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У статті проаналізовано особливості здійснення контролю крайовими судами у Галичині в сфері судочинства (1855–1918). Зазначено, що унаслідок реформування австрійського судочинства у середині ХІХ ст. було створено триступеневу судову систему: повітові, окружні (крайові), вищі крайові суди. Особлива увага зосереджена на характеристиці історичного досвіду здійснення контролю крайовими судами у Галичині в сфері судочинства. в досліджуваний період. Зазначено, що на крайові суди у Галичині покладалася функція контролю, а фактично внутрішнього контролю над діяльністю самого суду і установ, які діяли при ньому – Адвокатська палата, Нотаріальна палата. Важливим елементом контролю був нагляд над станом утримання в’язнів в окрузі відповідальності суду. У випадку Східної Галичини – це львівські і одна станіславівська в’язниці. Контролююча функція була безпосередньо пов’язана з дисциплінарною діяльністю крайових судів. Ще однієї важливою складовою діяльності крайових судів виступала роль апеляційних інстанцій для судів першої інстанції у цивільних справах (для кримінальних таким органом був Вищий крайовий суд). Дослідження правових засад організації та діяльності крайових судів у Галичині (1850–1918 рр.) засвідчують наявність певного позитивного досвіду, який можна використати у реформуванні чинного законодавства України про судочинство. Досвід функціонування крайових судів у Галичині в складі Австро-Угорщини переконує в необхідності своєчасно реагувати на суспільні виклики і приводити судоустрій у відповідність з потребами. У результаті політико-правових змін середини ХІХ –другої половини ХІХ ст. громадянам Австро-Угорщини гарантували конституційне право на судовий захист. У своїй діяльності судді крайових судів у Галичині керувалися законом і намагалися вирішувати спори на основі чинного австрійського законодавства. Будь-які зловживання службовим становищем каралися, про що свідчать опрацьовані архівні матеріали. Зазначено, що на основі історичного досвіду діяльності крайових судів у Галичині (1850–1918 рр.), у сучасних умовах в Україні важливим є: розробити новий порядок кадрового відбору суддів на конкурсній основі, який забезпечить кваліфікаційне оцінювання суддів за однаковими прозорими критеріями та передбачити регулярну оцінку професійної діяльності суддів, закріплення у законодавстві принципу підвищення професійного рівня суддів як основного критерію для просування судді у професійній кар’єрі; запровадити механізми досягнення єдності судової практики шляхом використання дослідницько-аналітичних можливостей вищих спеціалізованих судів, посилення ролі Верховного Суду України, забезпечення їхньої тісної співпраці з науковими установами (Національною академією правових наук України, провідними вищими юридичними навчальними закладами); розробити механізми контролю за доброчесністю, зокрема, надання суддями та членами родини суддів розширених декларацій про майновий стан, доходи та видатки, упровадження пропорційних санкцій за неподання або подання неповної чи недостовірної декларації, у тому числі через ефективну систему заходів щодо судді, якого підозрюють у корупційних діях, чітке нормативне регулювання інституту функціонального імунітету судді; удосконалити порядок розподілу справ між судами, за яким незначні цивільні та кримінальні справи необхідно передати на розгляд і вирішення створеного у майбутньому мирового суду на рівні першої інстанції, що значно зменшило б навантаження на новостворені окружні суди, а тяжкі кримінальні справи передати в окружні суди для розгляду з участю присяжних засідателів, де професійний суддя буде здійснювати нагляд за судовим процесом, дотриманням сторонами процесу порядку і призначення покарання, що усунить корупційну складову в судах; для апеляційних та касаційних інстанцій встановити чітке розмежування щодо розгляду справ у апеляційних та касаційних інстанціях; законодавчо встановити наступне: якщо ціна позову цивільної справи до 50-ти прожиткових мінімумів, встановлених державою на даний момент, тоді рішення суду першої інстанції має бути остаточним і оскарженню в апеляційному суді не підлягатиме; якщо ціна позову становитиме від 50-ти до 100 прожиткових мінімумів, встановлених державою на даний момент, тоді цивільну справу можна оскаржити в апеляційній інстанції та її рішення мають бути остаточним (це значно розвантажить роботу апеляційної і касаційної інстанцій). з метою запобігання зловживанню необхідно конкретизувати і дотримуватися розумного строку розгляду справи в апеляційних судах України та забезпечити рівні права учасників судового розгляду на апеляційне (як і касаційне) оскарження на основі загально-дозвільного методу правового регулювання.

Introduction. The first pandemic in the 21st century, caused by the pathogenic representative of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, began in the Chinese city of Wuhan, where the first outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia was recorded in December 2019. The disease spread so quickly around the world that already on February 11, 2020, WHO was forced to declare a pandemic of the “coronavirus disease 2019” COVID-19. The first case of COVID-19 in the Stavropol Territory was registered on March 20, 2020, and three weeks later, starting from the 15th week of the year, a steady increase in the incidence began, which lasted until the 52nd week. During the study period, the incidence increased from 21.1 to 28.3 per hundred thousand of the population. Growth 1.3 times.Purpose: to determine the dynamics of population immunity among the population of the Stavropol Territory in 2020-2021. during the period of an epidemic increase in the incidence of COVID-19. Materials and methods. The SARS-CoV-2 study was carried out according to a unified methodology within the framework of the program for assessing the population immunity of the population of the Russian Federation, developed by Rospotrebnadzor with the participation of the St. Pasteur. In total, 2688 people were examined, divided into 7 age groups. In the examined individuals, the level of specific IgG to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid was determined by the enzyme immunoassay.Results. The level of seroprevalence among residents of the Stavropol Territory was 9.8%. The largest proportion of seropositive individuals was found in the age groups 1-6 and 7-13 years old (19.2% and 19.7%, respectively). Seroprevalence had no gender differences and ranged from 9.3% to 10.8%. When assessing the distribution of the proportion of seropositive persons in different geographic territories of the region, it was found that the maximum proportion was found in the Kochubeevsky district (23.1%), the minimum in Kislovodsk (7.7%). Among convalescents, the content of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was noted in 73.3%, which is 7.8 times higher than the average population level. When conducting seromonitoring in the 2nd half of 2020, a 10-fold increase in seroprevalence was recorded, accompanied by a decrease in incidence from the 5th week of 2021. Among asymptomatic volunteers in whom SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction, antibody titers to viruses were found in 78.6%, which corresponds to the seroprevalence of convalescents. The proportion of seropositive persons among those who have come into contact with COVID-19 patients was 16.4%, (1.8 times higher than the average for the population). Out of 262 seroprevalent volunteers, the asymptomatic form of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 92% of the examined, which indicates a significant role of the number of asymptomatic forms of infection in the epidemic process of COVID-19.Conclusion. The results of assessing the population immunity of the population of the Stavropol Territory indicate that it has not yet reached the threshold level at which a decrease in the intensity of the COVID-19 epidemic process can be expected.

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, dubbed COVID-19, has become one of the most serious challenges for human populations in the vast majority of countries worldwide. Rapid spreading and increased mortality related to it required new approaches to manage epidemic processes on a global scale. One of such approaches was based on analyzing SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence associated with COVID-19. Our aim was to summarize the results on assessing seroprevalence to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen (Nc) in residents from 26 regions of the Russian Federation, carried out during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic.Materials and methods. Seroprevalence distribution was examined in 26 model regions of the Russian Federation according to the unified method developed by the Rospotrebnadzor with the participation of the Federal State Institution Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Such approach implied formation of a group of volunteer subjects in model geographic region who were tested by ELISA for anti-Nc serum antibody level in peripheral blood. Analyzed primary data obtained in separate regions were either accepted for publication or released.Results. The current paper finalizes the data obtained in all 26 regions of the Russian Federation. The total SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 19.5 (10.0–25.6)% with the maximum and minimum value found in the Kaliningrad Region and the Republic of Crimea, respectively (50.2% vs. 4.3%). A pattern of age-related seroprevalence distribution indicates insignificant predominance of seroprevalence among subjects of 1–17 years old: 22.1 (13.1–31.8)%. Among COVID-19 convalescents positive for SARS-CoV Nc antibodies it reached 60.0 (40.0–73.3)%. The number of contact persons comprised 6285 subjects or 8.5% of total volunteer cohort, with the level of seroprevalence reaching up to 25.3 (17.95–35.8)%. A direct correlation was revealed between levels of seroprevalence in convalescent and contact volunteers. In addition, the reproductive number for SARS-CoV was calculated comprising 5.8 (4.3–8.5) suggesting that one convalescent subject can infect at least 4 healthy individuals. A high level of asymptomatic forms of COVID-19 among seropositive subjects was confirmed empirically comprising up to 93.6 (87.1–94.9)%.Conclusion. A single cross-sectional study performed during 2020 June–August timeframe allowed to assess pattern of sex- and agerelated COVID-19 seroprevalence for general population in 26 Russian Federation regions. The data obtained may serve as a basis for the longitudinal cohort investigation with serial subject sampling. The timing and duration of study will be determined by dynamics of ongoing COVID-19 epidemic.

Since April 2016 after global cessation of using trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) and switch to bivalent OPV consisting of polioviruses types 1 and 3 (the “switch”), any isolation of type 2 poliovirus has been regarded as an event of extreme importance requiring investigation, risk assessment and decision making. In 2016, 2 cases of isolated vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 from healthy children was registered in Russia. Our study was aimed at on the assessing a risk of further spread of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 and provide measures for preventing its further spread based on epidemiological investigation and genetic characteristics of the isolated viruses. The cases were revealed within the surveillance program for poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis syndrome conducted in the Russian Federation. The laboratory investigation was carried out in accordance with the algorithm adopted in the Russian Federation and recommended by the WHO standards: virus isolation on RD, L20B and Hep2C cell cultures, identification in the neutralization reaction, intratyping differentiation by using RT-PCR in real-time mode, sequencing of the poliovirus genome fragments encoding the VP1 protein. A risk assessment for spread of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 was performed in accordance with the WHO recommendations. There was uncovered a genetic relationship between virus strains isolated in September and December from unvaccinated Moscow resident boy (1 year old) who arrived from the Chechen Republic and from unvaccinated girl resident of the Chechen Republic (1 year old) with impaired humoral and cellular immunity. The virus strains were found to bear 10 and 13 genomic nucleotide substitutions, respectively, at the site encoding the VP1 protein compared with the Sabin type 2 vaccine strain that allowed to classify them as vaccine-derived polioviruses. In particular, both virus strains were shown to originate from the type 2 strain presented in the tOPV used shortly before the “switch”. Epidemiological investigation revealed family ties and probable contact between both children in the same premises. A series of organizational and vaccination measures was undertaken, as well as polio surveillance was strengthened in the region. No new type 2 polioviruses of vaccine origin were detected in the territory of the Chechen Republic during 18-month monitoring follow-up. The risk assessment of spread for vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 in a region, Russian Federation as well as cross-boundary spread identified it as “low,” requiring no use of type 2 monovalent OPV. Such experience for countermeasures may be taken into account to oppose the risks before and after the global certification for poliomyelitis eradication.

Objective: to study the clinical and epidemiological features of brucellosis in children in the Stavropol region.Materials and methods: Analysis of brucellosis is made and the share of brucellosis in the Stavropol Territory from 2010 to 2014 is clarified. The paper used the data from the Territorial Rospotrebnadzor in the Stavropol Territory. Dynamic clinical indices were analyzed in 17 children with brucellosis under treatment and dispensary observation in the State Budget Institution of Health of the Stavropol Territory «Regional Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases». Analyzed an outbreak of brucellosis in Essentuki in 2016. We used the following methods: bibliographic, monographic description, epidemiological, analytical, statistical methods.Results. The proportion of the incidence of brucellosis in children in Stavropol Krai in comparison with the Russian figures were: in 2010 – 8,33%, in 2016 – 56%. A household way of infection increases, including children, who were infected in the farms of their own parents. The age of infection was12–16 (47,06%), 8–11 (35,29%) and 4–7 years (17,65%).The main clinical syndromes were: arthritic, vegetative, asthenic, lymphoproliferative syndrome, liver disease, splenomegaly. Isolated forms did not occur. Predominantly, large joints with dysfunction of joints of I–II degree were affected. Late referral after the initial manifestation is typical. Late initiation of treatment. The etiotropic therapy is carried out at least 4 weeks, in the presence of carditis – up to 16 weeks.Conclusion. The epidemiological situation of brucellosis in the Stavropol territory has been tense in the recent years. The active migration of the population from the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District contributes to this. Intensive incidence rate of brucellosis exceeds the average Russian level by 5–8 times each year.The combination of the locomotor and visceral forms prevailed in the clinical picture. In dynamics, within 2–7 years persistent asthenovegetative and arthritic changes were formed and frequent exacerbation of bacterial flora and ENT pathology of the gastrointestinal tract was observed.

In 2007 further increase of Crimean haemorrhagic fever (CHF) morbidity was registered in the territory of the Southern federal district. The cause of this is primarily the increase of the population level of H. marginatum. In the light of present epidemic situation we inclined to believe the prognosis for CHF in 2008 is unfavorable. The necessary measures to assure epidemiologic well-being for CHF are stated in the article. Acaricidal treatment of cattle carried out before mass activity of ticks and registration of the first patients is considered to be the primary one.

Aim. To analyze the epidemiological situation of brucellosis in the Stavropol Territory and to determine the specific features of its acute form. Materials and methods. The epidemiological situation of brucellosis in the Stavropol Region was retrospectively analyzed using the 2000-2014 official statistics of the Russian Federation and Stavropol Territory for brucellosis cases, individual documents of the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Directorate in the Stavropol Territory and Russian Federation, and medical records of the Brucellosis Department, Stavropol Hospital Two. Results. Brucellosis is a social problem in a group of focal zoonotic infections in the Russian Federation. In the North Caucasian Federal District, the largest number of new human brucellosis cases was notified in the Republic of Dagestan (59.3%) and Stavropol Territory (27.4%). The incidence of brucellosis in the Stavropol Territory was 5—10-fold higher than that in the Russian Federation as a whole. The true prevalence of brucellosis was 25% greater than the statistical data in terms of its clinical forms that were not included in official registration. Infection occurred in humans by contact with large and small cattle in 49.7% of cases. The disease mainly affected men (78.3%) and able-bodied people (67.7%); 78.5% of the patients seeking medical advice and as high as 79.9% of those being covered by serological examination of groups at risk for brucellosis were detected. There was a declining trend for the number of occupational brucellosis cases. At the same time, brucellosis accounted for 75% of the territory’s total number of occupational diseases. In the past decade, brucellosis has exhibited a relatively benign course (91.3% for its moderate form), by predominantly involving the osteoarticular system (63%). Non-compliance with outpatient antibacterial therapy is one of the factors for brucellosis chronization. 28.2% of the patients who had undergone a complete therapy cycle developed chronic brucellosis less frequently (p