (WPF) is the main challenges. This paper proposes the communication network simulator for small scale offshore WPF consists of 12 WT with total capacity of 60MW. The proposed communication model based on WTs technical specifications and current communication architectures in WPF. Different topologies (radial, loop, and star) with different link speed have been configured. The proposed model based on the logical node (LN) concept according to IEC 61400-25 standard. Total number of measurements in one WT are 102 include analogue information and status information. The functions of LNs are modeled by OPNET modeler in order to implement the simulator. Comparative analysis for different configuration were simulated and discussed. The proposed network model was successfully validated by simulations.

Wind farm industry as a green energy is growing very fast. One of the most important demands in wind farm is to design a reliable communication network for wind power farm (WPF) monitoring. In this paper, a WPF network simulator is developed to evaluate the performance of a Wind Turbine (WT) which consists of logical nodes according to IEC 61400–25 standard. Each logical node can transmit analogue/status information collected from sensors and receive control information from the main controller. The amount of sensing data depends on the sampling frequency of monitoring devices. The functions of logical nodes are modeled by OPNET modeler in order to implement the simulator. Using the developed simulator, the performance of a wind turbine, which consists of nine logical nodes and Ethernet link, is evaluated according to various link speeds.

Since the renewable energy is popularly applied in power industry, especially the smart grid is fast developing all over the world during these years, the reliable connection between a wind farm and the main grid has been focused on. Due to the difficult control on the wind energy, the connection with the wind farm makes the grid more vulnerable. The communication technologies have been considered as a solution to solve the problems according to the IEC 61400-25 series protocols. This paper presents the significance of communication technologies in wind farm system by the simulations on some practical scenarios. By delivering the signals among WTs (wind turbines) and control centers, they both are able to recognize another side's operation situation and to adjust its own state to realize the optimization. A scenario is designed in this paper, in which a fault occurs in wind farm; then the protection performance are compared between with communication techniques and without communication technology. The characteristics of the communication network corresponding with the wind farm are previously illustrated by OPNET, and then the power system with wind farm is studied by EMTDC /PSCAD. The simulation results are analyzed to draw a conclusion. Since the renewable energy is popularly applied in power industry, especially the smart grid is fast developing all over the world during these years, the reliable connection between a wind farm and the main grid has been focused on. Due to the difficult control on the wind energy, the connection with the wind farm makes the grid more vulnerable. The communication technologies have been considered as a solution to solve the problems according to the IEC 61400-25 series protocols. This paper presents the significance of communication technologies in wind farm system by the simulations on some practical scenarios. By delivering the signals among WTs (wind turbines) and control centers, they both are able to recognize another side’s operation situation and to adjust its own state to realize the optimization. A scenario is designed in this paper, in which a fault occurs in wind farm; then the protection performance are compared between with communication techniques and without communication technology. The characteristics of the communication network corresponding with the wind farm are previously illustrated by OPNET, and then the power system with wind farm is studied by EMTDC /PSCAD. The simulation results are analyzed to draw a conclusion.

The difference of data model and data exchange model between wind turbine controllers and SCADA system make it hard to connect the data sources with the applications. One solution from GH is to set RIU running its private SCADA protocol. For the future common applications, it is suggested to implement an independent and widely agreed wind farm communication protocol such as IEC61400-25. In this paper a gateway based on IEC61400-25 working in down layer of the SCADA system is presented to replace RIU with the advantages of compatibleness, standardization, application extension and cost efficiency. MMS, OPC, data server, WPPCL, data and service mapping are integrated in the gateway.

In recent years, the wind power plants are widely developing as an alternative energy source. In order to provide a uniform communications basis for the monitoring and control of wind power plants, IEC 61400-25 has been developed. This paper describes a Web service based network construction using communication protocol stack which is included in IEC 61400-25-4. This system is necessary to implement remote control systems for wind power plants.

The user interface to achieve IEC 61400-25 communication for virtual wind power plant is developed. The information from wind power plant is obtained by MMS service. And also, the data communication between the local control center and the remote control center is achieved by Web service. MMS service is implemented with the aid of MMS Ease-lite and Visual C++. MMS server detects and saves the information of the wind generator such as element type, the temperature, the speed and the voltage needed for the virtual system. MMS client can receive the information for control and monitoring through MMS service. And MMS client can be a Web service server when the remote control center asks to send the data. The proposed user interface enables to access the data related with the wind power plant through the Ethernet at anyplace.

In the following Master’s degree research main information and communication aspects in wind power plant farm analyzed and demonstrated by constructing basic prototype. The wind energy market in Europe is growing and needs have arisen to develop standard-based information systems to support future expansion of wind energy in Lithuania. Introduction and first chapter overview the background for modeling such system. Requirements for data structures representing main measurements and information exchange inside and outside of the system are defined on the base of IEC 61400-25 standard “Wind Turbine Generator Systems - Part 25: Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants”. Models, comprising such system are described and possible communication topologies enumerated. From several existing communication profiles, defined in above mentioned standard, SOAP / XML based web services for communication architecture are chosen and prototype built. Article based on this work was written together with coauthor professor A. Nemura and presented in international KTU conference “Automation and Control technologies – 2005���� and LEI conference “Application of information and management technologies in electricity energetics“. The purpose of article is to form and refine the wind farm information system problem introducing IEC 61400-25 standard.

In Europe Dispersed and Renewable Energy Sources (D&RES) are mostly operated without remote control mechanisms, feeding in a maximum possible generation. The further increase of the contribution of D&RES in the peak power balance up to 60 % in accordance with the goals of the European Communities for the year 2010 requires innovative approaches to keep the reliability of the power supply on the actual high level. First of all this requires an extended contribution of D&RES to the system services. New communication facilities are required to provide a decentralized energy management and to ensure the provision of system services by D&RES. In a case study, it is analyzed how the existing infrastructure can be used to build a communication network with different physical communication channels. Further more, the application of communication standards is investigated and in the result the use of the data models and the services of the communication standard IEC 61850 (for substation communication) is recommended. It is shown that the advantageous application of this standard and its subsequent standards IEC 61400-25 for wind power plants and IEC 62350 for dispersed generation requires consistency of all described models. Finally, it becomes clear that the implementation of more communication in the distribution level helps to improve the distribution system management. The example of a faster network restoration after faults is demonstrated.