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Objective: to develop a draft Ethical Code aimed at establishing ethical norms and rules of official behavior of subjects implementing activity of creating, applying and utilizing medical products based on artificial intelligence technologies.Methods: the methodological basis of the draft Ethical Code aimed at establishing ethical norms and rules of official behavior of subjects implementing activity of creating, applying and utilizing medical products based on artificial intelligence technologies consists of general and specific methods of scientific cognition, including analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, classification, analogy, and comparison.Results: To the attention of lawyers – legal scientists and practitioners, medical professionals, members of clinical ethics committees, medical ethics specialists, representatives of law-making bodies, government agencies, business community and public organizations, patients, and a wide range of readers interested in the digital transformation of the healthcare system, we present the first in the Russian Federation draft of an Ethical Code of subjects implementing activity of creating, applying and utilizing medical products based on artificial intelligence technologies.Scientific novelty: the draft Ethical Code comprises general principles of professional service ethics and basic rules of official behavior, which should guide the subjects implementing activity of creating, applying and utilizing medical products based on artificial intelligence technologies. It is aimed at strengthening the authority of medical personnel, increasing patient confidence in artificial intelligence technologies, and preventing potential negative consequences as a result of their use.Practical significance: the draft Ethical Code is based on a systematic and comprehensive approach to the study of ethical norms and rules of official behavior, which should be followed by the subjects implementing activity of creating, applying and utilizing medical products based on artificial intelligence technologies. The principles specified in the Ethical Code are a basis for the development of the legal regulation system for artificial intelligence technologies in healthcare.

Objective: to develop a draft of a federal law aimed at regulating relations arising in the field of use (application), acquisition, sale, development, production, testing, installation, maintenance, repair, disposal, accounting, storage, transportation, withdrawal, and destruction of robots and their components (modules), importing robots and their components (modules) to the Russian Federation and exporting them from the Russian Federation.Methods: the methodological basis of the draft federal law consists of general and specific scientific methods of scientific cognition, including analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, classification, analogy and comparison. Results: the first draft law on robotics in the Russian Federation - the draft federal law “On the turnover of robots and their components (modules)” - has been proposed to the attention of representatives of law-making bodies, government agencies, scientific and business community, and public organizations.Scientific novelty: the draft law forms the legal basis and principles of legal regulation of relations in the sphere of turnover of robots and their components (modules), describes the types and classes of danger of robots, stipulates the restrictions imposed on robots and their components (modules), defines the general and special requirements for them, establishes the basis for state registration and accounting of entities engaged in the sphere of turnover of robots and their components (modules), introduces the criteria for acquiring the status of a subject, the procedure for publishing and maintaining the state cadastre of robot models and their components (modules), and the guarantees provided to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs - the subjects engaged in certain types of activities in the sphere of turnover of robots and their components (modules), and proposes the measures of their state support.Practical significance: the draft law is based on a systematic and comprehensive approach to the legal regulation of robotics and is aimed at creating a regulatory environment providing a favorable legal regime for the robotics development and for the implementation of economic activities related to its use.

The subject of the research is key criminal risks in robotics. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that key criminal risks of using robots may be identified and classified. The author dares to describe the key aspects of the application of risk-based approach in the assessment of robotic activities, identify the key risks of using robots, give a criminological classification. The methodology includes a formal logical method, systematic approach, formal legal interpretation of legal acts and academic literature, SWOT analysis. The main results of the study. The author applies the main provisions of criminal riskology when assessing encroachments involving robots. Key risks and challenges when using robots are identified. The severity of the consequences of harm caused by using robots (from minor to critical risk) is assessed and a matrix of the probability of its occurrence is provided. The author's criminological classification of robots is based on the risk-based approach and is substantiated on two grounds. The first one is the category of public danger and the second is the potential severity of the consequences of harm caused by robots. The causal complex that can lead to criminal risks in robotics is identified. The grounds of such risks are divided into those related to the mechanical subsystem of robots, digital subsystem of robots and power supply subsystem of robots. Conclusions. The risk-based approach is the most progressive and effective basis for regulating the criminal relations in robotics. The author demonstrates the existence of real risks to the peace and security of mankind, life and health of people, objects of wildlife, nonliving material objects from the use of robots. It is necessary to recognize robotics as source of increased potential criminal danger and to adopt appropriate regulation as soon as possible. The necessity and expediency of applying a risk-based approach to robotics is theoretically substantiated, and the characteristics of robots that are important in assessing the criminal potential of their exploitation are evaluated. The conclusions and recom mendations of this paper may become a basis for the implementation of the risk-based approach in legal regulation of robotics. The risk matrix presented in the article can be used to establish a framework for regulatory impact on robotics, assess the consequences of potential harm and minimize it.

Robotics and cyber-physical systems form an independent layer of social relations characterized by increased social danger. This circumstance predetermines the recognition of certain categories of robots as sources of increased danger. The pace of development of robotics and cyber-physical systems is a consequence of the exponential, almost explosive growth of interest in intelligent systems under the conditions of the 4th Industrial Revolution and the emergence of Industry 4.0., actively supported by the state’s policy of “universal digitalization”. The variety of robots, a high degree of adaptability and growing accessibility for the general population are a prerequisite for the “involvement” of robots in various areas of criminalactivity, up to the robots committing individual criminal encroachments on their own. As complex devices with technical, digital and energy components, robotics and cyber-physical systems are subject to processesthat can cause harm to various groups of social relations. The introduction of robotics and cyber-physical systems into industry, production and the military sphere is associated with significant risks of causing harm to various objects of criminal law protection. With the growth of autonomy, robotics will steadily expand the spheres where attacks are committed with their participation. In this regard, it is required to develop mechanisms for criminal liability in the event of harm caused by artificial intelligence and robotics systems that have a high degree of autonomy in decision-making. The criteria for requesting criminal law regulation of robotics have been determined. The main reasons for the emergence of criminological risks associated with the design features of robots have been identified. Undoubtedly, the basis for criminal law is the category of social danger, which at the same time ensures the conceptual unity of criminal law norms, while simultaneously being a watershed that delimits them from other branches of law. It is extremely important to determine the boundaries of criminal law regulation, which are formed exclusively by the public danger of certain acts with the use of robotics. Thus, it should be stated that the current level of development of robotics and cyberphysical systems, as well as their involvement in the processes of the life of society, necessitate the creation of effective mechanisms of criminal law regulation.

Objective: to conduct a critical analysis of the existing definitions of artificial intelligence and develop an authors’ version of the concept acceptable for legal sciences.Methods: the methodological basis of the study is a set of scientific cognition methods, including abstract-logical method, comparison and correlation analysis.Results: the main regularities of decision-making by artificial intelligence are identified; the mechanism of its perception of objective reality is determined; the fundamental ability of machine learning to conform its behavior to socially acceptable processes is confirmed. It is assumed that there are many ways to describe artificial intelligence: by indicating the action mechanism, the basic operation principles, the range of tasks to be solved, etc. However, the most convincing and consistent is position of those researchers who tend to describe the AI phenomenon by designating its properties and characteristics. The authors state that there is no definition of “artificial intelligence” in the modern legal doctrine. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of various scientific sources in a systematic unity with own judgments, it is proposed to introduce the author’s version of the “artificial intelligence” concept into scientific circulation.Scientific novelty: the paper presents an assessment of the “artificial intelligence” concept definitions available in the scientific literature and legal framework, as well as the authors’ opinion on their relevance, comprehensiveness and topicality; there is an attempt to formulate the definition taking into account all the significant properties of artificial intelligence.Practical significance: is due to the current impossibility to apply legal norms and rules to relations involving artificial intelligence taking into account their specifics. The main provisions and conclusions of the study can be used to improve the mechanisms of legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation.

The paper addresses to the problem of establishing criminal liability for violation of information and telecommunication devices and their systems and networks. The original solution of the problem is offered.

In the work the problem of absence of the criminal liability for illegal purchase or selling of the information obviously extracted criminal way is considered. The author’s variant of the decision of the problem is offered.