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Introduction. Scoliosis is one of the most common orthopedic diseases of childhood and adolescence, leading to disability and reducing the child’s quality of life. The prevalence of scoliosis in the structure of pediatric orthopedic pathology reaches 30 %. In 50 % of cases, the disease is characterized by a severe progressive course, especially during puberty. Aim. Studying the effectiveness of electrical stimulation methods for scoliosis in children to develop recommendations for their practical use based on the analysis of systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. Materials and methods. The search was carried out using the database of evidence-based physiotherapy PubMed, Cyberleninka and eLIBRARY using the keywords: «electrical stimulation», «pulse currents», «scoliosis», «children» for the period from 2008–2024.Exclusion criteria: articles published on this topic before 2008. Main content. The main methods of physiotherapy used in the treatment of scoliosis in children are electrotherapy methods, among which electrical stimulation plays a leading role. The advantage of electrical stimulation for scoliosis in children is to provide training in the strength and tone of the back muscles on the side of the deformity. Electrical stimulation is indicated for scoliosis of I and II degrees. The greatest effect in the correction of scoliotic spinal deformity in children is observed with the combined use of electrical stimulation and exercise therapy. This review provides data on the relevance of medical rehabilitation of scoliosis in children, the mechanism of action of electrical stimulation, data on the effectiveness of using electrical stimulation methods for scoliosis in children: sinusoidal modulated currents, diadynamic therapy, transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation, interference therapy, fluctuarization and functional programmable electrical stimulation. Conclusion. Currently, a wide range of electrical stimulation technologies has been developed for the medical rehabilitation of children with scoliosis, among which sinusoidally modulated currents and diadynamic currents are most often used. Transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation, having a predominantly antinociceptive effect, also has an effect on muscle contractions. Functional programmable electrical stimulation of muscles is a promising technology for medical rehabilitation of children with scoliosis, requiring further study and scientific justification.

In ecological and physiological studies of plant cover, the predominant participation of leaves in the processes of photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration determines the key role of such a morphometric parameter as leaf surface area. The estimation of the area of needle-like leaf organs of conifers often requires an individual approach. The diversity of needle shapes is determined by species affiliation, morphological structure, ecological conditions and age, and, in turn, determines the diversity of methods for estimating the needle surface area. Therefore, the search for simple standard methods for determining the surface area of leaf organs of conifers is an urgent task for plant physiologists. The aim of this work has been to create a universal model for estimating the needle surface area, independent of species. To achieve it, the needle cross-section model proposed by the authors has been used, based on the transformation of the perimeter of the cross-section into an equivalent circle, the perimeter of which is associated with the parameters of the needle cross-section before the transformation. To estimate the surface area of the needle, it is possible to approximate the needle with a geometric body, which is a combination of an ellipsoid of revolution, a cone and a cylinder, with the radius of the cylinder being estimated using the needle cross-section model. The model allows to estimate the surface area of the needle by its 4 morphometric parameters: thickness, width, length of the middle part and total length. Full verification of the model proposed in the article has turned out to be impossible due to the lack of methods for accurate estimation of the needle surface area. The developed method has been compared to other methods for estimating the surface area of needle-like samples by the examples of the needles of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica L.) and common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), as well as banana fruits (Musa paradisiaca L.), and the good predictive ability of the model has been demonstrated. It can be characterized as universal with a theoretical relative error of no more than 5 %.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are related intestinal L-cell derived secretory products. GLP-1 has been extensively studied in terms of its influence on metabolism, but less attention has been devoted to GLP-2 in this regard. The current study compares the effects of these proglucagon-derived peptides on pancreatic beta-cell function, as well as on glucose tolerance and appetite. The insulin secretory effects of GLP-1 and GLP-2 (10−12–10−6 M) were investigated in BRIN-BD11 beta-cells as well as isolated mouse islets, with the impact of test peptides (10 nM) on real-time cytosolic cAMP levels further evaluated in mouse islets. The impact of both peptides (10−8–10−6 M) on beta-cell growth and survival was also studied in BRIN BD11 cells. Acute in vivo (peptides administered at 25 nmol/kg) glucose homeostatic and appetite suppressive actions were then examined in healthy mice. GLP-1, but not GLP-2, concentration dependently augmented insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 cells, with similar observations made in isolated murine islets. In addition, GLP-1 substantially increased [cAMP]cyt in islet cells and was significantly more prominent than GLP-2 in this regard. Both GLP-1 and GLP-2 promoted beta-cell proliferation and protected against cytokine-induced apoptosis. In overnight fasted healthy mice, as well as mice trained to eat for 3 h per day, the administration of GLP-1 or GLP-2 suppressed appetite. When injected conjointly with glucose, both peptides improved glucose disposal, which was associated with enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by GLP-1, but not GLP-2. To conclude, the impact of GLP-1 and GLP-2 on insulin secretion is divergent, but the effects of beta-cell signaling and overall health are similar. Moreover, the peripheral administration of either hormone in rodents results in comparable positive effects on blood glucose levels and appetite.

Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) are among the most cost-effective and informative biodiversity indicator groups, conveying rich information about the status of habitats and faunas of an area. Yet their use for monitoring the mammal species, that are the main providers of the food for the dung beetles, has only recently been recognized. In the present work, we studied the diet of four endemic Madagascan dung beetles (Helictopleurus fissicollis (Fairmaire), H. giganteus (Harold), Nanos agaboides (Boucomont), and Epilissus splendidus Fairmaire) using high-throughput sequencing and amplicon metagenomics. For all beetle species, the ⅔–¾ of reads belonged to humans, suggesting that human feces are the main source of food for the beetles in the examined areas. The second most abundant were the reads of the cattle (Bos taurus Linnaeus). We also found lower but significant number of reads of six lemur species belonging to three genera. Our sampling localities agree well with the known ranges of these lemur species. The amplicon metagenomics method proved a promising tool for the lemur inventories in Madagascar.

INTRODUCTION. The relevance of the medical rehabilitation of children with scoliosis is due to the high prevalence of the disease inthe structure of pediatric orthopedic pathology (up to 27.6%), the severe, progressive course of the disease during puberty (50.0%),and the high risk of early disability. The complex application of high-intensity pulsed magnetic therapy and therapeutic correctivegymnastics is one of the promising methods of medical rehabilitation of scoliosis in children.AIM. To establish scientifically the use of high-intensity pulsed magnetic therapy in the medical rehabilitation of children with grade IIscoliosis.MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study involved 90 children aged 5-18 years, suffering from scoliosis of the II degree, divided into threeequal groups: the study group – received a complex effect of high-intensity pulsed magnetic therapy and corrective gymnastics; 1stcomparison group – high-intensity pulsed magnetic therapy; 2 comparison group – corrective gymnastics. All children underwenta dynamic clinical and functional examination.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. In the majority (89%) of children who received physical factors, an improvement in orthopedic status wasnoted, more significant (p

Chronic hyperglycemia impairs insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in diabetes. Here, the authors reveal that a glucose metabolite is responsible and show lowering glucose metabolism during hyperglycemia prevents loss of beta-cell function.

Abstract The present case–control study aimed to assess associations of routine and experimental biomarkers with risk for cardiovascular death and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a cohort recruited from the multicenter study “Cardiovascular Epidemiology in Russian Federation” (ESSE-RF) to identify experimental biomarkers potentially suitable for expanded evaluation. A total of 222 subjects included cardiovascular death (N = 48) and AMI cases (N = 63) during 6.5-year follow up and matched healthy controls. Seven routine and eight experimental biomarkers were assayed to analyze associations with outcomes using logistic and Cox proportional hazard regressions. Elevated levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) were independently associated (P

Abstract Channelling of glucose via glycogen, known as the glycogen shunt, may play an important role in the metabolism of brain tumours, especially in hypoxic conditions. We aimed to dissect the role of glycogen degradation in glioblastoma (GBM) response to ionising radiation (IR). Knockdown of the glycogen phosphorylase liver isoform (PYGL), but not the brain isoform (PYGB), decreased clonogenic growth and survival of GBM cell lines and sensitised them to IR doses of 10–12 Gy. Two to five days after IR exposure of PYGL knockdown GBM cells, mitotic catastrophy and a giant multinucleated cell morphology with senescence-like phenotype developed. The basal levels of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-acid glucosidase (GAA), essential for autolysosomal glycogen degradation, and the lipidated forms of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like (GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2) increased in shPYGL U87MG cells, suggesting a compensatory mechanism of glycogen degradation. In response to IR, dysregulation of autophagy was shown by accumulation of the p62 and the lipidated form of GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2 in shPYGL U87MG cells. IR increased the mitochondrial mass and the colocalisation of mitochondria with lysosomes in shPYGL cells, thereby indicating reduced mitophagy. These changes coincided with increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2, slower ATP generation in response to glucose loading and progressive loss of oxidative phosphorylation. The resulting metabolic deficiencies affected the availability of ATP required for mitosis, resulting in the mitotic catastrophy observed in shPYGL cells following IR. PYGL mRNA and protein levels were higher in human GBM than in normal human brain tissues and high PYGL mRNA expression in GBM correlated with poor patient survival. In conclusion, we show a major new role for glycogen metabolism in GBM cancer. Inhibition of glycogen degradation sensitises GBM cells to high-dose IR indicating that PYGL is a potential novel target for the treatment of GBMs.

Aim. To conduct a targeted search for scientific literature sources aimed at compiling a review of data on the use of physical factors inthe medical rehabilitation of children suffering from spinal osteochondropathies.One of the most urgent and socially significant problems of modern medicine is the wide prevalence of orthopedic pathology, amongwhich the leading positions are occupied by diseases of the spine. In the population of children and adolescents, there has been arecent steady increase in pain syndromes of a vertebrogenic nature, leading to a violation of physical functioning. According to variouspopulation studies, the prevalence of this nosological form among the child population ranges from 0.42 to 37%. The prevalenceof Sheyerman-Mau disease in the general population of children and adolescents ranges from 0.4-8.3%. This pathology is the mostcommon among all osteochondropathies of childhood. To date, the etiology of spinal osteochondropathy is still unclear. Due to theasymptomatic course, the disease is not always diagnosed at the early stages of development which creates certain difficulties indiagnosing and prescribing effective treatment of the disease. Medical rehabilitation of children with spinal osteochondropathies isaimed at preventing further progression of deformity, improving posture, respiratory function and cardiovascular system and includes:rational motor mode and nutrition, general strengthening and hardening procedures, conservative orthopedic measures (wearing acorset, staying in a plaster bed), active correction of deformity (kinesotherapy), hydrokinesotherapy, massage, passive correction ofdeformity (treatment with position), physiotherapy (electrical muscle stimulation), sports (skiing, swimming). A special place in thereview is given to the presentation of the stages of medical rehabilitation of children with dorsalgia and adolescents who have undergonesurgical treatment for spinal osteochondropathies. Conclusion. When prescribing a personalized program of medical rehabilitation for children suffering from spinal osteochondropathies,the maximum positive dynamics of the course of the disease is achieved, which leads to an improvement in the quality of lifeand a decrease in disability among the children’s population. The developed programs of medical rehabilitation of children will reducethe socio-economic losses from vertebrogenic pathology and will contribute to strengthening the health of the younger generationsof Russia.

Aim. To assess the prognostic role of cardiac biomarkers (galectin-3, soluble ST2 (sST2), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)) in risk stratification of adverse cardiovascular events (CVEs) in patients with heart failure (HF) after implantation of an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) within 12-month follow-up period.Material and methods. The study included 57 patients (men, 41; mean age, 65 (59; 68) years) with coronary artery disease and NYHA class II-III HF with left ventricular ejection fraction of 34 [26; 40]%. All patients were implanted with AICD. Serum levels of NT-proBNP, sST2, and galectin-3 were determined by enzyme immunoassay prior to AICD implantation.Results. It has been established that in order to stratify the risk of unfavorable HF in patients after AICD implantation for 12-month follow-up, all three studied biomarkers can be considered as prognostic factors. Thus, an increase in the level of NT-proBNP ≥1046,6 pg/ml (AUC=0,68; p=0,009), sST2 ≥34,43 ng/ml (AUC=0,78; p

Aim. To study the influence of social determinants on the frequency of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) categories of various levels, as well as associations with a number of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cardiovascular risk factors among the population of four Russian regions included in the ESSE-RF-2.Material and methods. The study was performed as part of a multicenter epidemiological study “Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in the regions of the Russian Federation. The second study (ESSE-RF-2)”. In total, 6681 people 25-64 years old from 4 regions of Russian Federation were included in the analysis. The CKD-EPI formula was used to calculate GFR by blood creatinine level. Groups with normal GFR (≥90 ml/min/1.73 m²), with an initial decrease in GFR (

Experimental and clinical data indicate a significant contribution of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) to the atherogenesis. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of this relationship are not fully understood.Aim. To investigate the distribution of Lp(a) in the population of the regions participating in the Study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation” (ESSE-RF) and to evaluate its associations with cardiovascular risk factors.Material and methods. Representative samples of the male and female population of 7 regions of the Russian Federation, aged from 25 to 64 years, enrolled in the multi-center cross-sectional epidemiological study were analyzed. A total of 10332 people were examined, of whom 3732 were men (36.0%) and 6600 were women (64.0%), the average age was equal in both sexes.Results. The mean value of Lp(a) reached 22.4 mg/dl (standard deviation 21.3 mg/dl) and significantly differed from the median (11.1 mg/dl; interquartile range from 3.9 to 20.2 mg/dl), forming the right-skewed distribution in both male and female population. Lp(a) levels were statistically significantly correlated with the level of low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), ароВ/аpoAI and total cholesterol. Notably, the odds ratios were growing by quintiles, and increased along with increasing lipid values (p

A steady trend of growing open pit depths and the corresponding increase in the hauling distance in the world practice of open-cast mining have determined the main direction of the development of mining dump trucks towards enhancing their carrying capacity, which leads to an increase in the capacity of a power plant, weight-size parameters of the engine, and the quantity of the fuel consumed. In winter, the preparation of a diesel engine for the start-up with a special heating system at the air temperature of –40 °C takes up to 40–50 min. Due to the problems of starting the engine at low temperatures, diesel engines are often not shut off during the entire winter period, resulting in the engine eoveraging, significant overconsumption of fuel and an increase in exhaust emissions. The main advantages of gas turbine engines include high efficiency at loads close to nominal, high aggregate capacity combined with low weight and dimensions (energy consumption is 1000–3000 kW/m3, 1000–2000 kW/t), high maneuverability and readiness for action (preparation for action takes 10-15 minutes with the start-up time of 120-180 s), adaptability to automation, high reliability, relatively simple design and maintenance, high manufacturability, possibility of aggregate repair, easy and reliable start-up at low temperatures and lower exhaust emissions. The specific gravity of a gas turbine engine is much less and does not exceed 25-30% of a piston engine weight, making it possible to lighten the engine frame and increase the load capacity of the dump truck. The power-to-size ratio of a gas turbine engine is also higher than that of a piston-type one, therefore the former is characterized by a 2-3-fold reserve in terms of space in the engine compartment of the dump truck. Besides, the gas turbine engine can work for a long time in the conditions of high dust, use cheaper gas fuel and requires practically no oil. Low weight and compact size, the option of getting high capacity in a single unit and remote control, along with easy and reliable start-up at low temperatures make gas turbine engines very attractive for use on heavy-duty mining dump trucks, road trains with active trailers and semi-trailers, especially in the northern and arctic areas.

The higher prevalence of alimentary-dependent risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in the Russian Federation among rural residents suggests that there are differences in the diets of city and village residents.Aim. To examine the diet differences of city and village adults.Material and methods. The analysis included representative samples from male and female population aged 25-64 years (n=21923, of which 8383 and 13550 are men and women, respectively) from 13 regions of the Russian Federation. The diet features were assessed by the frequency of consumption of themain food groups and individual eating habits: salting, the use of animal fats in cooking.Results. Rural men 18% more often than urban daily consumed meat sausages, 13% — salting and marinades and less often included in the diet meat (23%), fresh vegetables and fruits (28%), “milk, kefir, yogurt” (12%), sour cream (17%), quark (23%) and cheese (14%). Rural women less often consumed meat (19%), dairy products (18%), including cottage cheese (25%) and cheese (26%), but more often — salting (34%) and beans (10%). Rural women more often salt already prepared food — the odds ratio (OR) =1,32; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1,03-1,70 (X2=4,81, p=0,0282). Excess sugar intake among rural men was more common — OR=1,23; 95% CI 1,10-1,37 (X2=13,06, p>0,0001). The women of the village more often added butter to the dishes (sandwich, porridge, mashed potatoes, etc.) than the urban ones — OR=1,14; 95% CI 1,03-1,25 (X2=6,90, p=0,0086), in contrast to men, for whom the consumption of butter did not differ. In general, excess consumption of salt and sugar in the diet of village men was more common than among city men — OR=1,26; 95% CI 1,13-1,42 (X2=15,95, p>0,0001), in contrast to women, among whom no such differences were found (X2=3,02, p=0,0821). The diet, characterized by excessive consumption of salt, sugar and insufficient consumption of vegetables and fruits, was more often present among rural men — OR=1,30; 95% CI 1,12-1,53 (X2=10,92, p=0,0009). In urban and rural women, differences in the frequency of such diet were not found.Conclusion. The urban dietary pattern is characterized by higher consumption of meat, dairy products, vegetables and fruits, while in the rural model, the consumption of beans, salting, sugar and butter is higher.Participants of the ESSE-RF study: Moscow: Zhernakova Yu. V., Boytsov S. A., Saint-Petersburg: RotarO. P., Vladivostok: Kulakova N. V., Nevzorova V. A., Vladikavkaz: Astakhova Z. T., Vologda: Shabunova A. A., Volgograd: Nedogoda S. V., Voronezh: Chernykh T. M., Ivanovo: Belova O. A., Kemerovo: Artamonova G.V., IndukayevaE. V., Krasnoyarsk: Grinshtein Yu. I., Petrova M. M., Orenburg: Libis R. A., Samara: Duplyakov D. V., Tomsk: Trubacheva I. A., Kaveshnikov V. S., Serebryakova V. N., Tyumen: Efanov A. Yu., Medvedeva I. V., Shalaev S. V.

Participants of the study ESSE-RF-2 and co-authors: Moscow: Konstantinov V. V., Pokrovskaya M.S., Efimova I.A., Sivakova O.V.; Krasnodar: Alekseenko S.N., Gubarev S.V.; Оmsk: Livzan M.A., Grishechkina I.A., Rozhkova M.Yu.; Republic of Karelia: Vezikova N.N., Skopec I. S.; Ryazan: Filippov E.V., Dobrynina N.V., Nikulina N.N., Pereverzeva K.G., Moseychuk K.A.Aim. Evaluate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among people aged 25-64 examined in 4 regions of the Russian Federation. Material and methods. Study materials were the representative selections of non-organized male (n=3000) and female (n=3714) inhabitants of aged 25-64 from 4 regions of the Russian Federation (Krasnodar region, Omsk region, Ryazan region, the Republic of Karelia), response rate>80%. Systematic stratified multilevel random election was formed with locality criteria (Kisch method). All the participants were interviewed using the standard questionnaire. The universal epidemiological methods and evaluation criteria were used. The study was approved by the local ethics Committee of National research center for preventive medicine. Participants signed informed consent. Hypertension was defined as an average systolic blood pressure (SBP)≥140 mmHg and/or average diastolic blood pressure (DBP)≥90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive therapy (AHT). The efficacy of treatment was the achievement of the target BP. Control group – patients with BP80 per min in females increased by 1.7 times the probability of absence of AHT. The prevalence of effectively treated was 49.7% of the participants with hypertension. The associations between ineffective treatment and abdominal obesity, ischemic heart disease (males), age, rural type of settlement, obesity (females) were found. Only 24.9% of patients had control of the hypertension.Conclusion. The prevalence of hypertension in Russian Federation remains high. An important task of the medical community is to identify the disease at an earlier stage of its development, before the appearance of complications. This approach can reduce the period from the onset of high blood pressure to a visit to the doctor.

Many nutritional studies have noted that men and women form their diets from various food sources, preferring different dishes.Aim. To study the sex differences in the nutritional pattern of the adult population of the Russian Federation according to the epidemiological study.Material and methods. The analysis was performed on representative data from male and female population aged 25-64 years (22,258 people, of whom 8,519 men and 13,698 women) from 13 regions of the Russian Federation. The response was about 80%. The nutritional pattern was estimated by the frequency of food consumption with individual quantitative assessment.Results. The most pronounced differences in men and women diets were observed in the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, dairy products, meat, and confectionery products. Women more often than men include in their diet (odds ratio, 95% CI): raw vegetables and fruits 1,45 [1,33-1,59], sweets and pastries 1,22 [1,33-1,59] , dairy products 1,57 [1,39-1,76], in particular, cottage cheese 1,69 [1,60-1,79], milk 1,46 [1,36-1,56] and cheese 1,31 [1,23-1,40]. The number of daily consumption of fruits and vegetables is more significant in the diet of women — 207,6 g/day versus 165,8 g/day for men, p

Pancreatic beta-cell glucose metabolism is coupled to insulin secretion. Here the authors set out to characterize changes in beta-cell metabolism in hyperglycemia which may contribute to insufficient insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes and, using a multi-omics approach, find that mitochondrial metabolism is perturbed.

We aimed to analyze the factors determining a severity degree of cerebral pathology in patients with myocardial infarction complicated with left ventricular failure and associated with chronic cerebral ischemia. Material and methods. The study included 182 patients with Q-wave myocardial infarction and concomitant chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI), complicated with left ventricular failure, 149 (81.9 %) men and 33 (18.1 %) women. The mean age was 60.5 (53.0; 69.0) years. The following procedures were performed: clinical and anamnestic examination, selective coronary angiography, echocardiography and duplex scanning of the arteries. Results. The signs of CCI grade II were revealed in 67.6 % of the patients, CCI grade I – in 20.9 % of the patients, 11.5 % of the patients had cerebrovascular accident and transient ischemic attack. All the patients had intima-media thickness more than 0.1 cm. No patients with hemodynamically significant stenoses of extracranial arteries were revealed; in 37.4 % of the patients less than 50 % carotid stenoses were detected. The patients with multivessel coronary bed lesions prevailed. The severity of CCI was associated with the multifocality of the atherosclerosis, history of arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, angina pectoris, previous MI and chronic heart failure. Conclusion. The factors which determine the severity of the clinical course of CCI in this group are not the presence of hemodynamically significant extracranial stenoses, but the previous coronary history and multifocality of the atherosclerotic process.

Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of increasing concentrations of endothelin-1 and soluble forms of ST2 protein (sST2) in the blood plasma of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) who underwent implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator, with the development of cardiovascular events (death from cardiovascular diseases, decompensated CHF, acute coronary syndrome or acute ischemic stroke) to determine whether these biomarkers can be used as predictors of an unfavorable course of the disease.Material and methods. A 6-month cohort study included 40 patients with CHF who received an ICD 4-12 weeks before their inclusion in the study. At the beginning of the study the concentrations of endothelin-1 and sST2 in plasma by ELISA were analyzed, along with conventional diagnostic techniques typical of a specialized cardiology clinic.Results. Phenotype with a favorable course of the disease was identified in 21 patients (group 1), and with a unfavorable course was seen in 19 (group 2). The concentration of endothelin-1 and sST2 in the blood plasma of the 2nd group patients was higher than in patients of the 1st group. The link of cardiovascular events with high levels of soluble ST2 protein and endothelin-1 in blood plasma has been identified. Variation of the decision rule threshold on the ROC-curve has allowed sST2 concentration of 34.93 ng/ml to be determined as a cutoff point. Accuracy of two-class classification (determination of the posterior probability of cardiovascular events) after identifying such cut-off point was characterized by 93% sensitivity and 72% specificity (area under ROC-curve – 0.87). If the value of the plasma concentrations of sST2 more 34.93 ng/ml the relative risk of cardiovascular events was 4.4 (95% CI 1.7–11.1). The use of endothelin-1 surplus in plasma (cut-off point – 0.34 fmol/ml) in predicting cardiovascular events was lower: the sensitivity – 88%, specificity – 68% (area under ROC-curve – 0.74). When the concentration of endothelin-1 in blood plasma was more than 0.34 fmol/ml the relative risk of cardiovascular events was 2.7 (95% CI 1.2–6.3).Conclusion. The increase in the sST2 and endothelin-1 concentration in blood plasma may be considered as a predictor of cardiovascular events in CHF patients after implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator.

Nutrition, in general, and physical activity do determine the level of health of an individual and population in general.Aim. To evaluate the characteristics of nutrition and food-related behavior in adult population of Russia currently.Material and methods. The study materials were representative selections of non-organized male and female inhabitants of 25-64 y. o. (n=22258, males 8519, females 13698) of 13 regions of Russia РФ. Nutrition characteristics were evaluated by the rate of the main meal types consumption and selected routines of food-related behavior (salt added, animal fats in cooking). Quantitative evaluation was done for: red meat, fish and seafoods, poultry, fresh vegetables and fruits.Results. Every day the raw vegetables and fruits are added to the meals only in 59,7% of citizens, with the mean number of portions — 1,48±0,8. High level of dairy food was noted: 49,7% do consume milk, joghurt, sour milk every day, 40,4% — cheese, 18,9% — quark, 20,6% — sour creme and creme. The meat is added to diet in 42,9% of inhabitants. Recommended level of meat consumption as a healthy nutrition, do follow only 40,2% of participants. Poultry consumption level is at 27,5% — lower than meat. Low rate of fish consumption is found in 34,9%. Preserved with salt and vinegar products are consumed by 10,1% and a third of inhabitants (32,4%) does consume these not rarer than 1-2 times a week. The level of sausages consumption is high — at 22,5%. Almost a half of participants (47,6%) consume pastry and confectionery every day, and 28,0% — 1-2 times weekly. About a quarter, 24,4% do voluntarily decrease the rate of pastry consumption. Behavior of addition of salt to a prepared meal do have 40,5%. It was noted that 72,5% use butter for a “morning sandvich”. High fat dairies consumption is about 74,0%. Only plant oils are in use for cooking in 95,4% of participants.Conclusion. In the nutrition related behavior of adult population of Russia currently there are positive as well as negative components, from the perspective of socially significant diseases development.

Smoking influences nutrition type and food-related behavior of the smokers.Aim. To evaluate the specifics of adult population of Russian Federation nutrition type according to smoking status.Material and methods. Analysis was done on the representative selection of nonorganized male and female population, age 25-64 y. o. (n=22258, of those males 8519, females 13698) from 13 regions of Russia. Response about 80%. Nutrition character was assessed by the rates of food items consumption with quantitative assessment in several units. Smoking status was assessed with questionnaire with selection to the groups: non-smokers, past smokers, current smokers.Results. Most prominent differences were found on the intake of fresh vegetables and fruits, of curd, cheese, red meat, sausages, pastry and behavior of adding salt to cooked meals. In comparison with the smokers, non-smokers do more often take curd — by 38%, vegetables and fruits — by 30%, and rarer — red meat, by 25%, and sausages, by 21%; they add salt rarer — by 26%. However, pastry and sweets they eat more commonly, by 19%. With the quittance from smoking, there is increase of curd in the meals by 20%, fresh fruits and vegetables by 19%, and decrease of adding salt behavior by 26%, as by 17% — consumption of sausages and by 11% — high fat dairy (sour cream and cream). Sweets and pastry are consumed only 8% more, that distinguishes the model as healthier and more protective against NCD.Conclusion. Smoking influences negatively food related behavior, shaping the character of nutrition with higher intake of meat and sausages, saltings and adding salt behavior, lower consumption of vegetables and fruits, that should be considered in prevention events.

Abstract. Presents experimental results of Al and Pb metals crystallization carried out under highintensity plastic deformation (HIPD) [ε′ = (102–104) sec–1] reaching the level of so called “solid-li quid” state in the new type of centrifugal casting device at rotor speeds of up to 2000 rpm. Using the method of atomic force microscopy (AFM), vacancy cluster tubes (VCT) with average diameters of 39 nm for Al and 25 nm for Pb have been detected in the crystallized volume of Al and Pb metals. Physical model of the formation of a new substructure within the metals in the form of vacancy cluster tubes, received in the process of high-intensive plastic deformation (HIPD) during the process of mass crystallization of Al and Pb melts, and, also the changes in the mechanical, magnetic and superconducting properties of the above metals, which followed this process. When crystallizing Al and Pb under high-intensive plastic deformation (HIPD) of ε′ = (102–104) per second type, in high-speed centrifugal casting devices, specially selected modes of metal crystallization are being chosen and special conditions are being created to achieve the dimensional effect of dynamic (shift) re-crystallization [1]. Shift deformation during centrifugal crystallization is caused primarily by a large incline of the temperature fi eld from the periphery (relative to the cold wall of the rotor) to the molten central part of the rotor. The difference in the angular movement velocities of the already-frozen part of the metal (adjacent to the outer surface of the rotor wall) and the central part, where the metal still remains in the molten state, leads to a high-intensity deformation [ε′ = (102–104) per sec–1] of the crystallized metal melt solidifi ed phase. Since the grain sizes at the crystallized phase initially comprise around tens of nano-meters (approximately crystal nucleation size), it becomes possible to achieve the dimensional effect of the dynamic re-crystallization [1] of a “nanocrystalline” solidifi ed metal at high shift of strain velocities. The “non-equilibrium vacancies” formed this way condense into vacancy clusters, which are formed in the centrifugal force fi eld in the form of vacancy-shaped cluster tubes stretched out to the center of rotation of the rotor. The process undergoes conditions that are considerably different from the “equilibrium” conditions as compared to the ordinary metal crystallization from the melt. Such processes can lead to the formation of highly ordered non-equilibrium states characteristic of non-equilibrium open systems.

Rock dumps of coalmines have high potential for forest regeneration and environmental capacity, which are dependent on the technology of reclamation and the properties of technogenic soils and grounds. Traditional forestry methods for obtaining the main criteria of biological indicators of woody vegetation were used in the study as follows: ground seed germination, seedling planting technology, composition and increment of tree stands, root structure, care harvesting of undergrowth, biotopic classification. Natural overgrowing of dumps is dependent on the availability of seeds and conditions for their germination and subsequent growth. Most of the zonal tree and shrub species are able to colonize and grow on the coalmine dumps. Mineralization of the dumps surfaces without rich soil stratum, porosity of the upper horizon of lithostratum, and low nutrient content (nitrogen) give benefits in the growth and subsequent formation of birch, pine and sea-buckthorn stands. Afforestation is the cheapest and most effective method of biological reclamation. The analysis of artificial reforestation shows the probability of targeted plantation cultivation of various tree species. The use of a wide range of tree and shrub species make it possible to create biologically diverse intrazonal technogenic ecosystems with high recreational and economic productivity. Wildfires spreading out in spring season on herbaceous rags limit the overgrowth of the dumps by forest vegetation. Two-year cyclical increment decline of trees due to provocative spring warming takes place. The zoogenic factor, especially zoo chores distribution of berry plants, has essential value for forest forming process. By the results of forest formation analysis at rock dumps, alveolate-hilly technology of mine reclamation was developed, which allows to significantly improve dumps’ afforestation capacity, their biological posttechnogenic diversity and productivity.

Spatial control of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, which is used by cells to translate complex information into distinct downstream responses, is achieved by using plasma membrane (PM) and endocytic-derived signaling pathways. The roles of the endomembrane in regulating such pleiotropic signaling via multiple G-protein pathways remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of disease-causing mutations of the adaptor protein-2 σ subunit (AP2σ) on signaling by the class C GPCR calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). These AP2σ mutations increase CaSR PM expression yet paradoxically reduce CaSR signaling. Hypercalcemia-associated AP2σ mutations reduced CaSR signaling via Gαq/11 and Gαi/o pathways. The mutations also delayed CaSR internalization due to prolonged residency time of CaSR in clathrin structures that impaired or abolished endosomal signaling, which was predominantly mediated by Gαq/11. Thus, compartmental bias for CaSR-mediated Gαq/11 endomembrane signaling provides a mechanistic basis for multidimensional GPCR signaling.

The article examines the role and importance of agricultural cooperatives, their influence on the formation and development of small-scale forms of economy management. Factors restraining the development of agricultural cooperatives are analyzed, and organizational and economic measures for their elimination are proposed.

We explored the role of the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH) in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Mice lacking Fh1 in pancreatic β cells (Fh1βKO mice) appear normal for 6–8 weeks but then develop progressive glucose intolerance and diabetes. Glucose tolerance is rescued by expression of mitochondrial or cytosolic FH but not by deletion of Hif1α or Nrf2. Progressive hyperglycemia in Fh1βKO mice led to dysregulated metabolism in β cells, a decrease in glucose-induced ATP production, electrical activity, cytoplasmic [Ca2+]i elevation, and GSIS. Fh1 loss resulted in elevated intracellular fumarate, promoting succination of critical cysteines in GAPDH, GMPR, and PARK 7/DJ-1 and cytoplasmic acidification. Intracellular fumarate levels were increased in islets exposed to high glucose and in islets from human donors with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The impaired GSIS in islets from diabetic Fh1βKO mice was ameliorated after culture under normoglycemic conditions. These studies highlight the role of FH and dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism in T2D.

Basic knowledge of mankind so far relates to the description of electrons and atoms in the material in a state of equilibrium, where the behavior changes slowly over time. The electron diffraction with a high temporal and space resolution has opened the possibility of direct observation of the processes occurring in the transient state of the substance (molecular movie). Here it is necessary to provide a temporary resolution of the order of 100 fs, which corresponds to the transition of the system through the energy barrier of the potential surface, which describes the chemical reaction - the process of the breaking and the formation of new bonds between the interacting agents. Thus, the possibility of the investigation of the coherent nuclear dynamics of molecular systems and the condensed matter can be opened. In the past two decades, it has been possible to observe the nuclear motion in the temporal interval corresponding to the period of the nuclear oscillation. The observed coherent changes in the nuclear system at such temporal intervals determine the fundamental shift from the standard kinetics of chemical reactions to the dynamics of the phase trajectory of a single molecule, the molecular quantum state tomography.

To understand the dynamic features of molecular systems with a complex landscape of potential energy surfaces, it is necessary to study them in the associated 4D space-time continuum. The introduction of time in the diffraction methods and the development of coherent principles of the research process opened up new approaches for the study of the dynamics of wave packets, intermediates and transient states of the chemical reactions, short-lived compounds in the gaseous and condensed media. Time-resolved electron diffraction, the new method for the structural dynamic studies of free molecules, clusters and condensed matter, differs from the traditional method of electron diffraction both in the experimental part and in the theoretical approaches used in the interpretation of diffraction data. Here there is particularly pronounced the need of a corresponding theoretical basis for the processing of the electron diffraction data and the results of spectral investigations of the coherent dynamics in the field of intense ultrashort laser radiation. Such unified and integrated approach can be formulated using the adiabatic potential energy surfaces of the ground and excited states of the systems under study. The combination of state-of-the-art optical techniques and electron diffraction methods based on different physical phenomena, but complementing each other, opens up new possibilities of the structural studies at time sequences of ultrashort duration. It provides the required integration of the triad, "structure - dynamics - functions" in chemistry, biology and materials science.

Ultrafast laser spectral and electron diffraction methods complement each other and open up new possibilities in chemistry and physics to light up atomic and molecular motions involved in the primary processes governing structural transitions. Since the 1980s, scientific laboratories in the world have begun to develop a new field of research aimed at this goal. “Atomic-molecular movies” will allow visualizing coherent dynamics of nuclei in molecules and fast processes in chemical reactions in real time. Modern femtosecond and picosecond laser sources have made it possible to significantly change the traditional approaches using continuous electron beams, to create ultrabright pulsed photoelectron sources, to catch ultrafast processes in the matter initiated by ultrashort laser pulses and to achieve high spatio-temporal resolution in research. There are several research laboratories all over the world experimenting or planning to experiment with ultrafast electron diffraction and possessing electron microscopes adapted to operate with ultrashort electron beams. It should be emphasized that creating a new-generation electron microscope is of crucial importance, because successful realization of this project demonstrates the potential of leading national research centers and their ability to work at the forefront of modern science.

The article deals with the application different methods of combination of coating on the GTE turbine working blades. The results of the experimental research on the application of the protective coating on the GTE turbine working blades are presented and the samples with coating were tested to determine the resulting coating quality.

In the article the analysis of engine turbine blades performance operation conditions influence is presented. As a result the factors, resulting in poor durability of the blades in operation, the characteristic defects of the turbine blades are determined and the conclusion on the necessity of applying a protective coating on them is made.

Aim. To study the efficacy of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe combination in patients with moderate clinical signs of chronic heart failure.Material and methods. We incllded outpatients (n=70) >40 y.o. with clinical picture of moderate heart failure (functional class by NYHA II), with comorbid diabetes 2 type, carotid atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia. Patients were randomized to 2 groups, 35 persons in each. In the 1st group threatment was performed with rosuvastatin 20 mg daily, with ezetimibe 20 mg daily, in the 2nd — only rosuvastatin 20 mg daily. During one year of study we collected primary endpoints: death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalizations; and secondary endpoints: the amount of those reached target level of low density lipoproteides cholesterol (LDL), changes of lipidogram, C-reactive protein (CRP), intima-media thickness of internal carotid artery.Results. Significant decrease of LDL comparing to baseline, occured in both groups by the end of the first month and remained until the end of study. The most significant LDL decrease (mediana >50%) occured in 1st group by 12 months of the study. Also, since the 3 month, we observed the decrease of LDL more than 45%. In the 2nd group this parameter was not more than 40%. The decrease of CRP by 12 months of the study was found only in the 1st group: mediana of baseline value 3,2 mg/L, end of study mediana 2,2 mg/L, mediana of changes 31,25% (p=0,028). Hospitalizations related to cardiovascular diseases were at level 14,3% in 1 group, and 40% in the 2nd st (р=0,032).Conclusion. Prescription of combination hypolipidemic therapy by rosuvastatin and ezetimibe at dose 20 mg/daily leads to more prominent decrease of LDL in blood, decrease of CRP, number of hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases comparing to single use of rosuvastatin 20 mg/daily.

Aim. To study effect of coronary revascularization in combination with inotropic stimulation and myocardial unloading on prognosis in elderly patients with myocardial infarction (MI) complicated with heart failure (HF).Material and methods. 149 elderly patients with ECG picture of acute MI with ST segment elevation and HF symptoms were included into the study. All patients received standard therapy. According to the additional therapeutic maneuvers patients were split into four groups: 18 patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) combined with inotropic levosimendan (LS) therapy; 20 patients with PTCA only; 22 patients treated with levosimendan (LS) only; control group - 89 patients with standard therapy without PTCA or LS.Results. Combination of PTCA and LS in elderly patients with acute MI complicated by HF had advantages in comparison with PTCA or LS applied separately or not applied at all. Combined therapy with PTCA and LS resulted in more prominent improvement of left ventricle systolic function, increase in exercise tolerance and more effective prevention of cardiac remodeling and was safe.Conclusion. Combined therapy with PTCA and LS is more effective than separate usage of these methods in elderly patients with MI complicated with HF.

The article analyzes the effectiveness and safety of treatment cytoprotectant meldonium dihydrate and inotropic stimulator of levosimendan on an annual prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by acute heart failure II-III class Killip, subjected to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Article deals with the impact of workpiece surface quality on adhesive strength and durability of thermal barrier coating. The result revealed that the roughness of metal layer influences on the adhesion of ceramic coating and depends the thickness of ceramic crystals when using method of Electron beam deposition.

Currently there is enough evidence for that the use of omega-3-faty acids compounds in ischemic heart disease is followed by the decrease of mortality, and the efficacy of this usage in multivessel coronary lesions after primary percutaneous intervention (PCI) has not been studied.Aim. To evaluate the efficacy of long-term intake of the omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids compounds on the course of ischemic heart disease at the background of multiple coronary lesion after primary PCI.Material and methods. Totally 101 patient included at the age of 35-70 y.o., who had underwent primary PCI for the myocardial infarction with ST elevation and multiple vessel lesion of coronary arteries. The patients were selected into 2 groups: 1 group (n=68) — conservative tactics with the standard pharmacotherapy; 2nd group (n=33) — Omacor was added to the standard therapy.Results. In 36 months of follow-up in the Omacor group there was significant decrease of repeated myocardial infarctions, decompensating heart failure, angina progression and rhythm disorders. In 2nd group patients during the 36-month follow-up a better antiischemic effect achieved with 80,9% decrease of angina from the baseline (p