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Analysis has been performed of the transmission of electric energy through the power distribution networks of PJSC Krasnoyarskenergosbyt over the period of 2016 – 2022. The structure of the company is considered, the characteristics of the main elements of the studied power networks are given, the degree of wear of the main electrical equipment is estimated. Based on the information from public media on the level of accidents in the company's power networks, an estimate has been made of the number of emergencies that occurred during the study period, the share of self-healing failures in the total amount of damage has been determined. The duration of interruptions of power supply to consumers, as well as the amount of undersupply of electric energy caused by these interruptions, has been estimated. The influence of the seasonal component on the number of emergencies during the study period is considered. Based on the data for the first half of 2022, the analysis of the main causes of damage to the elements of electrical networks has been performed. The classification of failures is made, with their main characteristics over the period under study considered. The possibility of using various methods of forecasting the reliability level of the power networks under consideration is evaluated. The results of the analysis of the use of statistical and cybernetic methods of preventive assessment of undersupply of electrical energy are presented. Based on the comparison of the results obtained, it is concluded that statistical methods are the most effective. The research uses general scientific methods, numerical methods of analysis, methods of the theory of electrical circuits, theories of mathematical statistics, data interpolation and forecasting. To visualize the results of the analysis, the technologies of the MATLAB graphics editor were used. The results obtained may be of interest to the heads of power grid companies, as well as researchers and engineers engaged in research in the field of reliability of power supply.

The article discusses in detail the issues related to the electric energy transmission through the electric PJSC Rosseti Lenenergo networks over the 2014 - 2021 operation period. The purpose of the article is defined as a study of the accident rate in the Company's electrical networks, for which a number of tasks to be considered are formulated. The results of annual reports on the number of failures in the Leningrad region and St. Petersburg electrical networks in 2014 - 2021, broken down by months, are used as source data. To approximate the series of emergency shutdowns, programming algorithms developed by the authors were used, which, through the technologies of the Matlab graphics editor, present the visualization of the studied characteristics. The structure of the electric networks on the Company's books, both in the Leningrad region and in St. Petersburg, is considered. The balance of electric energy for the period under study and the data on its losses during power transmission are analyzed. The assessment of the level of damage to electrical networks by events of stable and unstable failures was made. The principal causes of failures are classified, and their percentages related to the total number of failures across the Company's structural units is established. The relationship is established for the number of failures in particular months of the time period under study. The Company's plans of repair and restoration activities are considered, and the correlation coefficient concept is introduced, which establishes the relationship between the number of emergency shutdowns and the set of measures aimed at ensuring the reliability level for the uninterrupted functioning of electric power transmission facilities.

The article is a continuation of the study of operational reliability level of electric networks (EN) of PJSC Rosseti Lenenergo in 2014 – 2021. The classification of causes of damage in the EN and identification of predominant among them in the Company's EN during the operation period are considered in detail. The purpose of the article is defined as the study of cause-and-effect relationships that determine the accident rate, for which a number of tasks are formulated to be considered. The input data are the results of annual reports on the number of failures, broken down by months from 2014 to 2021 in the Leningrad region (LO) and St. Petersburg (SP) electrical networks. As research methods, numerical methods for evaluating the study results and the MATLAB graphic editor technology were used to visualize the analysis results of the studied indicators. Methods of mathematical statistics and artificial neural networks were used as preventive damage assessment methods.To approximate the series of emergency outages, programming algorithms developed by the authors were used, which enabled the visualization of the studied characteristics. It is established that the most appropriate solution is to use statistical methods based on the least squares method. With their application, it is possible to study trend-seasonal models that allow to assess the influence of the seasonal component on the number of failures of electric grid elements.As a result of the study, the main causes of failures of elements of electrical networks have been identified. For the networks of the LO, the main damage cause is the fall of trees (41%), for the SP networks — the impact of unauthorized persons and organizations (48%). Trend and trend-seasonal models have been constructed that allow obtaining short-term forecasts of emergency outages. At the same time, the assessment of the seasonal component reflects the dependence of the number of accidents on the month in which they occurred. For a more detailed analysis, it is planned to consider the influence of climatic parameters on the studied indicator.

The article presents the analysis of the Irkutsk Electric Grid Company activities over the years 2014–2021. The detailed characteristics of the company's balance activities in electric power transmission and its losses are presented, and the failure rate of the company's 0.38 to 500 kV electric networks is considered in detail. The number of failures of electric network elements for each year of the period under consideration, as well as the duration of power supply interruptions are determined. The ratio of self-recovering failures that are self-eliminated after actuation of automatic reclosing (AR) in the total volume of emergency situations has been found. The most characteristic periods of occurrence of the largest number of failures in the electric networks under consideration have been determined. The causes of failures have been considered in detail, and their analysis resulted in establishing that the key causes are the aging and wear and tear of electric network elements. The data are given on the percentage ratio of electric networks of several rated voltage classes, the service life of which exceeded the established normal values. The analysis is performed of the company’s financial expenses on development of electric networks and conformity of the planned measures to the fulfilled investments. It is established that the level of the company’s actual investments significantly exceeds the targets.The company's policy in reducing electric energy losses through the implementation of organizational and technical measures is analyzed.

Analysis has been performed of the operation of electric distribution networks of ten branches of Oblkommunenergo (OKE) of Irkutsk Region [1]. Based on the data on the operation of these networks published in public media, algorithms and computer programs for the Matlab graphic editor are compiled, which are used for plotting time diagrams that characterize the operation of the electrical networks under consideration. The balance changes are shown in the transmission of electric energy into the OKE networks and from the OKE networks directly to consumers (high, medium and low voltage networks). The number of failures, the power supply interruption time and the amount of electricity undersupplied in each month of the year for each of the branches are considered. The months of the year are determined, in which the greatest and least damage occurs to the electrical networks of the OKE branches. Data are presented on the dynamics of annual wear of electric networks, planned activities and their annual implementation. The level of reliability is considered according to the established indicators of the average duration of interruptions in the transmission of electric energy in each calculated regulation period. It is shown that the combination of the main causes of failures largely depends on the natural-climatic and terrain specifics of the regions through which the routes of electric networks pass. As an example, data on the causes of failure in the electrical networks of one of the OKE branches are considered. The most and least damaged electrical networks of the considered OKE branches have been established. In conclusion, findings are formulated and recommendations are presented on minimizing outages based on the main types of failure causes for the purpose of increasing the operational reliability of the electrical networks under consideration.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the damage rate of overhead power transmission lines (OPL) in medium-voltage electrical distribution networks of the Irkutsk region. The established International Indices that determine the level of reliability of the functioning of electric networks are considered, and information on the compliance of the condition of electric networks in Russia with these indices is analyzed. Analytical information on the damage rate of elements of these networks and their causes in Europe, America, and Russia is presented. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the most common damage is characteristic of overhead power lines, especially 6–10 kV lines. As an object of research, two branches of the Irkutsk electric grid company (IEC) were taken, one of which provides electricity to rural consumers, the other — mainly to consumers residing in the territory of the city Irkutsk. The characteristics of these electric networks, their territorial location and basic technical data are presented. To conduct analytical monitoring of the level of reliability of overhead power transmission lines, logs of disconnection of the Eastern and Southern electric networks of the IEC over a long-term period were used. On the basis of this information, tables of failures and their consequences in the studied electrical networks were compiled for monthly average data over the period under examination for various causes of damage. To plot time diagrams of the parameters under examination, computer programs were compiled in the Matlab system, the use of which made it possible to obtain visualization of changes in failures for various reasons for the electrical networks under consideration. The information on the time of power supply interruptions in these networks, as well as the amount of electricity underutilized by consumers during these interruptions and its cost are analyzed. It is shown that in the electric networks under consideration, most of the power failures are related to the territorial dispersion of these networks, and the low level of equipment controls and insufficient qualification of operating personnel, as evidenced by the significant number of failures for unknown reasons. Besides, a significant part of the failures is due to damage to the overhead line wires, switching equipment and the effect of wind load. Recommendations for improving the condition of power transmission lines and a number of measures aimed at improving the level of reliability of power supply are presented.

The influence of phase current unbalance on the probability of occurrence of fire-hazardous situations in industrial premises that receive power in various power supply systems is considered. The theoretical prerequisites for the occurrence of fire-hazardous situations are described. It is shown that zero-sequence flows flowing through a neutral conductor in an unbalanced mode significantly heat it, which can lead to short circuits and conditions for the occurrence of fires. The results of studies of unbalanced conditions in Russia and abroad are presented. It is shown that the zero-sequence flows resulting from current unbalance lead to an increase in additional losses of active power and electrical energy. It is proved that additional heat losses caused by unbalanced power consumption can destroy the insulation of neutral and phase conductors, which is the main cause of short circuits and, as a result, fires. Based on the use of the Matlab graphical editor, dynamic characteristics of variations in phase and interphase currents and voltages, as well as the power loss coefficient, which characterizes the increase in heat losses, are constructed. The analysis of fires and their consequences for various objects in the Russian Federation is made. A computational unit has been developed in Matlab, which is used for calculating and plotting the dynamics of fires and their consequences over the investigated period of time. It is shown that the occurrence of fires and their consequences due to violations of the rules of operation of electrical installations occurs in any premises and sometimes reaches more than 20% of all possible causes of fires. Methods and technical means of minimizing zero-sequence currents as a means of preventing the occurrence of fire-hazardous situations are considered. The principle of operation of an automatically controlled shunt-symmetric device with a minimum resistance to zero-sequence currents is described.

The paper studies the transfer of angular momentum across the interface of two immiscible liquids in a closed vortex flow, generated in a stationary cylindrical container by a rotating disk, being the upper endwall of the cylinder. When the disk rotates, a centrifugal force begins to act on the upper less dense liquid, which leads to the appearance of a centrifugal circulation of the upper liquid. Since the swirling flow of the upper fluid along the sidewall moves from the rotating disk to the interface, it transfers the angular momentum to the interface, thereby swirling the lower fluid as a result of the action of viscous friction. A forced circulation of the lower fluid arises. Flow visualization and measurement of the circumferential velocity component serve to determine the regularities of the formation of a vortex flow of a denser liquid located under the interface and having no direct contact with the solid disk generating the vortex motion. The development of the centrifugal circulation of the lower liquid is found to be similar to that in a mono-fluid. The obtained results are of interest for further development of vortex devices and reactors that provide complex vortex motion of ingredients for mass transfer enhancement, optimization of the operation of existing units, and for the design of new devices.

An approach is described for modeling the operating parameters of photovoltaic converters with regard to changes in natural and climatic conditions. A review of frequently used approaches to modeling photovoltaic converters in problems of optimal unit commitment is presented. Based on the basic provisions of energy system studies, a number of requirements for the proposed approach were formed. An algorithm for calculating the operating parameters of photovoltaic converters, such as output current, voltage, active power, efficiency, and operating temperature, is described. In calculating the operating temperature of the converter, the Koehl correlation coefficients are used to account for additional cooling due to on-ground wind flow. The study also presents the numerical values of the necessary modeling coefficients. As an example, the village of Innyaly (Republic of Yakutia, Lensk raion) was chosen with a solar power plant of a 40-kW capacity planned for building by 2022. For the territory under consideration, a data set of a typical meteorological year was formed using the Local Analysis of Environmental Parameters and Solar Radiation software and computing complex developed at the ESI SB RAS. When forming a typical meteorological year, retrospective natural and climatic data of the FM 12 Synop format from the nearest weather station were used. The modeling results demonstrated the adequacy of the proposed approach. For example, when the level of solar radiation changes, the output current and active power change significantly, while no voltage change is practically observed. At the same time, a decrease in the operating temperature of the photovoltaic converter increases both efficiency and voltage. The modeled operating parameters are consistent with real data obtained by the Australian Solar Center at the power plant in the city of Alice Springs. The proposed approach can be applied to solve problems of optimal unit commitment, adequacy, calculation of economic efficiency, and other energy system parameters.

The article shows that the operation modes in three-phase four-wire 0.38 kV electrical networks are objectively associated with unbalancing power consumption. As a result, significant additional electrical energy thermal losses occur in the neutral conductor’s internal electrical networks and external electrical networks l elements, which not only increase the electrical energy consumption, but also create conditions for the fire-hazardous occurrence single-phase short circuits. A mathematical model is proposed, an algorithm and a program for calculating the limit zero sequence values flows in external neutral conductors and internal 0.38 kV electrical networks are developed. Numerical calculations are made and tabular these limit values data for different conductors’ sections made of various conductive materials are presented. The unbalancing operation modes calculations in operating external and internal 0.38 kV electrical networks have been made, on the basis of which the proposed methodology has been tested. The technical means use effectiveness for the operating modes balancing in existing electrical networks with unbalance power consumption is proved.

The article discusses the research results on the internal electrical networks operation of two independent individual residential buildings with a 0.38 kV voltage three-phase electrical input energy. It is established that these electrical networks operation is characterized by a significant currents and voltages unbalance level, which leads to a quality standards violation and electrical energy additional losses increase. When using the computer program “ModulHous”, which algorithm is based on the developed calculation methods, the currents and voltages unbalance calculation was performed. With the use of the MATLAB graphics editor technology, the obtained changes visualization in the currents and voltages unbalance has been implemented. The obtained diagrams analysis made it possible to establish the unbalance power consumption level and its impact on the internal power supply efficiency of the individual residential buildings. A special balancing device is proposed that automatically minimizes unbalancing flows in the internal individual dwellings electrical network. The developed software made it possible to establish the using balancing devices efficiency to improve the quality and reduce electrical energy additional losses in the considered electric networks of individual residential buildings.

Disconnection of power consumers from power grids is quite a common event, with a wide range of consequences. Power supply interruptions can be caused by both casual events, and planned shutdowns. Disruptions in systems of power supply of consumers lead to a variety of adverse events (under-delivery of products, large-scale product rejection, failure of production equipment, etc.), which inflicts a significant economic damage. The retrospective analysis of the failure rate of electrical networks of the Right Bank and Left Bank districts of Irkutsk over 2013–2017 has been carried out. The analysis was based on the data from dispatching logs of observations on events of failures caused by emergency damage to the Southern electrical networks. It is established that the greatest number of failures occurs for such reasons as damage at substations, damage to consumer electrical networks, wire breakage in air and cable power lines as well as damage of switching equipment. Failures related to wind load, damage at packaged transformer substations, insulators and surge arresters are also analysed. The percentage rate of failures of electrical power networks caused by specific reasons from the total number of failures is presented. Besides, the analysis is performed of the duration of interruptions of power supply owing to damage of individual elements of power network equipment as well as the amount of electric energy undelivered for these reasons, and financial losses caused by these failures due to under-delivery of electric energy, with the average wholesale electricity prices taken into account.

Experiments were carried out in a water-filled elongated cup of a “kitchen scale,” where motion was created by a rotating disk with various micro- and nano-roughness in the top of the cup. The obtained results have shown that for some patterns of nanostructures, there is a noticeable growth of a vortex, generated by the disk, while other roughnesses do not make visible changes in the flow structure. The results are of interest in assessing the efficiency of surfaces with nanoscale roughnesses. Indeed, the first type of nano-roughness may become useful for enhancing soft mixing in chemical and bio-reactors, including in the preparation of special food delicacies. On the other hand, the use of nanostructured surfaces that do not affect the main flow can help to solve some industrial problems of water and ice erosion, for example, in wind turbines or any other objects where disturbances of the main flow are undesirable.

Purpose of the work is search for general trends and problems of the development of the banking sector of the Sverdlovsk region in different time cycles of the economic dynamics of 1999–2017; it is based on the balance model of financial flows between the institutional sectors in the regional system and the identification of priority areas for the financial strategy for the development of the banking sector in the region. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is the methodology for creating a balance model of financial flows between the banking and institutional sectors of the economy (households, financial and non-financial corporations, public administration sector and the rest of the world management), the formation of which is based on the principles of “double entry”. Results. In this paper, we give the analysis of the trajectories of financial flows characteristic of different economic development cycles between institutional sectors in the regional system for such financial tools as cash, deposits, lending, debt securities, and so on. The analysis has shown that almost all institutional sectors have been withdrawn money from the banking sector during the crisis; the banking sector, in turn, has carried out speculation with foreign currency, placed funds into deposit accounts of foreign financial institutions, lent to foreign organizations of large amounts of money (more than to the domestic real sector of economy), invested in debt foreign securities instead of lending to the real sector of the economy. It is justified that in order to stabilize the economic situation of the institutional sectors in the region, withdrawal of the Russian economy from protracted stagnation, it is necessary to change the policy pursued by the banking sector and the Central Bank of Russia. The consolidation of the current development strategy for the banking sector of the Russian Federation for the period 2019–2021 is proposed, as well as measures to support financial institutions investing in the real sector of the economy and the public sector with all possible financial tools; moreover, it is necessary to impose sanctions on those Russian credit institutions that invest in debt foreign securities, lend to foreign institutions and place funds into their deposit accounts.

The paper is concerned with the forecasting of incomes and spendings of households in the Russian Federation based on the scenario modeling. The research is motivated by the significant role of household finances in the socio-economic development of the country and the importance of detecting preconditions for a crisis with timely adjustment of individual national and municipal policies aimed at maintaining the living standards of the population. A methodology for development of socio-economic scenarios is proposed. On its basis, a scenario modeling was performed using the multiple regression analysis by the least squares method for the estimation and forecasting of changes in the structure of household incomes and spendings until 2020. By using this method, a multi-level model of household incomes and spendings was built. This multi-level model was used as the basis for scenarios of formation of and changes in the Russian household incomes until 2020.

The materials of operation unbalancing modes studies in operating distribution electric 0.38 kV networks are presented. For research, electric energy parameters systematic measurements materials and its indicators characterizing the power quality have been used. The measurements were made by an electric grid organization order that provides to facilities power supply in the Irkutsk region. To assess the unbalancing modes, in accordance with the developed calculating the currents and voltages unbalance methods, the program “Imbalance-2" was created to determine these indicators. As a minimizing additional losses means, a special shunt-balancing device is used, which has the lowest possible zero-sequence currents resistance, which automatically changes its parameters. The program provides the device parameters determination in accordance with the changing current unbalance level at any time moment. Based on the created algorithm, the indicators characterizing the power quality, as well as additional power and energy losses caused by this unbalance are calculated and analyzed. It is established that the power quality meets the State Standard requirements, but the additional losses level is quite high. The full power total losses in the individual electrical network elements have been determined and the balancing device efficiency degree to reduce these losses are established. The used balancing device economic efficiency is determined.

The equipment 0.38 kV low-voltage electrical networks is not a satisfactory level. Such electric networks operating modes management is carrying out save energy measures and electricity supply improve efficiency in general largely allows. As a result, the electric energy supplied parameters obtaining actual nature information about to consumers through these electric networks is the developing the power transmission requirements measures basis comply. The article presents results current unbalancing modes objective studies in 0.38 kV an electrical network that feeds Irkutsk multi-storey residential building electric consumers. The analysis electric energy parameters, power quality indicators changes as well as electricity lo sses caused by the currents unbalance in the studied electric network are presented. The calculate parameters and using results of balancing device efficiency as well as its influence on the quality indicators studied and electrical energy loss in the studied electrical network are presented.

The results of an experimental study of the heat flux in a model of a centrifugal vortex apparatus with a lower rotating disk are presented. An experiment considered three cases at a distance between the disks H=R/2 and H=R: “water”, “water-air”, and “water-oil”. Using the colorimetric method, the dependence of the heat flux on Reynolds is shown. The case “water-air” was chosen to evaluate the contribution to heat exchange from the thermocapillary effect (Marangoni) at high Re. For the case of two immiscible liquids of different densities (water-oil), the effect of “centrifugal levitation” is found.

The experimental studies result on the power quality and additional power losses analysis caused by the asymmetric modes occurrence in three-phase four-wire 0.38 kV electrical networks are considered. The operating modes 38 kV networks several types simulation – with power take-off nodes distributed along the power line, and an electric network with a concentrated load is carried out. The programs have been developed that allow to assess the change in indicators characterizing asymmetric modes, as well as programs that allow us to visualize this process change. The most installing special symmetrical devices appropriate places in electric networks with a distributed load (rural electric distribution networks) and concentrated power take-off nodes electric networks (urban electric networks) have been identified to minimize losses and improve the power quality. A numerical studied indicators analysis was performed.

Regularities of the vortex motion in an industrial glass bioreactor with a volume of 12 liters with a reactor vessel diameter D = 190 mm and with a filling of 50% was studied. A 65% water solution of glycerin was used as a model culture medium (density ρ g = 1150 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity Vg = 15 mm2/s). Methods of particle image velocimetry and adaptive track visualization were used to observe the vortex pattern. The regularities of the vortex motion of the cultural medium were determined. It was found that, similar to the case of two rotating immiscible liquids, a strongly swirling jet was formed near the axis, and the entire flow took on the structure of a miniature gas-liquid tornado. The aerating gas interacted with the liquid only through the free surface, without mixing with it. As a result, the intensification of interphase mass transfer was provided due to the high speed of motion of the aerating gas.

The aim of this study is the development of methodological approaches for assessing the implementation of the financial strategy of the territorial system. The study reflects the methodological approaches used in practice to assess the implementation of financial strategies for territorial development, and their advantages and disadvantages. The author substantiates the necessity of using the tool of creating a balance model for obtaining accurate assessment of the implementation of the financial development strategy of the territory. This model shows the fullest reflection of the financial flows between the institutional sectors and financial institutions of the territorial system. The given tool allows to reveal the basic problems of financial development of public sector of economy, sector of house economy, commercial corporations, financial institutions and foreign organizations and to correct the financial strategy of territorial development according to the revealed problems. The novelty of the proposed methodological approach to assessing the implementation of the financial strategy for the development of the territorial system consists in, firstly, the ability to identify potential threats to the financial stability by the institutional sectors of the economy, through the study of the financial flows between them. Secondly, it consists in the possibility of justified formation of specific measures for stabilizing the financial development of institutional sectors and adjusting the financial strategy of the development of the territorial system, through using economic and mathematical tools for studying and forecasting the financial flows.

The paper analyses the typical topology of swirling flows of two immiscible fluids generated in the cylindrical container by its rotating end wall. Using the flow visualization and velocity measurements by PIV for different parameters of rotation of the upper end of the cylinder, this study reveals general features of the evolution of counter flow (bubble-like vortex breakdown, VB) which is common for vortex flows with various liquids at the interface or the solid rotated end. In both fluids, the rotation generates centrifugal meridional circulations and a local circulation cell (vortex breakdown bubble, VBB). The research shows that the scenario for the VBB appearance depends weakly on the properties of the medium that restricts the circulation of the working fluid. Patterns and formation of cellular structure appear common for flows with “liquid bottom” and “liquid rotating lid”. The VBB scenario is similar to that occurring in a single-fluid flow and in the upper or lower fluids of a two-fluid flow, but the range of the Reynolds numbers can be different depending on the volume of the upper fluid and kinematic viscosity of the lower liquid. This study can serve as the first step in the “rotating liquid lid” and “liquid lid” technology for chemical and biological processes where fine, gentle, and nonintrusive mixing is favourable.

Current work deals with the study of swirling laminar flows in confined and unconfined flows in order to identify common patterns considering the phenomenon of vortex breakdown. Two types of vortex breakdown patterns are created: spiral and bubble. To catch the main flow features the modern tracer visualization technique adapted to experimental conditions is used. Measurements of velocity distributions are conducted via two-component LDA system. This work also confirms some ideas proposed by (Jones et al. 2015) about generalization of vortex breakdown conditions in different geometries.

Two-fluid swirling flows are rich in features of fundamental and practical interest. Among them, the most intriguing phenomenon that is important for applications is the formation of local circulation cells (vortex breakdown, VB). Our experimental study explores flows of two immiscible liquids in a sealed vertical cylindrical container driven by the rotating lid. The lid rotation generates the meridional circulation of an adjacent fluid, which serves as a rotating “liquid lid” for the lower fluid. The upper fluid goes from the cylinder axis to the periphery near the lid and back near the interface. This centrifugal circulation tends to propel the circulation in the main-fluid domain – in the lower fluid. As the angular speed of lid rotation increases, vortex breakdown occurs in the lower fluid. Using visualization of the flow and measurement of velocity by PIV method, we reveal common features of the VB development in the lower fluid at different thicknesses of the upper fluid. We show that the range of Reynolds numbers, where VB occurs, might be different depending on the volume of the upper liquid and its kinematic viscosity.

This paper focus is the application of optical methods of pulsating vortex flow diagnostics on the example of swirling flow instability in a cylinder with rotating lid and aspect ratio h = 3.3, 3.4. To obtain a complete picture of auto-generated pulsations development, long-term LDV measurements of the tangential velocity component were carried out with a continuous method of the Reynolds number variation from 2000 to 3500 over 8 hours (30,000 seconds). In the view of the smallness of the Reynolds number increase rate ΔRe / Δt = 0.05 s−1, this process can be considered as quasi-equilibrium. A comparison with the widely used discrete method of the Reynolds number variation is made, given range of the Reynolds numbers was studied with a step ΔRe = 50 for 20 minutes per point. It was found that at the same h, Re different vortex structures are formed depending on the Reynolds number variation method. In the case of discrete the Reynolds number variation, the development of pulsations may require up to 2000 rotating lid revolutions or 500 seconds, it should be considered conducting the experiments.

The purpose of this report is to acquaint the recoder with the history of interaction the man wiht Enviroment on Baikal. Environment, natural-climatic and landscape living conditions basically influenced, as known, human history. And, in particular, they influenced economic activities, culture, mode of life and character of folks. Peoples of the World had to consider with environment at each stage of their development. The ancients looked for more favorable places of living for their surviving. Especially they were attracted by big water reservoirs such as rivers and lakes, because living near them was much more easier. Often big water reservoirs served as the source for the conceptions for civilizations. At that time a man was influenced by them and tried to adopt to the environment. He formed the modern image of these reservoirs in the process of his activity. And so a human been and nature historically felt the mutual influence upon each other. And Lake Baikal is not an exception. It has fed and given to drink since the ancient time.

This experimental study describes a hysteresis—a vivid manifestation of strongly nonlinear flow physics. A sealed vertical cylindrical container of radius 45 mm and height 90 mm is filled with water and sunflower oil. The rotating lid drives swirl and the meridional circulation of both fluids. As the rotation strength Re increases, the oil-water interface rises near the axis, touches the lid at Re = Re1, and moves toward the container sidewall. Then as Re decreases, the interface returns to the axis and separates from the lid at Re = Re2 < Re1. At each Re from the range, Re2 < Re < Re1, two different stable steady flow states are observed that is typical of hysteresis. The hysteresis only occurs if a volume fraction of oil is small. The hysteresis disappears as the oil fraction exceeds a threshold, which is around 0.4.

One of the neutron scattering facilities at the restarted research reactor at KFKI Budapest is the triple-axis spectrometer. The structural set-up and the main technical parameters are described.