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Series of Li2O loaded CuFe2O4/SiO2 composite aerogels were prepared using a sol-gel process followed by a supercritical drying method. The physical and chemical properties of as-prepared aerogels were studied using different characterization techniques. Based on alternating current (AC) impedance analysis, the best conducting 5 wt% Li2O loaded CuFe2O4/SiO2 composite aerogel with conductivity σ = 2.4 × 10−9 S cm−1 is studied as anode for lithium-ion battery application. The best conducting composite aerogel provides a reversible Li-storage capacity of 605 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 current density, which is more than the three-fold improved specific capacity of CuFe2O4/SiO2 having 182 mA h g−1. The addition of Li2O increases the charge carrier concentration and mobility of lithium-ions in the CuFe2O4/SiO2 composite aerogel matrix. Further, the Li-storage performance of 5 wt% Li2O loaded CuFe2O4/SiO2 composite aerogel is improved by increasing the electron-conducting super-P carbon (SPC) blending ratio from 70: 20: 10 to 40: 50: 10 between active material: SPC: binder during electrode preparation. It delivers a reversible specific capacity of 880 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 current density, and it reaches 98% coulombic efficiency over 50-cycles. The specific capacity and cyclability of Li2O loaded CuFe2O4/SiO2 aerogel are highly dependent on electrical conductivity. The improved electrochemical performance of CuFe2O4/SiO2 aerogel is obtained through the combined effects of Li-ion concentration (Li2O addition) as well as electron conducting (SPC) carbon additives.

The management of the axilla in breast cancer has known a rapid evolution in the last 30 years. From extensive and morbid resections, we have moved on to more conservative approaches, which favor sentinel lymph node biopsies and have resulted in equivalent survival and decreased morbidity. This chapter will focus on the landmark studies that have led to the current standards of care in the management of the axilla of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive clinically node-negative carcinomas, and invasive carcinomas post-neoadjuvant therapy, as well as discussing some ongoing trials and controversies in special populations.

Li2FeSiO4/C aerogel is successfully prepared using a high-temperature, high-pressure supercritical drying method. The prepared Li2FeSiO4/C aerogel is annealed at optimum temperature. The structural information is obtained from Powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results. The Li2FeSiO4/C aerogel annealing temperature is fixed at 700 °C based on the Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry. The electrical conductivity of the Li2FeSiO4/C aerogel is calculated using alternating current impedance, and it is 1.4738 × 10-8 S cm-1. The presence of carbon and the formation of Li2FeSiO4 is confirmed through Raman analysis. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy elemental analysis reveals Si4+, Fe2+, Li+, and C with their respective binding energies. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images show the formation of randomly distributed tiny particles are linked together within a porous structure. The specific surface area of 59.037 m2 g-1 with an average pore diameter of 22.8 nm is measured through N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm analysis. The electrochemical performance of the Li2FeSiO4/C aerogel exhibits a discharge capacity of 140 mA.h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 current density over 130 cycles with 100% coulombic efficiency. Lithium-ion diffusion co-efficient (DLi+ = 2.63 × 10-8 cm2 s-1) is measured from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

NiFe2O4 and Li2NiFe2O4/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite samples are prepared using citric acid and urea assisted combustion process. The prepared pristine and nanocomposite samples are characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques. The effect of Li2NiFe2O4 on the Li2NiFe2O4/NiFe2O4 crystallite size and associated strain is calculated using Williamson–Hall plot. The effect of Li2NiFe2O4 on the electrical and dielectric properties of the composite samples are analyzed using AC-impedance spectroscopy. The prepared composite materials exhibit mixed electrical conduction behavior, and the conduction is due to lithium ion migration as well as electron hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in the spinel structure. The conductivity gradually increases and attains maximum upon lithium ion inclusion in the composite. The further increment of lithium ion doping decreases the conductivity.

The aerogel form of 0–5 wt% of Li2O loaded NiFe2O4/SiO2 composite aerogel were successfully synthesized using the sol-gel process followed by the supercritical ethanol drying. The addition of small Li2O wt.% enhances the electrical conductivity of NiFe2O4/SiO2 composite aerogels. Based on the AC impedance analysis, the high conducting 5% Li2O + 95% [NiFe2O4/SiO2] composite aerogel with conductivity 2.1 × 10−11 S cm−1 was taken for the detailed analysis. We observed the maximum initial reversible discharge capacity of 930 mA h g−1, and it gradually fades to 370 mA h g−1 at 50th discharge. To elucidate the capacity-fading mechanism, the ex-situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) technique is used to identify the chemical composition at different states of charge-discharge cycling. The capacity fading arises mainly from irreversible LixSiOy accumulation, which causes the loss of active lithium. Meanwhile, the metal to metal oxide conversion is partially reversible between Ni0 ↔ Ni2+, Fe0 ↔ Fe3+ during the subsequent cycles. To further support, the SEM images were taken for the respective electrodes, and the cell resistance and lithium diffusion coefficient (DLi+) was calculated from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at the respective samples taken for ex-situ XPS analysis. The DLi+ gradually decreases from 1.8 × 10−13 cm2 s−1 to 9.6 × 10−14 cm2 s−1, and the cell resistance increases during the 1st to 10th discharge cycle. We conclude that the prolonged accumulation of irreversible LixSiOy phase will hinder the DLi+ in subsequent cycles, which leads to capacity-fading. The detailed results and electrochemical performance will be discussed.

Nanocrystalline apatite type structured lanthanum silicate (La10Si6O27) sample was synthesized by sol–gel process. Thermal behavior of the dried gel of lanthanum silicate sample was studied using TG/DTA. The structural coordination of the dried gel of lanthanum silicate, calcined at various temperatures, was identified from the observed FTIR spectral results. The observed XRD patterns of the calcined dried gel were compared with the ICDD data and confirmed the formation of crystalline lanthanum silicate phase. The average crystalline size of La10Si6O27 was calculated using the Scherrer formula and it is found to be ∼80 nm. The observed SEM images of the lanthanum silicate indicate the formation of the spherical particles and the existence of O, Si and La in the lanthanum silicate are confirmed from the SEM-EDX spectrum. The grain and grain boundary conductivities are evaluated by analyzing the measured impedance data, using winfit software, obtained at different temperatures, of La10Si6O27 sample. Also, the observed grain and grain boundary conductivity behaviors of the La10Si6O27 sample are analysed using brick layer model. The electrical permittivity and electrical modulus were calculated from the measured impedance data and were analyzed by fitting through the Havriliak and Negami function to describe the dielectric relaxation behavior of the nanocrystalline lanthanum silicate.

In situ base catalyst assisted sol–gel process is used for the synthesis of nanocrystalline CoFe2O4 deposition on SiO2 particles. The SiO2 particles were prepared using base catalyst assisted sol–gel process and the consecutive formation and deposition of nanocrystalline CoFe2O4 on SiO2 particles was monitored using Powder X ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric And Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The crystallite size of CoFe2O4 is calculated using Scherrer’s formula and it is found to be 8 nm. The HRTEM images and selective area electron diffraction (SAED) results confirmed the formation of nanocrystalline CoFe2O4 particles deposited over SiO2 spheres.

The ternary 10% Li 2 O + 90% ( x As 2 O 5 + (1 − x ) SiO 2 ) ( x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1) (LAS) glassy system with different compositions were prepared using sol–gel technique. All the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The observed peak-free XRD patterns confirm the amorphous phase of the prepared LAS compounds. Structural coordination of LAS glassy samples was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal behavior of the glassy samples was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. Bulk conductivity of all the LAS glassy samples was calculated by analyzing the impedance data measured at different temperatures. Activation energy ( E a ) is evaluated from the log σT vs. 1000/ T plot and it is found to be 0.837 eV.

Uniform spheres of nanocrystallite size cuprous oxide particles have been prepared by a simple polyol process using cupric nitrate as a precursor in ethylene glycol. As synthesized compound was dried at 333 K in a vacuum oven and characterized by XRD, FT-IR and SEM techniques. The crystallite size of the cuprous oxide calculated from Scherer's formula was found to be ∼11 nm.

The lithium vanadophosphate (LVP) glasses were synthesized through a conventional melt quench method for various modifier (m) to formers (f) ratios (m/f) [m%Li2O/f%{0.3V2O5+0.7P2O5}, where the m/f=0.43, 0.66, 1.0, 1.5, and 1.63]. Nature, structure, and glass transition Tg temperature for the prepared LVP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and DSC techniques, respectively. Impedance measurements were made for the various m/f ratios of LVP glasses at 423 K and above temperatures. The bulk conductivity (σ) and the activation energy (Ea) for the LVP glass samples were calculated, respectively, from the analyzed impedance data of the various m/f ratios measured at different temperatures, using Boukamp equivalent circuit software. The best conducting [σ=4.83 × 10−8 S/cm at 423 K] m/f ratio of LVP was found to be 60%Li2O–40% [0.3V2O5+0.7P2O5] and its activation energy (Ea)=0.59 eV. AC conductivity was calculated from the impedance data and analyzed using Jonscher's power law for various m/f ratios of the LVP glasses at different temperatures. The power law exponent s, evaluated from AC conductivity of the LVP glasses, exhibited a non-linear behavior with temperatures. Kohlrausch–William–Watts stretched exponential function was used to fit the calculated modulus data and ion relaxation behavior was studied for the LVP glasses.

Scent Making Behaviour of Three Desert Rodents

Scent Marking Behaviour in Desert Gerbi Meriones hurrianae in Relation to Social Hierarchy

Professor Harswarup Memorial Lecture: 1990 The Changing Ecology Of The Thar Desert

Estimation of Energy Flow during Winter through a Primary Consumer (Indian Gerbil, Tatera indica Hardwicke) in a Desert Ecosystem

Floral Organogenesis in Calotropis procera

Ecological Distribution of Small Mammals in the Aravalli Ranges

Scent Marking Behaviour of Wild and Laboratory -bred Indian Desert Gerbils, Meriones hurrianae

The sodium salts of o-sulfanylphenyl ketones 3a-g were treated with α-benzotriazol-1-ylalkyl chlorides 4a,b to give intermediates 5a-k in good yields. Compounds 5a-k, on treatment successively with LDA and Ti (0), gave benzothiophenes 7a-k.

Base catalyst assisted in‐situ sol‐gel process is used for the synthesis of SiO2/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite consists of CoFe2O4 nanocrystals coated over SiO2 particles. The crystalline phase formation of CoFe2O4 is identified using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the structural coordination of CoFe2O4 over SiO2 particles in the SiO2/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite is analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The morphology and the presence of elements and their distribution are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and elemental dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).Base catalyst assisted in‐situ sol‐gel process is used for the synthesis of SiO2/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite consists of CoFe2O4 nanocrystals coated over SiO2 particles. The crystalline phase formation of CoFe2O4 is identified using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the structural coordination of CoFe2O4 over SiO2 particles in the SiO2/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite is analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The morphology and the presence of elements and their distribution are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and elemental dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

A total of 62 patients of gastric carcinoma were studied to find a correlation between newer prognostic indicators like cell proliferative indices including Nucleolar Organizer regions (AgNORs), Ki 67 Labelling Index and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) expression with the various, histopathological criteria and compared with 30 controls of non neoplastic gastric diseases. EGFR expression was positive in 48(77.4%) cases. The Ki 67 labelling indices ranged from 0 to 50% with a mean of 21.35 +/- 17.88% among the cases. AgNOR counts ranged from 1.64 to 4.49 with a mean of 3.41 +/- 0.81 among the cases. Positive EGFR expression correlated strongly with differentiation of the tumour, poorly differentiated tumours showing a higher positivity. EGFR positivity also showed good correlation with metastasis as well as with the invasiveness of the tumour. Ki 67 labelling indices correlated significantly with metastatic status, microscopic types and degree of differentiation of the tumour. A strong correlation was observed between AgNOR counts and metastasis as well as the microscopic type of the tumour. EGFR expression correlated strongly with Ki 67 scores and weakly with AgNOR counts among the patients of gastric carcinoma.

NiAl2O4/SiO2 and Co2+-doped NiAl2O4/SiO2 nanocomposite materials of compositions 5% NiO – 6% Al2O3– 89% SiO2 and 0.2% CoO – 4.8% NiO – 6% Al2O3– 89% SiO2, respectively, were prepared by a sol–gel process. NiAl2O4 and cobalt-doped NiAl2O4 nanocrystals were grown in a SiO2 amorphous matrix at around 1073 K by heating the dried gels from 333 to 1173 K at the rate of 1 K/min. The formations of NiAl2O4 and cobalt-doped NiAl2O4 nanocrystals in SiO2 amorphous matrix were confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and optical absorption spectroscopy techniques. The TEM images revealed the uniform distribution of NiAl2O4 and cobalt-doped NiAl2O4 nanocrystals in the amorphous SiO2 matrix and the size was found to be ∼5–8 nm.

Les decompositions thermiques, catalytiques et photochimiques de divers azides en presence d'iodoarenes sont effectuees

La pyrolyse d'un melange 1:1 de (CH 3 OCO) 2 C(N 3 ) 2 et (CD 3 OCO) 2 C(N 3 ) 2 pour conduire au methyl-1 tetrazole carboxylate-5 de methyle marque D met en evidence une etape intermoleculaire pour cette reaction. On propose un mecanisme en chaine faisant intervenir des nucleophiles tetrazolium

Funambulus pennanti, the northern palm squirrel preferred wheat in its different forms out of ten cereals and oil seeds offered. It is revealed that the squirrels are selective feeders since out of eleven forms, i.e., whole, cracked, roasted and flour, wheat was found to be most palatable in seven trials followed by bajra (three trials) and jowar once. The addition of vegetable oils, salt and sugar does not enhance the bait acceptance. However, they preferred sugar in comparison to salt, and arachis and sesame oils. Wheat in its whole form is, therefore, recommended for use as a poison base for the control ofF. pennanti. In the absence of wheat, cracked bajra can also be used, which is the next preferred bait. The calorific requirement ofF. pennanti ranges from 16·18 to 34·98 k cal/100 g body weight/day when the bait is provided in single food choice.

This investigation consists in finding stresses and displacements produced by a rigid footing (or punch) at the plane boundary of a semi-infinite elastic solid. The proposed method is a combined application of electrical analog and finite-difference technique and can be applied to any arbitrary shape of rigid footing (or punch). The experimental setup is very simple and the numerical-analysis part is easily amenable to computer programming. The method has been exemplified by 3 cases: (1) rigid strip footing (or punch); (2) rigid circular footing (or punch); and (3) rigid square footing (or punch) on a three-dimensional semi-infinite solid. The results, wherever possible, have been compared with exact solutions and have been found to be in close agreement.

Oxidation of o-hydroxyphenyl alkyl ketones with Phl(OAc)2/KOH–MeOH leads to 2,2-dimethoxycoumaran-3-ones which in the case of o-hydroxy-α-phenylpropiophenone offers a convenient route to aurone and isoaurone.

Twenty-four Rattus rattus L. (the roof or black rat), of the first generation bred in the laboratory, were given a choice between millet seed plus vegetable oil and the same mixture with zinc phosphide, Zn3P2, added. Dosage was based on an experimentally established LD50 for zinc phosphide of 40.1 mg/kg. Exposure to the poison led first to a total decline in food consumption; but after 6–8 days there was a strong tendency to avoid the poisoned millet in favor of the harmless mixture (poison shyness). Half the rats were then made anosmic by treatment of the nasal mucous membrane with a solution of zinc sulfate, ZnSO4. This had no effect on the discrimination of the poisoned food. Zinc phosphide, when damp, has a distinctive odor. Nevertheless, this type of poison shyness evidently does not depend on the olfactory sense.

SummaryBrodifacoum was evaluated in the laboratory against the two gerbils, Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae and the house rat, Rattus rattus. The acute oral LD50 for these rodents was found to be 0·10 mg/kg, 0·083 mg/kg and 0·77 mg/kg respectively. Feeding tests with 0·002% and 0·005% brodifacoum produced a 100% mortality after a 3-day feeding period in the gerbils and after a 4-day period in R. rattus. The anticoagulant is toxic at both the concentrations to all three species but is less palatable in comparison to plain baits. Results of this laboratory evaluation indicates that 0·002% brodifacoum-treated bait can be effectively used against T. indica, M. hurrianae and R. rattus.