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The breast cancer hold leading position in the structure of oncological morbidity of women worldwide. The purpose of the study is to analyze contribution of psychological and environmental factors to risk of development of breast cancer in women residing in industrial metropolis and rural locality. The actuality of the study is conditioned by acquisition of new knowledge about risk factors of breast cancer. The study covered psychological factors (basic beliefs, life orientations, locus of control, coping behavior strategies, subjective assessment of quality of life, subjective age indicator, personal helplessness-independence, resilience) and environmental factor (place of urban of rural residence of women with breast cancer). The study established that in women residing in industrial metropolis the psychological risk factors are reduced indicators of basic beliefs, of quality of life and of resilience, rare application of coping strategy “Escape-Avoidance”, external locus of control. Alternatively, in women residing in rural areas, psychological risk factors for breast cancer are rare application of coping strategies, reduced quality of life indicators, increased vital activity, internal level of subjective control and personal helplessness. The study results can be included in development of personalized breast cancer screening protocols and as well as considered in assessing risk of development of disease when classifying women by breast cancer risk groups.

The study analyzed the clinical observation of the psychological characteristics of a woman diagnosed with breast cancer, who refused part of the proposed therapy, and had no contraindications to start special treatment.Patient Yu.F., born in 1953, diagnosis: cancer of the right breast T1NxM0 ЭР(95 %), ПР(15 %), Her2neu(0), Ki67 (5 %), refused for personal reasons from the surgical treatment proposed at the 1st stage (a written refusal was taken), in connection with which a course of hormone therapy was prescribed, a course of remote radiation therapy according to a radical program. When assessing the psychological profile of the patient, the data obtained demonstrate the presence of paradoxical hyperprotection in the patient who refused part of the treatment. Her psychological profile is similar to the psychological characteristics of women with breast cancer, whose course of the disease ended in death. In a study conducted in 2021, data were obtained on women with a negative outcome of the disease (death), who were convinced of their own luck and in the ability to control what was happening, used a wide range of coping strategies, were more resilient, are optimistic and had a pronounced internality in comparison with women in whom the disease went into stable remission.

Objective : to retrospectively assess the Russian experience with perampanel (PER) in everyday clinical practice as an adjunctive medication for the treatment of patients aged 12 years or older with focal epilepsy (FE). Patients and methods . A multicenter retrospective study was conducted, during which the physicians filled out standard questionnaires assessing the characteristics of the disease and the therapy performed. The maximum follow-up period was 12 months. Each patient was included in the study only once for the duration of the study. A total of 164 cases of pharmacoresistant FE were analyzed. The patients' mean age was 37.7 years; the male to female ratio was 1:1. The disease duration over 10 years was in 68.7% of patients; structural epilepsy was present in 68.2% (temporal and frontal lesions in 53.4 and 39.1%, respectively) Results and discussion . Most (26.6%) patients were prescribed PER after three previous lines of therapy; before PEP administration, there was a maximum of 2 (50.9%) and 3 (29.6%) drugs, respectively, in the combination. The initial frequency of all seizure types reached 9 [3; 34] per month; that of focal-onset bilateral tonic-clonic seizures was 3 [2; 6] per month. Combined therapy including PER could lead to the disappearance of seizures in 22.7% of cases; the responders (by all seizure types) were 52.8%, whereas the remission rate of bilateral tonic-clonic seizures was 60.8% of patients, the responder rate was 27,8%. At 12 months of follow-up, the therapy retention rate reached 80.7% (95% confidence interval, 72.3—89.1). Adverse events (AEs) were noted in 31.3% of patients; the most frequent AEs were drowsiness (10.4%), aggression (9.8%), irritability (6.7%); other AEs were observed in individual cases. The average dose of PER was 8 mg. Conclusion . PER was effective in patients with resistant PEs at a maximum follow-up of 12 months in routine clinical practice. Remission of all seizure types was achieved in 22.7% of cases, the decrease in the number of seizures >50% was seen in 52.8% of cases; the therapy retention rate was 80.7%. The drug had a therapeutic effect in all types of focal seizures and was most effective in focal-onset bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Along with its good clinical effect, PER demonstrated a predictable safety profile.

Adding an oxidizing agent to a solution of hydrofluoric acid significantly changes the process of electrochemical etching, because allows to accelerate the dissolution of electron silicon. In this work, we studied the formation process and morphology of macropores in high-resistance n-Si depending on the concentration of HCl in the HF: C2 H5 OH electrolyte. It is shown that the presence of HCl leads to a more uniform pore diameter distribution both at the surface and in the layer depth, and the increase in etching rate. With an increase in HCl concentration, a narrower pore diameter distribution is observed; the main pores near the surface approximate in size to the pores in the depth of the porous layer. The results are explained by the action of HCl as an oxidant.

Multilayer integrated porous membranes are obtained in a monolithic frame containing two types of porous silicon: macroporous silicon with pore diameters up to 10 μm and channel silicon with channel diameters from 100 to 300 nm. A laboratory technology is proposed for preparing macroporous/channel silicon two-layer structures with the use of high-resistance n-Si substrates (1 Ω cm). The pore-formation mechanism and its effect on the morphology of porous layers for electrolytes using formic acid and ammonium hydroxide are discussed.

Cough variant asthma (CVA) was first described by W. Corrao. CVA was described as the isolated chronic cough as the only presenting symptom responsive to bronchodilator therapy.This phenotype of asthma is present with airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic inflammation airways and bronchodilator responsive coughing without typical manifestation of asthma such as wheezing or dyspnea. CVA shares common features with classic asthma such as eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling. Because of that, CVA is clinically considered as a variant type of asthma.Кашлевой вариант бронхиальной астмы (КВБА) впервые описан W. Corrao. КВБА определяют как изолированный хронический кашель в качестве единственного симптома бронхиальной астмы (БА), реагирующий на бронходилатационную терапию. Этот фенотип БА связан с гиперреактивностью и эозинофильным воспалением дыхательных путей, положительным ответом на прием бронходилататоров, без типичных проявлений астмы, таких как одышка или свистящее дыхание. Морфологически КВБА имеет общие черты с классическим вариантом БА, такие как эозинофильное воспаление и ремоделирование дыхательных путей. КВБА считается вариантом БА, предшественником классической астмы.

In the modern mobile world, there is no single solution to the problem of issuing a driving license for patients with epilepsy. Most countries do have liberalized laws that allow driving a car to persons with controlled epilepsy. As far as individuals with regular seizures are concerned, there is a temporary prohibition to drive with potential restoration of the driving right if there is no relapse. The existing experience has shown that such strategy can lead not only to higher quality of life of the patients (more than 70% patients with epilepsy has the right to drive a car), but also to ensure the road safety. Even with this quite liberal approach, about 20% of the drivers with epilepsy do not have their epilepsy fully controlled. In the countries with absolute prohibition of the driving in epilepsy, such as the Russian Federation and China, there is no official statistics on the issue. Based on our practical experience, we concluded on a high (at least 35%) prevalence of drivers among patients with epilepsy; this cannot but increase the risk of road accidents, including fatal. Based on a clinical observation, we illustrate the failure of the mechanisms to prevent road accidents related to epilepsy that are currently in force in the Russian Federation. In our opinion, the problem under discussion does not have an exclusively medical solution. Taking into consideration the accumulated world experience, ensuring of the road safety requires that the state law regulations should be in effect that include a differentiated approached to issuing of permissions to drive a car for persons with epilepsy, from one side, and a serious legal treatment of persons with epilepsy who ignore their adequate therapy and become a cause for road accidents inflicting an injury, from the other.

The features of pore formation during photoanodization in electrolytes based on ammonium fluoride are studied depending on illumination, pH, current density. When comparing electrolytes with different pH (acidic and alkaline), a decrease in the pore diameter is observed at the same illumination and current densities in alkaline HF: NH4 OH solutions at a relatively equal etching rate in depth. In dilute HF: NH4 OH: H2 O under low illumination, there is a direct dissolution of silicon with the formation of a «starlike» pore morphology and a branching tendency. In the case of a concentrated solution of HF: NH4 OH 1: 4 branching is observed with increasing current density

This work is devoted to the study of new functional nanocomposite materials for supercapacitor electrodes based on layers of porous silicon (PS), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and tin oxide with a high specific surface area, uniform distribution of components, and stability during cycling. Methods for producing consolidated layers of carbon nanotubes on a developed surface of porous silicon have been developed and optimized. Nanocomposites have been created by uniformly applying a metal oxide component to the layers of carbon nanotubes/porous silicon (CNT/PS). Structural and electrochemical characteristics of electrodes based on CNT/PS and SnOx/CNT/PS have been studied.

The physicochemical processes of the formation of through channels in heavily doped n-Si (0.01 Ohm · cm) in organic electrolytes of various compositions were studied. The conditions of the formation of multilayer structures consisting of mesoporous and macroporous layers with through channels with diameters of 20-90 nm, thicknesses from 20 to 360 µm and channel density about 1010 cm-2 are considered. Integrated membranes were formed on the obtained structures and their gas transmission was studied.

The oxidation of mesoporous silicon in a double-layer “macroporous silicon–mesoporous silicon” structure is studied. The morphology and dielectric properties of the buried insulating layer are investigated using electron microscopy, ellipsometry, and electrical measurements. Specific defects (so-called spikes) are revealed between the oxidized macropore walls in macroporous silicon and the oxidation crossing fronts in mesoporous silicon. It is found that, at an initial porosity of mesoporous silicon of 60%, three-stage thermal oxidation leads to the formation of buried silicon-dioxide layers with an electric-field breakdown strength of Ebr ~ 104–105 V/cm. Multilayered “porous silicon-on-insulator” structures are shown to be promising for integrated chemical micro- and nanosensors.

The morphological changes of the two-layer structures consisting of the upper macroporous layer and the buried mesoporous layer as a result of high-temperature annealing in oxygen, were investigated. The formation of pass-through pores in the layer of mesoporous silicon during the oxidation process at a sufficiently high porosity of the initial layer was found. The processes that presumably lead to the detected morphological changes are considered. A method for the formation of gas-permeated membranes consisting of oxidized macroporous silicon and a layer of buried silicon oxide having pass-through pores is presented. The gas transmission of the obtained membrane was investigated. Partial passage of nitrogen dioxide through the membrane was recorded.

Limbic encephalitis (LE) may be manifested by non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). Two clinical cases of LE presenting with NCSE, one of them with a background ovarian theratoma, and the value of electroencephalographic triphasic and delta-beta waves in diagnosis of LE, are discussed in this paper. Course of glucocorticoid pulse-therapy, complimented by long-term regiment of valproic acid, is shown as a successful treatment modality for LE with NCSV.

Objective: to generalize the Russian experience with perampanel (PER) in routine clinical practice; to do this, the results of its use as an adjuvant partial epilepsy medication were retrospectively assessed. The study is still in progress now; therefore, the paper gives its preliminary results. Patients and methods. The investigation included 52 patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Their mean age was 28.92±14.02 years (a small number of the patients had not attained the age of 12 years); the proportion of men was 56%; the disease duration was over 10 years (69.2%); symptomatic epilepsy was in 76.9% with an epileptic focus being in the frontal (46.2%) and temporal (44.2%) regions. PER was prescribed to the majority (71.2%) of patients after three previous therapy lines. The baseline monthly rates of all types of seizures were 127.29±82.29; those of generalized seizures were 6.72±1.90. Results and discussion. After addition of PER to therapy just within the first month, there was a significant reduction in the frequency of all types of seizures to 52.06±29.26 per month (Sign test; p = 0.00001) and in that of secondary generalized seizures to 3.71±1.71 (Sign test; p=0.00001). The duration of PER administration was more than 6 months in the overwhelming majority of cases. In 58% of the patients, the frequency of seizures decreased by more than 50% (respondents). The lack of all types of seizures was noted in 8%; that of only secondary generalized seizures was in 31%. Adverse events were observed in 30.1% of the patients (aggression in 11.5% and somnolence in 9.6%; others were seen more rarely). The dose of PER was decreased because of side effects in 7 (13.5%) patients; the drug was discontinued in 4 (7.7%). The mean dose of PER for adults was as high as 6 mg.

MWCNTs grown by chemical vapor deposition on SiO 2 /Si substrates were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Auger spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after an annealing at 390 °C for 120 min in air or chemical treatment with a HCl solution. The Raman spectroscopy was focused on the low-frequency (250-300 cm −1 ) band. It is found that the positions and full widths at half maximum of the peaks forming the 250-300 cm −1 Raman band change little with the annealing or chemical treatment. The measured inner diameters of small-diameter CNTs from TEM agree well with those from Raman spectroscopy. These indicate that the low-frequency band originates from the radial breathing oscillations of carbon atoms in the inner walls of small-diameter MWCNTs.

The nanocomposite structures N-MWCNT/TiOx based on nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNT) have been synthesized using magnetron sputtering. The morphology, structure, composition and also the electro-physical properties of the nanocomposite structures have been investigated. The changes of the Fermi level position and the electrical conductivity of N-MWCNT and N-MWCNT/TiOx structures at the adsorption of the oxidizing and reducing gas molecules have been studied. The obtained nanocomposite structures demonstrate the wide perspectives as the sensing media for gas micro- and nanosensors.

Nanocomposite layers based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and non-stoichiometric tin oxide (SnO x ) have been grown by magnetron deposition and CVD methods. In the case of the CVD method, the study of the structure and phase composition of obtained nanocomposite layers has shown that a tin oxide “superlattice” is formed in the MWCNT layer volume, fixed by SnO x islands on the MWCNT surface. During magnetron deposition, the MWCNT surface is uniformly coated with tin oxide islands, which causes a change in properties of individual nanotubes. Electrical measurements have revealed the sensitivity of nanocomposite layers to (NO2)− molecule adsorption, which is qualitatively explained by a change in the conductivity of the semiconductor fraction of p-type MWCNTs.

Two-phase nanocomposite layers based on porous silicon and nonstoichiometric tin oxide were fabricated by various methods. The structure, as well as elemental and phase composition, of the obtained nanocomposites were studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results obtained confirm the formation of nanocomposite layers with a thickness as large as 2 μm thick and SnO x stoichiometry coefficients x = 1.0–2.0. Significant tin diffusion into the porous silicon matrix with D eff ≈ 10−14 cm2 s−1 was observed upon annealing at 770 K. Test sensor structures based on por-Si/SnO x nanocomposite layers grown by magnetron deposition showed fairly high stability of properties and sensitivity to NO2.

The morphological, structural, and electrophysical properties of the layers of nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes synthesized by pyrolysis of acetonitrile on a silicon oxide-silicon substrate with a Ni layer catalyst, Fe volumetric catalyst obtained by the thermal decomposition of ferrocene ((C5H5)2Fe), and their combination were studied. It was found that the type of catalyst affects the morphology, thickness, homogeneity, structure, and defect content of the obtained films and individual nanotubes. The electrophysical characteristics of the carbon nanotubes are similar and have an activation dependence on temperature.

The effect of ethanol vapor adsorption on the properties of porous silicon-based structures was studied by Raman scattering, infrared spectroscopy, and I–V characteristics. A decrease in the resistance of porous silicon layers and a simultaneous increase in the intensity of the band of infrared absorption caused by the presence of (OH)−…x(OH)− (x = 1, 2, …) groups upon exposure to ethanol vapor and vice versa in the case of degassing were detected. The observed effect is attributed to a change in the depletion region in por-Si skeleton elements due to the electrostatic interaction of (OH)− groups with positively charged surface defects. The effect of hydrogen-bonded Si-OH…OH-C2H5 centers on the increase in the silicon conductivity is discussed.

The method of atomic-force microscopy is used to study the morphology of the surface of porous silicon layers formed on the p-Si substrate and obtained by anodic etching in an electrolyte with addition of free halogens (bromine, iodine) and potassium halogenides (KCl, KI). It is established that the presence of halogens in the electrolyte is conducive to formation of large pores with the diameter as large as 150 nm. The mechanism of an increase in the pore sizes with involvement of halogens is related to an increase in the concentration of free holes due to formation of donor-acceptor pairs in the case of adsorption of halogens on the silicon surface.

To study an effect of cortexin on epilepsy course and electroencephalographic pattern in stopping the symptoms concomitant to epilepsy.A study included 64 patients with epilepsy (22 men and 42 women, aged from 20 to 85 years). Along with standard treatment, the patients received cortexin (three 10-day courses during 12 months intramuscular in dose 10 mg daily).There were the significant decrease in the frequency of seizures and the absence of failure of remission, the positive dynamics of electroencephalographic pattern as well as stopping of such symptoms as headache, non-systemic vertigo, asthenia, cognitive impairment, anxiety and depression, arterial hypertension.

The structure of single-wall carbon nanotube Y junctions of symmetry D3h containing topological defects in the form of six heptagons or three octagons located immediately in the junction region of each pair of nanotubes forming the Y junctions is investigated, and their classification is suggested. It is shown that the pairs of heptagons in a Y junction formed by nanotubes of the “zigzag” type can be arranged in two ways and can be transformed into one another by using the (6, 7, 7, 6) ⇄ (7, 6, 7, 6) Stone-Wales transformation and that the octagon and pairs of heptagons in a Y junction formed by nanotubes of the “armchair” type can be transformed into one another by introducing or removing a C2 cluster. A method for constructing such Y junctions is suggested.

The orbital-stoichiometric cluster (OSC) model in the framework of quantum chemical MNDO scheme has been applied to simulate the diamond nanocluster to study carbon nanotube generation process on the diamond (111) surface. In this model the cluster orbital basis includes all internal atom orbits. The bordering atoms bring in the base only sp3-hybrid orbits directed inside of the cluster. Some ways of nanotube growth have been considered: by absorption of monomers, dimmers, and trimmers of carbon. The comparison of the received characteristics of processes, in particular adsorption energy, has shown that the most favorable process is carbon monomer sorption on a pure diamond (111) surface. Processes of nanotube origin on surface quantum dots, which have been simulated by adsorbed Li, Na, K, Be, and H atoms, have shown high efficiency of nanotube growth: All of them proceed without energy barriers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004

The structures on the basis of carbon nanotubes (CNT) produced by thermal decomposition of acetonitrile on the Si―SiO 2 substrates and metal layers are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering. The CNT layers grown on the silicon oxide with volumetric catalyst (Fe) show predominantly perpendicular to substrate growth of the nanotubes. In the area of the metallic layers (Ni catalyst film and buried metal layer) the CNT bundles parallel to substrate form with graphite and amorphous carbon. The activation character of the temperature dependence of the conductivity of the CNT layer is observed and discussed.

The Raman spectra and current-voltage characteristics of porous silicon layers are studied before and after exposure to NO2. It is shown that spherical nanocrystallites with the diameter of approximately 6–8 nm are present in the samples’ structure. The effect of NO2 brings about a decrease in the resistance of porous Si by two-three orders of magnitude. An increase in the conductance of the structures at gas concentrations as high as 2000 ppm and a drastic decrease in this conductance if the concentration exceeds the above value are observed. This effect is explained in the context of the model that implies the formation of additional defects of the type of dangling silicon bonds at the Si/SiO2 interface as a result of oxidation of the porous silicon surface. These defects are traps for holes and reduce the increase in the hole concentration.

Effect of phenotropil in combination with anticonvulsant drugs on the course of different forms of epilepsy and EEG parameters has been studied. Patients of a main group (31 patients) received phenotropil, along with antiepileptic drugs (AEP), in dosage 100 mg daily during 2 months. Effect of the therapy was compared to the patients of comparison group (30 patients) treated with AEP only. In the main group, the significant decrease of seizures and positive changes on the EEG with the reduction of the index of epileptiform changes was observed.

The negative trends in population health of Russia, the decline in well-being, the decrease of the availability of medical and pharmaceutical care, the increase of technogeneous accidents and disasters, the international terrorism cause the need in the structural reorganization of health care, especially in developing high-specialized emergency medical care. The specific solution of this problem is the establishment of medical districts with the multifield centers of emergency acute medical care (district hospitals) and selecting of the provision of emergency medical care, the quick diagnosis and immediate specialized medical care rendering as the priority direction. To establish the medical district with the district hospital it is necessary to develop corresponding normative legal base, accounting and reporting documentation, to provide the material, technical and trained personnel maintenance and to elaborate the algorithm of rendering the emergency medical care on pre-admission and hospital levels.

Immunoenzyme assay is developed for determination of IgM- and IgG-antibodies to 6 major human blood phospholipids. The antiphospholipid antibody spectra in pregnant and nonpregnant women with recurrent miscarriages and the dynamics of these antibodies during pregnancy are studied. Antibodies to phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid expressed on the surface of cytotrophoblast cells, are identified. It is demonstrated that the antiphospholipid antibody spectrum is important for clinical evaluation and prognosis of pregnancy.